Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

Tanja E. J. Vos, Tijs van der Storm, Alexander Serebrenik et al.

Software engineering is the invisible infrastructure of the digital age. Every breakthrough in artificial intelligence, quantum computing, photonics, and cybersecurity relies on advances in software engineering, yet the field is too often treated as a supportive digital component rather than as a strategic, enabling discipline. In policy frameworks, including major European programmes, software appears primarily as a building block within other technologies, while the scientific discipline of software engineering remains largely absent. This position paper argues that the long-term sustainability, dependability, and sovereignty of digital technologies depend on investment in software engineering research. It is a call to reclaim the identity of software engineering.

Dendi Sigit Wahyudi

The Sasak tribe maintains traditional architectural practices that remain vibrant today, particularly embodied in the Bale Tani structure, which exemplifies local wisdom. Despite the richness of this indigenous knowledge, modern rural development often overlooks its ecological potential, resulting in spatial designs that are culturally disconnected and environmentally unsustainable. This study addresses this gap by examining the ecological principles embedded in the spatial planning of Bale Tani buildings to apply these insights to culturally grounded innovations in sustainable architecture. Employing a qualitative method involving literature review, field observation, and spatial analysis, this research offers a novel contribution by systematically mapping ecological parameters within vernacular Sasak architecture, an area still underrepresented in current architectural discourse. The findings reveal how traditional Sasak layouts promote ecological sustainability, social harmony, and climate-responsive agricultural architecture. These insights underscore the urgency of integrating local architectural wisdom into contemporary rural housing strategies to mitigate environmental degradation and preserve cultural heritage in the face of rapid modernization.

Yining Hong, Christopher S. Timperley, Christian Kästner

Machine learning (ML) components are increasingly integrated into software products, yet their complexity and inherent uncertainty often lead to unintended and hazardous consequences, both for individuals and society at large. Despite these risks, practitioners seldom adopt proactive approaches to anticipate and mitigate hazards before they occur. Traditional safety engineering approaches, such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), offer systematic frameworks for early risk identification but are rarely adopted. This position paper advocates for integrating hazard analysis into the development of any ML-powered software product and calls for greater support to make this process accessible to developers. By using large language models (LLMs) to partially automate a modified STPA process with human oversight at critical steps, we expect to address two key challenges: the heavy dependency on highly experienced safety engineering experts, and the time-consuming, labor-intensive nature of traditional hazard analysis, which often impedes its integration into real-world development workflows. We illustrate our approach with a running example, demonstrating that many seemingly unanticipated issues can, in fact, be anticipated.

Qiaolin Qin, Ronnie de Souza Santos, Rodrigo Spinola

Context. The rise of generative AI (GenAI) tools like ChatGPT and GitHub Copilot has transformed how software is learned and written. In software engineering (SE) education, these tools offer new opportunities for support, but also raise concerns about over-reliance, ethical use, and impacts on learning. Objective. This study investigates how undergraduate SE students use GenAI tools, focusing on the benefits, challenges, ethical concerns, and instructional expectations that shape their experiences. Method. We conducted a survey with 130 undergraduate students from two universities. The survey combined structured Likert-scale items and open-ended questions to investigate five dimensions: usage context, perceived benefits, challenges, ethical and instructional perceptions. Results. Students most often use GenAI for incremental learning and advanced implementation, reporting benefits such as brainstorming support and confidence-building. At the same time, they face challenges including unclear rationales and difficulty adapting outputs. Students highlight ethical concerns around fairness and misconduct, and call for clearer instructional guidance. Conclusion. GenAI is reshaping SE education in nuanced ways. Our findings underscore the need for scaffolding, ethical policies, and adaptive instructional strategies to ensure that GenAI supports equitable and effective learning.

Roberto Verdecchia, Justus Bogner

From its first adoption in the late 80s, qualitative research has slowly but steadily made a name for itself in what was, and perhaps still is, the predominantly quantitative software engineering (SE) research landscape. As part of our regular column on empirical software engineering (ACM SIGSOFT SEN-ESE), we reflect on the state of qualitative SE research with a focus group of experts. Among other things, we discuss why qualitative SE research is important, how it evolved over time, common impediments faced while practicing it today, and what the future of qualitative SE research might look like. Joining the conversation are Rashina Hoda (Monash University, Australia), Carolyn Seaman (University of Maryland, United States), and Klaas Stol (University College Cork, Ireland). The content of this paper is a faithful account of our conversation from October 25, 2025, which we moderated and edited for our column.

Dipin Khati, Yijin Liu, David N. Palacio et al.

Applications of Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly growing in industry and academia for various software engineering (SE) tasks. As these models become more integral to critical processes, ensuring their reliability and trustworthiness becomes essential. Consequently, the concept of trust in these systems is becoming increasingly critical. Well-calibrated trust is important, as excessive trust can lead to security vulnerabilities, and risks, while insufficient trust can hinder innovation. However, the landscape of trust-related concepts in LLMs in SE is relatively unclear, with concepts such as trust, distrust, and trustworthiness lacking clear conceptualizations in the SE community. To bring clarity to the current research status and identify opportunities for future work, we conducted a comprehensive review of $88$ papers: a systematic literature review of $18$ papers focused on LLMs in SE, complemented by an analysis of 70 papers from broader trust literature. Additionally, we conducted a survey study with 25 domain experts to gain insights into practitioners' understanding of trust and identify gaps between existing literature and developers' perceptions. The result of our analysis serves as a roadmap that covers trust-related concepts in LLMs in SE and highlights areas for future exploration.

Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, Özlem Nur Aslantamer

High-rise office structures constructed using timber material (with a minimum of eight stories) signify a burgeoning and favorable sector, mainly owing to their ability to offer substantial environmental and economic advantages across their lifespan. However, it is crucial to recognize that the current corpus of scholarly literature lacks a thorough investigation into vital aspects concerning the architectural and structural planning of these sustainable structures. In an effort to fill this gap and augment the understanding of advancing international tendencies, this paper delved into data originating from 27 high-rise offices on a worldwide scale. The primary findings were: (i) Central core arrangements were the most popular, accounting for 67%, followed by peripheral types at 22%. (ii) Prismatic designs were the most frequently used at 85%, with free forms making up 11%. (iii) Material combinations involving timber and concrete were widely prevalent, making up 70% of composite constructions, which were 74% of the sample group, with pure timber constructions at 26%. (iv) Structural systems predominantly utilized shear walled frame systems, comprising 85% of the total. This article serves as a valuable resource for architectural designers, offering guidance on planning and executing future sustainable developments in the domain of high-rise timber office.

Gabrielle Kawa, Xantippe Van Schoor, Waldo Galle et al.

The growing awareness of the value of temporary use projects in reactivating unused buildings has led to their increased implementation and acceptance by local authorities and building owners. Encouraging such reactivation can help to address the large number of unused spaces in cities. Additionally, the construction sector’s substantial contribution to environmental damage amplifies the imperative for material-wise approaches to building reactivation, particularly when undertaken on a temporary basis. This study therefore delves into the overlooked dimensions of materialization and design within the realm of temporary use, shifting the discourse from the conventional emphasis on awareness raising to a more holistic approach encompassing sustainability and circularity. Through an in-depth case study analysis of nine pioneering temporary projects in and around Brussels, supported by semi-structured interviews and site visits, this paper first delves into the ‘material approach’ and the ‘design’ of temporary use projects. Second, through a comparative analysis of the cases, a framework of guidelines is prototyped, structured around three perspectives—materialization, design, and stakeholders—and their actionable steps, guidelines, and attention points. The proposed framework, presented and evaluated for the first time in academic research, serves as a proof of concept for the analysis and guidance of temporary use through three integrated perspectives towards resource efficiency. This innovative approach offers a holistic perspective that goes beyond mere standardization and awareness raising, acknowledging the complex dynamics inherent in temporary use projects and providing a comprehensive framework for analysis and action. Ultimately, translating this prototype into a user-friendly pamphlet holds potential to advance the knowledge in this field and facilitate the more effective and sustainable utilization of resources in temporary contexts.

O. Roman, O. Roman, G. Mazzacca et al.

In many countries, recent boosts in the construction and renovation sectors and energy efficiency directives are driving a growing interest in the built environment among designers and maintainers. In this context, customized software solutions tailored for Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Building Energy Modelling (BEM) are proving to be indispensable for optimizing operational efficiency within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Owner, and Operator (AECOO) sector and for facilitating the generation of buildings' Digital Twins (DTs). These DTs rely on accurate geometry and ancillary information (semantics, sensors, etc.) to define properties of single elements, enabling crucial simulations in structural conditions or energy needs. However, BIM and BEM model creation and their enrichment with semantic information are highly time-consuming and prone to manual errors. Hence, there is an increasing demand for automatic methods featuring a high level of geometric accuracy to reconstruct building elements, such as walls, floors, and openings captured via 3D reality-based surveying. This paper introduces an automated method for creating Boundary Representation (B-Rep) models from 3D surveying data for the generation of digital building replicas. The method is based on the detection and computation of topological elements from 3D reality-based point clouds. It proves valuable for architectural or design workflows and for conducting energy or quality system simulations.

Ana-Maria GRAUR, Carmen MARZA, Georgiana CORSIUC

Buildings that have adaptive shading systems, have the ability to adapt to the intensity of natural light to filter hierarchically, in real time, to prevent visual and thermal discomfort generated by the light inside the spaces, have the major advantage of reducing energy consumption from buildings and CO2 emissions, with a beneficial impact on the environment. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the development of these systems by classifying the concepts of adaptive facade and developing a new system inspired by nature, from biological or botanical systems, capable of responding to environmental change.

Marco Autili, Martina De Sanctis, Paola Inverardi et al.

As testified by new regulations like the European AI Act, worries about the human and societal impact of (autonomous) software technologies are becoming of public concern. Human, societal, and environmental values, alongside traditional software quality, are increasingly recognized as essential for sustainability and long-term well-being. Traditionally, systems are engineered taking into account business goals and technology drivers. Considering the growing awareness in the community, in this paper, we argue that engineering of systems should also consider human, societal, and environmental drivers. Then, we identify the macro and technological challenges by focusing on humans and their role while co-existing with digital systems. The first challenge considers humans in a proactive role when interacting with digital systems, i.e., taking initiative in making things happen instead of reacting to events. The second concerns humans having a reactive role in interacting with digital systems, i.e., humans interacting with digital systems as a reaction to events. The third challenge focuses on humans with a passive role, i.e., they experience, enjoy or even suffer the decisions and/or actions of digital systems. The fourth challenge concerns the duality of trust and trustworthiness, with humans playing any role. Building on the new human, societal, and environmental drivers and the macro and technological challenges, we identify a research roadmap of digital systems for humanity. The research roadmap is concretized in a number of research directions organized into four groups: development process, requirements engineering, software architecture and design, and verification and validation.

Diana Robinson, Christian Cabrera, Andrew D. Gordon et al.

What if end users could own the software development lifecycle from conception to deployment using only requirements expressed in language, images, video or audio? We explore this idea, building on the capabilities that generative Artificial Intelligence brings to software generation and maintenance techniques. How could designing software in this way better serve end users? What are the implications of this process for the future of end-user software engineering and the software development lifecycle? We discuss the research needed to bridge the gap between where we are today and these imagined systems of the future.

Ebube Alor, Ahmad Abdellatif, SayedHassan Khatoonabadi et al.

Software engineering (SE) chatbots are increasingly gaining attention for their role in enhancing development processes. At the core of chatbots are Natural Language Understanding platforms (NLUs), which enable them to comprehend user queries but require labeled data for training. However, acquiring such labeled data for SE chatbots is challenging due to the scarcity of high-quality datasets, as training requires specialized vocabulary and phrases not found in typical language datasets. Consequently, developers often resort to manually annotating user queries -- a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. Previous approaches require human intervention to generate rules, called labeling functions (LFs), that categorize queries based on specific patterns. To address this issue, we propose an approach to automatically generate LFs by extracting patterns from labeled user queries. We evaluate our approach on four SE datasets and measure performance improvement from training NLUs on queries labeled by the generated LFs. The generated LFs effectively label data with AUC scores up to 85.3% and NLU performance improvements up to 27.2%. Furthermore, our results show that the number of LFs affects labeling performance. We believe that our approach can save time and resources in labeling users' queries, allowing practitioners to focus on core chatbot functionalities rather than manually labeling queries.

Izabel Cristina Melo de Oliveira Nascimento, Ana Klaudia de Almeida Viana Perdigão

As comunidades tradicionais da Amazônia, em seu cotidiano, realizam práticas espaciais que reproduzem seus aspectos culturais, sociais e ancestrais. Portanto, essas comunidades são analisadas, aqui, a fim de evidenciar seu modo peculiar de morar no que diz respeito ao espaço habitado socialmente construído. Uma interpretação socioespacial foi realizada no Furo do Nazário, Pará, Brasil, e na Ilha de Sababa, Maranhão, Brasil, utilizando-se as Propriedades Fundamentais e Linguagem de Padrões, de Christopher Alexander, como base teórica e instrumental de análise, com destaque para os aspectos de conexão e de contraste. Identificou-se, assim, que a relação entre o espaço edificado e o seu uso é particular e representativo de cada agrupamento. Contudo, alguns elementos evidenciam a existência de semelhanças coerentes, o que possibilita a caracterização da moradia tradicional na Amazônia. O ambiente habitado é a expressão da necessidade espacial de seus usuários, e se edifica na prática do conhecimento herdado e no cotidiano relacionado ao seu território.  

Alexandre Augusto Martins, Maria Augusta Justi Pisani

Esta pesquisa analisa como Álvaro Siza responde à encomenda para o projeto da Biblioteca Municipal de Viana do Castelo, em Portugal. Toma a própria obra como objeto de investigação e extrai, a partir dela, alguns elementos de análise fundamentados no método inferencial de Michael Baxandall. Explica o equacionamento de um projeto arquitetônico conformado pelo sítio de implantação em frente ribeirinha, situado em faixa de transição entre natureza e tecido urbano, e que até as benfeitorias implantadas pela iniciativa federal do “Programa Polis” esteve aquém de seu real potencial urbano e paisagístico. Reflete, nesse contexto, sobre a maneira pela qual o arquiteto articula e conjuga em sua obra tensões vindas de realidades tão diferentes. Ressalta a importância dada à interação edificação-entorno a partir da qual é concebida uma arquitetura de contornos perpendiculares e retilíneos, parcialmente elevada do solo e criticamente adaptada às realidades e às dinâmicas locais. Destaca, como resultado, tanto as diferentes possibilidades de apropriação do território geradas pela chegada do novo equipamento à cidade quanto a vontade do arquiteto em qualificar o habitat como uma realidade que define e que modela estruturas sociais, geográficas, culturais e humanas que, juntas, contribuem também para a construção da vida de cada um.

Naohiko Yamamoto, Kayo Takahashi, Masaya Masui et al.

Abstract The paper deals with the exterior design of townhouses both inside and outside the Historic Monument Zone in the eastern part of Bhaktapur of Kathmandu Valley inscribed on the World Cultural Heritage List in 1979. This paper consists of following steps. First, the authors compose the original format of the survey sheet for Nepali townhouses. Second, the paper hypothesizes that a townhouse either experienced an extension of the upper floors or was totally reconstructed in the course of time. The authors propose “eaves types” as the key idea in this hypothesis. The result of the exterior design survey is primarily compared between inside and outside the Historic Monument Zone of the World Cultural Heritage site. Further comparison among eaves group or eaves types is done. Finally, eaves types are confirmed with the floor extension/reconstruction period demarcated by past devastating earthquakes. The result of the comparison again very well explained the characteristics of each eaves type.

Lvyang Yang, Jiankang Zhang, Huaiqiang Li et al.

The digitization of engineering drawings is crucial for efficient reuse, distribution, and archiving. Existing computer vision approaches for digitizing engineering drawings typically assume the input drawings have high quality. However, in reality, engineering drawings are often blurred and distorted due to improper scanning, storage, and transmission, which may jeopardize the effectiveness of existing approaches. This paper focuses on restoring and recognizing low-quality engineering drawings, where an end-to-end framework is proposed to improve the quality of the drawings and identify the graphical symbols on them. The framework uses K-means clustering to classify different engineering drawing patches into simple and complex texture patches based on their gray level co-occurrence matrix statistics. Computer vision operations and a modified Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (ESRGAN) model are then used to improve the quality of the two types of patches, respectively. A modified Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) model is used to recognize the quality-enhanced graphical symbols. Additionally, a multi-stage task-driven collaborative learning strategy is proposed to train the modified ESRGAN and Faster R-CNN models to improve the resolution of engineering drawings in the direction that facilitates graphical symbol recognition, rather than human visual perception. A synthetic data generation method is also proposed to construct quality-degraded samples for training the framework. Experiments on real-world electrical diagrams show that the proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 98.98% and a recall of 99.33%, demonstrating its superiority over previous approaches. Moreover, the framework is integrated into a widely-used power system software application to showcase its practicality.

Nicola Ruggieri

The genesis of wooden trusses is a very controversial issue as the archaeological data, scarce and incomplete, are not very explicit. Indirect pieces of evidence of roof carpentry organized according to a truss system seem to have been found, at least from the Iron Age, in the Mediterranean basin. However, these are isolated cases that probably did not have a decisive influence on the evolution of the roofs of the immediately following eras. Full awareness of the potential and a systematization occurred in the Roman scope, and only in the Late Antiquity, there was a notable widespread, especially in the basilicas, of such an organization of the roof structure. In the concept process of the trusses, a considerable contribution is to be recognized to the Etruscan and Phrygian civilizations. Besides having in common an advanced development of timber structures, these cultures show diverse “coincidences” in material culture. In fact, for both peoples, relying on the iconography of figurative products, the articulation of the roof carpentry widely used in Antiquity is comparable, at least in the essential members and in their arrangement, to a truss. The contribution also provides data, with particular regard to those of a constructive nature, about the oldest existing wooden carpentry, dating back to the Early Phrygian period and belonging to the roof of the burial chamber of the “MM” tomb of the ancient city of Gordion (present-day Yassıhöyük village, in Anatolia).

Fanny Blanc, Kath Scanlon

Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a wave of research into the interaction between the coronavirus and housing. This study examines the experience of adult sharers, using qualitative evidence from an online survey, during the early months of the pandemic. This contributes to the evidence about housing quality, particularly the adaptability and flexibility of the dwelling and wellbeing under the pressures of lockdown. Few homes were built to perform the multiple functions leisure and work, particularly London homes—which are the smallest in the country in terms of floor area per inhabitant. As office-based work shifted to the home in the early stages of lockdown, adult sharers faced a range of practical and spatial challenges. Those working from home had to reconsider (and sometimes reconfigure) their homes as workspaces, and negotiate the use of space with fellow residents. Many ‘solutions’ were deemed inadequate and lockdown conditions generated interpersonal tensions in many sharer households, but strengthened bonds in others. The pandemic changed sharers’ aspirations for their future housing. The findings are relevant for planning and housing policy, including standards for new-build residential units and the requirements for existing houses in multiple occupation (HMOs). 'Policy relevance' New evidence is provided on how homes were used under conditions of stress: both the pandemic and the consequent shift of homes into workplaces were unexpected shocks. The effect of these shocks was magnified for adult sharers. Their experience underlines the importance of designing quality homes whose size and spatial configuration permits flexible arrangements of furniture and uses. Planning policy and design approaches should reflect this need for flexible and varied uses. The evidence also suggests the need to review overall space standards (not just bedroom sizes) in HMOs.

Daniel Regulin, Thomas Aicher, Birgit Vogel-Heuser

For improving flexibility and robustness of the engineering of automated production systems (aPS) in case of extending, reducing or modifying parts, several approaches propose an encapsulation and clustering of related functions, e.g. from the electrical, mechanical or software engineering, based on a modular architecture. Considering the development of these modules, there are different stages, e.g. module planning or functional engineering, which have to be completed. A reference model that addresses the different stages for the engineering of aPS is proposed by AutomationML. Due to these different stages and the integration of several engineering disciplines, e.g. mechanical, electrical/electronic or software engineering, information not limited to one discipline are stored redundantly increasing the effort to transfer information and the risk of inconsistency. Although, data formats for the storage and exchange of plant engineering information exist, e.g. AutomationML, fixed domain specific structures and relations of the information, e.g. for automated material flow systems (aMFS), are missing. This paper presents the integration of a meta model into the development of modules for aMFS to improve the transferability and consistency of information between the different engineering stages and the increasing level of detail from the coarse-grained plant planning to the fine-grained functional engineering.