Hasil untuk "Balance of trade"

Cong Li, Mengxi Xu, X. Cai et al.

Lipid-derived jasmonates (JAs) play a crucial role in a variety of plant development and defense mechanisms. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the JA signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss JA biosynthesis, as well as its core signaling pathway, termination mechanisms, and the evolutionary origin of JA signaling. JA regulates not only plant regeneration, reproductive growth, and vegetative growth but also the responses of plants to stresses, including pathogen as well as virus infection, herbivore attack, and abiotic stresses. We also focus on the JA signaling pathway, considering its crosstalk with the gibberellin (GA), auxin, and phytochrome signaling pathways for mediation of the trade-offs between growth and defense. In summary, JA signals regulate multiple outputs of plant defense and growth and act to balance growth and defense in order to adapt to complex environments.

Jia Xu, Jun Zhang, Chen Qu et al.

Improving the zonal management of the ecosystem service (ES) supply–demand balance requires a thorough understanding of its spatiotemporal variability and the nonlinear characteristics of the driving mechanisms. Coordinated social–ecological development at the regional level depends on this understanding. Consequently, we delineated bundles of the ES supply–demand relationship within the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration, examined interactions between ES supply and demand across these bundles, and investigated the mechanisms by which social–ecological drivers shape the spatial pattern of this relationship over an extended time series. The findings show that deficit areas for the 5 ESs are concentrated in construction zones and have expanded annually; synergies outweigh trade-offs among the 5 bundles, and the trade-off relationship intensifies markedly over time. Social drivers dominate bundles 1 (key synergetic bundle), 2 (carbon fixation–water yield–crop production synergetic bundle), and 5 (carbon fixation–crop production–habitat quality synergetic bundle), whereas ecological drivers prevail in bundles 3 (water yield bundle) and 4 (ecological transition bundle). The ES supply–demand relationship is increasingly strained by social disturbances over time. A normalized value near 0.5 emerges as a recurrent threshold at which the effects of several metrics such as digital elevation model, average precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index shift over a 20-year period. Implementing precise optimization and rational planning for bundle-level ecological management benefits sustainable development and human well-being.

Luka Lanča, Matej Mališa, Karlo Jakac et al.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with onboard cameras and deep-learning-based object detection algorithms are increasingly used in search operations. This study investigates the optimal flight parameters, specifically flight speed and ground sampling distance (GSD), to maximize a search efficiency metric called effective coverage. A custom dataset of 4468 aerial images with 35,410 annotated cardboard targets was collected and used to evaluate the influence of flight conditions on detection accuracy. The effects of flight speed and GSD were analyzed using regression modeling, revealing a trade-off between the area coverage and detection confidence of trained YOLOv8 and YOLOv11 models. Area coverage was modeled based on flight speed and camera specifications, enabling an estimation of the effective coverage. The results provide insights into how the detection performance varies across different operating conditions and demonstrate that a balance point exists where the combination of the detection reliability and coverage efficiency is optimized. Our table of the optimal flight regimes and metrics for the most commonly used cameras in UAV operations offers practical guidelines for efficient and reliable mission planning.

Novia Bramiana Chely, Azzam Ismail Muhammad, Ismail Hasan Muhammad et al.

This study explores the effectiveness of louvre windows in optimizing daylighting within an architectural studio using Revit simulations. The aim was to enhance natural light distribution, minimize glare, and control heat gain to improve comfort and productivity. Simulations were conducted for a 48 m² west-facing studio, testing louvre angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°) at different times of day (7:00 AM, 11:00 AM, 1:00 PM, and 4:00 PM). Results indicate that flatter angles (0° and 15°) maximize early morning daylight but increase glare, while steeper angles (30° and 45°) reduce glare but limit illuminance. At midday, moderate angles (15° and 30°) strike a balance between glare control and daylight distribution. In the afternoon, steeper angles (30° and 45°) effectively manage glare while maintaining adequate daylight. The study underscores the trade-off between illuminance and glare control, essential for visual comfort in studios. Optimized daylighting reduces reliance on artificial lighting, promoting energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. However, limitations such as static simulations and lack of real-world validation highlight the need for further research to confirm findings and explore advanced daylighting strategies.

Muntadher .H mohammed

This study investigates the impact of porous media on the thermal and hydraulic performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger using computational fluid dynamics and advanced statistical optimization. The effects of varying porosity on Nusselt number, pressure drop, and heat transferred were systematically evaluated through a Central Composite Design approach, analyzed using Response Surface Methodology, and optimized via multi-objective genetic algorithms. Results demonstrate a nonlinear relationship between porosity and both heat transfer and pressure loss: while intermediate porosity levels (approximately 0.6–0.7) maximize the Nusselt number and heat exchanged, high porosity leads to diminishing returns. Pressure drop monotonically decreases with increasing porosity, with a significant trade-off observed between thermal enhancement and hydraulic cost. Contour analyses reveal that incorporating porous media leads to notably more uniform velocity and temperature fields, enhancing thermal homogenization but raising maximum system pressure by over 30%. The average shell-side temperature was reduced by 6°C in porous-enhanced cases. These findings underscore the necessity of multi-objective optimization to achieve an optimal balance between thermal performance and pressure loss in the design of next-generation heat exchangers. The study provides comprehensive insights for engineers aiming to leverage porous media for efficient thermal system design.

Michael Coopman, Austin Jacobs, Henry Pascoe et al.

The structure bilateral trading costs is one of the key features of international trade. Drawing upon the freeness-of-trade matrix, which allows the modeling of N-state trade costs, we develop a ``geometry of inconvenience'' to better understand how they impact equilbrium outcomes. The freeness-of-trade matrix was introduced in a model by Mossay and Tabuchi, where they essentially proved that if a freeness-of-trade matrix is positive definite, then the corresponding model admits a unique equilibrium. Drawing upon the spectral theory of metrics, we prove the model admits nonunique, perverse, equilibria. We use this result to provide a family of policy relevant bipartite examples, with substantive applications to economic sanctions. More generally, we show how the network structure of the freeness of trade is central to understanding the impacts of policy interventions.

Martin Hoefer, Lars Huth, Lisa Wilhelmi

Exploring measures to improve financial networks and mitigate systemic risks is an ongoing challenge. We study claims trading, a notion defined in Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. For a bank $v$ in distress and a trading partner $w$, the latter is taking over some claims of $v$ and in return giving liquidity to $v$. The idea is to rescue $v$ (or mitigate contagion effects from $v$'s insolvency). We focus on the impact of trading claims fractionally, when $v$ and $w$ can agree to trade only part of a claim. In addition, we study donations, in which $w$ only provides liquidity to $v$. They can be seen as special claims trades. When trading a single claim or making a single donation in networks without default cost, we show that it is impossible to strictly improve the assets of both banks $v$ and $w$. Since the goal is to rescue $v$ in distress, we study creditor-positive trades, in which $v$ improves and $w$ remains indifferent. We show that an optimal creditor-positive trade that maximizes the assets of $v$ can be computed in polynomial time. It also yields a (weak) Pareto-improvement for all banks in the entire network. In networks with default cost, we obtain a trade in polynomial time that weakly Pareto-improves all assets over the ones resulting from the optimal creditor-positive trade. We generalize these results to trading multiple claims for which $v$ is the creditor. Instead, when trading claims with a common debtor $u$, we obtain NP-hardness results for computing trades in networks with default cost that maximize the assets of the creditors and Pareto-improve the assets in the network. Similar results apply when $w$ donates to multiple banks in networks with default costs. For networks without default cost, we give an efficient algorithm to compute optimal donations to multiple banks.

Evan Parshall, Junaid Ali, Michael Zimmerman

Fantasy football leagues involve strategic player trades to optimize team performance. However, identifying optimal trades is complex due to varying player projections, positional needs, and league-specific scoring. Existing approaches focus on team selection or lineup optimization, but automated trade generation remains underexplored. In this paper, an algorithm that generates optimal trades, biasing toward improved playoff performance while maintaining apparent fairness for negotiation is explored. We introduce a genetic algorithm for fantasy football trade optimization, building on existing frameworks for team selection and lineup generation. The algorithm initializes with single-player trades, evolves through custom mutations (add/remove players, combine trades, exchange players, add from other trades, and spawn new trades), and uses team-specific elitism to preserve diversity. The cost function incorporates a playoff-weighted gain for the user's team (while maintaining apparent fairness), opponent gain, and fairness penalty. Integration with ESPN data sources enables real-time projections for all positions, including kickers and defenses. On a 12-team ESPN league (Week 8, 2025), the algorithm generated trades that upgraded the projected point totals of both the trade initiator and trade partner by nearly 3 fantasy points per week ensuring positive gains for both teams. The algorithm demonstrates effective trade optimization, with potential extensions to other fantasy sports or combinatorial problems requiring temporal biasing. Open-source implementation enables practical use and further research.

Le Thi Thanh Mai, Hoang-Anh Le, Kim Taegi

This paper investigates the relationship between trade openness and CO2 emissions in Vietnam using the data from 1986 to 2014. We examine the consistency of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC) and the pollution heaven hypothesis (PHH) in Vietnam case. In 1986 Vietnam government began to launch free-market economic reforms. Since then, Vietnam economy experienced the breakthrough innovation in trade openness. On the other hand, Vietnam witness a growing level of CO2 emission. The annual growth rate of CO2 emission during the period is 7.26%, and that of trade volume is 16.11%. The empirical results show that the relationship between CO2 emissions and income per capita is an inverted U-shaped, consistent with to EKC hypothesis. We also find that the pollution heaven hypothesis is supported in that energy use and international trade contribute to air pollution, but becoming a full member of WTO brings positive effect to Vietnamese environment.

Moshe Babaioff, Yiding Feng, Noam Manaker Morag

We consider the impact of fairness requirements on the social efficiency of truthful mechanisms for trade, focusing on Bayesian bilateral-trade settings. Unlike the full information case in which all gains-from-trade can be realized and equally split between the two parties, in the private information setting, equitability has devastating welfare implications (even if only required to hold ex-ante). We thus search for an alternative fairness notion and suggest requiring the mechanism to be KS-fair: it must ex-ante equalize the fraction of the ideal utilities of the two traders. We show that there is always a KS-fair (simple) truthful mechanism with expected gains-from-trade that are half the optimum, but always ensuring any better fraction is impossible (even when the seller value is zero). We then restrict our attention to trade settings with a zero-value seller and a buyer with value distribution that is Regular or MHR, proving that much better fractions can be obtained under these conditions.

R. Viner, C. Bonell, L. Drake et al.

Evidence to support the effectiveness of global school closures in controlling COVID-19 is sparse. There is continued uncertainty about the degree to which school children are susceptible to and transmit COVID-19. Balancing the potential benefits with harms involves explicit trade-offs for governments, but there has been little recognition that low-income and middle-income countries face a very different set of trade-offs around school reopening from those in wealthy countries. Both reopening schools and keeping them closed carry risks that actively require mitigation. Schools remain closed in many countries globally as part of efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic.1 National governments face mounting dilemmas about when and how to reopen schools. We review the benefits and risks of school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic and outline key principles for reopening schools. Data from previous outbreaks suggest that schoolchildren may play only a relatively small role in the transmission of coronaviruses.2 Data from COVID-19 are sparse. Those under 20 years appear to be around half as susceptible as adults to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 23 4 and much less likely to be symptomatic.4 Yet data on viral load suggest that children may have COVID-19 viral load similar to that of adults.5 Data on transmission in schools are sparse. Population-based contact-tracing data on transmission in schools in Australia have identified almost no transmission.6 Given this uncertainty, the impact of reopening schools on transmission and the potential for a second pandemic wave is unclear. However, there is no evidence that children are more likely to transmit than adults, unlike in some respiratory viruses. When children do get COVID-19, there is also clear evidence that they are very unlikely to have severe illness or die.4 Together these data suggest that children, particularly primary schoolchildren, are likely to be …

Mohammad Kamrul Hasan

We are living in the era of global village. 1nterdepenrk.n~~) amorzg the nation states for various reasons has changed the eyuatiow of the world. Conqtiering a new stute and ruling a nation wus once in the top priority chart for all most all the developed nations. The ~var:firi.c. with arms and ummu~zitions has almost come to an end but insterrd another warfare Itas started and it is the "Economic Wa!-f1ref'. The prioriof for developed countries has shffted its pwadigm. In lieu of Izaving a huge territorial boundary, trade balance sheet has become the point of concentration. Eventually new imperialism took place in the name of International trade regimes. Worl Trade Oipnization (WTO) is one of the most influential among thesc. 2 ince its inception in tltr yctrr 1995, the organization regtilates the world trade including the service.^ and matter related with intellectual properties. WTO jormulates ninriy agreenzents for its inernher countries to control its area of concrrn. Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is one of the most important agreements concerning the ownership of inrzovations ,for product and processes. The main objectives of the Agreement are to ensure the original ownership and to motivate the innovators ant1 ,its investor^.^ Althozigh the focus of the agreement looks good in macro view, it overlooks the traditional ownership of the people speciully the poor people living in the developing countriesJ& some way or other tlic~ agreement is biased towards the technologically advanced nations. This article tries to cover the major area of concern for the developing countries due to enactment of TRIPS. This endeavor shows the impoct of Patent provisions on the nzajors sectors of the developing countries. It is confined with the general observations for the developing cotintries as a whole. As a developing country Bangladesh has to face the same challenges as the other developing nations do. Therefore, the article shows nothing with special regard to Bangladesh only.

Shufeng Cong, Lee Chin, Risidaxshinni Kumarusamy

Changes in the degree of trade freedom influence economic development and foreign investment, which in turn, affect currency values and exchange rate movements. Therefore, this study examined the direct and indirect impacts of trade freedom on exchange rate movement in emerging, developing, and developed economies. Empirical tests conducted using panel data from 75 countries revealed that trade freedom has a nonlinear U-shaped relationship with exchange rate movement, which is positively moderated by high-technology trade and foreign direct investment. Additionally, the results of heterogeneity analysis showed that trade freedom has a linear positive impact on the exchange rate movement of developed economies but a U-shaped impact on emerging and developing economies, with a stronger impact on emerging economies. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for governments to strike a balance between promoting trade freedom and maintaining currency exchange rate stability.

Juan Pablo Figueroa-Macías, Y. García, María Núñez et al.

In order to survive in a hostile habitat, plants have to manage the available resources to reach a delicate balance between development and defense processes, setting up what plant scientists call a trade-off. Most of these processes are basically responses to stimuli sensed by plant cell receptors and are influenced by the environmental features, which can incredibly modify such responses and even cause changes upon both molecular and phenotypic level. Therefore, significant differences can be detected between plants of the same species living in different environments. The comprehension of plant growth-defense trade-offs from the molecular basis to the phenotypic expression is one of the fundamentals for developing sustainable agriculture, so with this review we intend to contribute to the increasing of knowledge on this topic, which have a great importance for future development of agricultural crop production.

Abderazak Madouri, Hacene Tchoketch-Kebir

Choosing an appropriate exchange rate regime is crucial for economic policy, particularly for developing countries seeking to establish robust macroeconomic frameworks to mitigate external shocks. However, such nations, including those reliant on oil and natural gas exports, often face challenges in selecting suitable regimes, exacerbated by a lack of traditional advice. The debate around this issue intensified in the aftermath of the 2014 oil price decline. In response, Jeffrey Frankel proposed the currency-plus-commodity basket (CCB) arrangement in 2017, blending the benefits of floating and pegging. This study applies the CCB system to Algeria, aiming to evaluate its impact compared to the current managed floating regime from 2001 to 2021, on indicators of internal (inflation rates) and external (change in foreign exchange reserves) balance using monthly data. Employing wavelet analysis and robustness tests, specifically quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR), the findings suggest that the CCB regime surpasses managed floating in maintaining monetary stability and achieving internal and external balance. Moreover, it provides greater flexibility and stimulates the domestic economy through its ability to stabilize terms of trade via active countercyclical monetary policy. Nonetheless, further discussion, adjustment, experimentation, and development of the proposed regime are warranted.

Ying Chen, Kaiming Kuang, Caicong Wu

Field-road classification, which automatically identifies in-field activities and out-of-field activities in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) recordings, is an important step for the performance evaluation of agricultural machinery. Although several field-road classification methods based only on GNSS recordings have been proposed, there is a trade-off between time consumption and accuracy performance for such methods. To obtain an optimal balance, it is important to choose a suitable field-road classification method for each trajectory based on its GNSS trajectory quality. In this article, a trajectory classification task was proposed, which classifies the quality of GNSS trajectories into three categories (high-quality, medium-quality, or low-quality). Then, a trajectory classification (TC) model was developed to automatically assign a quality category to each input trajectory, utilizing global and local features specific to agricultural machinery. Finally, a novel field-road classification method is proposed, wherein the selection of field-road classification methods depends on the trajectory quality category predicted by the TC model. The comprehensive experiments show that the proposed trajectory classification method achieved 86.84% accuracy, which consistently outperformed current trajectory classification methods by about 2.6%, and the proposed field-road classification method has obtained a balance between efficiency and effectiveness, i.e., sufficient efficiency with a tolerable accuracy loss. This is the first attempt to examine the balance problem between efficiency and effectiveness in existing field-road classification methods and to propose a trajectory classification specific to these methods.

Juan Sosa, Andrés Felipe Arévalo-Arévalo, Juan Pablo Torres-Clavijo

Globalization has rapidly advanced but exposed countries to supply chain disruptions, highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study exhaustively analyzes bilateral export data for 186 countries from 2018, 2020, and 2022, using Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs), to identify determinants of trade relationships, as well as Stochastic Block Models (SBMs), to characterize countries' roles in the trade network. Our findings show persistent, significant nodal characteristics driving bilateral trade and reveal no major structural changes in the trade network due to the pandemic.

A. Patunru

Protectionism in Indonesia has been returning since the mid-2000s following a brief period of deregulation and liberalisation after the Asian financial crisis (AFC). This Survey reviews recent developments in Indonesia’s trade policy. It argues that the current approach to trade appears to vacillate between ambivalence, pragmatism and nationalism. Three cases are used to demonstrate the interplay between these characterisations: ‘downstreaming’ and local content requirement policies, Indonesia’s relationship with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the proliferation of trade agreements, and the commodity balance sheet approach to trade. The paper argues that increasing trade and integrating further into the global value chains are important to have faster economic growth and one way to facilitate that is by improving logistics infrastructure.

Joseph Kopecky

PurposeThis paper explores the empirical relationship between population age structure and bilateral trade.Design/methodology/approachThe author includes age structure in both log and Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) formulations of the gravity equation of trade. The author studies relative age effects, using differences in the demographic structure of each country-pair.FindingsThe author finds that a relatively larger share of population in working age increases bilateral exports. This is robust to various estimation models, as well as to changes in the method of specifying the demographic controls. Old-age shares have a negative, but less robustly estimated impact on trade. Estimating instead the balance of trade between trading partners produces similar results, with positive effects of age structure peaking later in working life.Practical implicationsGlobal populations are poised to undergo a massive transition. Trade a crucial way that the demographic deficits of one country may be offset by the dividends of another as comparative advantages shift along with the size and strength of their underlying workforce.Originality/valueThe author’s work is among the first to quantify the effect of relative age structure between two countries and their bilateral trade flows. Focusing on the aggregate flows, relative age shares and PPML estimates of the trade relationship, this paper provides the most comprehensive picture to date on how age structure affects trade.

Hao Wang, Yunfeng Hu, Huimin Yan et al.

The balance and optimization of ecosystem services (ESs) are the basis of spatial planning and ecological landscape design. Selecting suitable ESs and developing integrated, quantitative, and spatially explicit assessment models is the key to balance research. In Xilinhot in eastern Inner Mongolia, China, grain production, animal husbandry production, and habitat quality are key ESs that affect the livelihoods of local farmers and herders and the regional ecological balance. Based on GlobeLand30 data for 2000-2020, we designed six future land scenarios for the region and used the future land use simulation (FLUS) model to simulate the land use/cover scenarios in 2030. Then, we analyzed staple grain production (SGP), sustainable stocking capacity (SSC), and habitat quality (HQ) under each scenario, and constructed a multi-ES comprehensive trade-off method, using the comprehensive trade-off score (CTS) to measure their overall development quality. The results show the following. (1) Under various scenarios, the SGP is negatively correlated with SSC and HQ, and the SSC is positively correlated with HQ. (2) In the inertial development scenario, the economic development priority scenario, and the quality habitat protection scenario, the SGP will increase, the SSC and HQ will decrease; among these scenarios, the economic development priority scenario is the most significant; their CTSs are 0.97, 0.95, and 0.98, respectively. In the ecological comprehensive governance scenario, the SSC will increase, SGP and HQ will decrease, and CTS is 0.98. (3) Based on the comprehensive trade-off analysis, the economic and ecological coordination scenario is the most beneficial for regional sustainable development. It achieves the stability of the SGP; although the SSC decreases slightly, the negative impact can be offset by a larger improvement in HQ. This paper provides clear policy suggestions for regional development, and the methodological framework we have constructed provides a reference for the study of complex land scenario simulations and multi-ecosystem service comprehensive trade-offs.