Hasil untuk "Animal culture"

A. Zaki, S. van Boheemen, T. Bestebroer et al.

Youngjin Lee, B. Morrison, Yun Li et al.

Oligodendroglia support axon survival and function through mechanisms independent of myelination, and their dysfunction leads to axon degeneration in several diseases. The cause of this degeneration has not been determined, but lack of energy metabolites such as glucose or lactate has been proposed. Lactate is transported exclusively by monocarboxylate transporters, and changes to these transporters alter lactate production and use. Here we show that the most abundant lactate transporter in the central nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1, also known as SLC16A1), is highly enriched within oligodendroglia and that disruption of this transporter produces axon damage and neuron loss in animal and cell culture models. In addition, this same transporter is reduced in patients with, and in mouse models of, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, suggesting a role for oligodendroglial MCT1 in pathogenesis. The role of oligodendroglia in axon function and neuron survival has been elusive; this study defines a new fundamental mechanism by which oligodendroglia support neurons and axons.

Andrea Page-McCaw, A. Ewald, Z. Werb

E. Fehr, U. Fischbacher

A. Goodman, G. Kallstrom, J. Faith et al.

W. Ferens, C. Hovde

Kiziltepe Şemistan, Karakurt Emin, Eser Gizem et al.

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an infectious and neoplastic disease etiologically linked to the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), characterised by tumour lesions of the lung. Because of the economic losses it induces, OPA is of great importance for flock health. In this study, oxidative stress markers and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity were quantified in lung tissue from sheep, both healthy and those naturally afflicted with OPA. Compared to healthy sheep, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO ), ceruloplasmin (CP) and ADA concentrations/activities were significantly increased (P<0.05 and P<0.001) in fresh lung tissues from JSRV–infected sheep, while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, pronounced oxidative stress and increased ADA enzyme activity were detected in the JSRV–infected sheep. These findings suggest that ADA activity could serve as a biomarker for disease diagnosis.

Wenyao Lv, Zhijie Zhou, Lingli Xie et al.

The grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>) is highly susceptible to infections caused by <i>Aeromonas</i> species, particularly <i>A. hydrophila</i> and <i>A. veronii</i>. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying co-infection by these pathogens remain largely uncharted. This study investigated the pathogenesis and host immune response in grass carp following concurrent infection with <i>A. hydrophila</i> and <i>A. veronii</i>. Mortality was observed as early as 24 h post-infection, with cumulative mortality reaching 68%. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significantly elevated bacterial loads in hepatic tissue at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological evaluation revealed severe hepatic lesions characterized by cellular necrosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of hepatic tissues between co-infected and control specimens identified 868 and 411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 and 5 dpi, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of immune-related genes primarily associated with Toll-like receptor signaling and TNF signaling cascades. Notably, metabolic pathways showed substantial suppression while immune responses were significantly activated after infected. These findings provide novel insights into the host–pathogen interactions during <i>Aeromonas</i> co-infection in grass carp, which may facilitate the development of effective prevention and control strategies.

Aoao Wu, Liu Xu, Yinzhu Zhang et al.

Tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic compound derived from plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant biological activities. Salmonella, a prevalent foodborne pathogen, poses a significant threat to poultry, resulting in considerable economic losses for the animal husbandry industry. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of TA against lung and intestinal injuries induced by a transient Salmonella infection in broilers. After a ten-day infection period, although Salmonella was not detected in the intestinal content of broilers, the infected broilers exhibited reduced body weight and compromised intestinal barrier function. Salmonella infection facilitated the growth of detrimental bacteria in the lungs and ileums, triggering an inflammatory response. TA inhibited the pathogen's colonization in the lungs and reduced serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as lung levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Moreover, TA down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hindered the polarization of M1 macrophages in the lungs.In summary, TA mitigates Salmonella-induced lung inflammation and immune imbalance by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties in broilers.

Sorena Vahedipour-Dahraie, Younes Zahedi, Mir Daryoush Shakouri

SUMMARY: Because of the side effects of growth stimulant antibiotics employed for poultry nutrition the poultry industry attempts to substitute them with a safer one like as phytogenic or organic acids. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the influence of single and double supplementation of broiler chickens diet with eugenol (0, 500, and 1,000 ppm) and butyric acid glycerides (BAG) (0 and 0.2% w/w) on the chemical, technological and sensory traits of the chicken breast during 60 d of storage. The biological trial was carried out on a total of 300 mixed-sex one-day-old Ross 308 chicks, which were randomly distributed into 6 dietary treatments, with 5 replicates and 10 birds each. The results revealed that L* and b* color values of the fillet samples changed significantly (p < 0.05). The pH values reduced significantly from 5.79 to 5.69 as an effect of eugenol supplementation in the diet (p < 0.05). Water binding ability of the fillet samples evaluated by drip loss, cooking loss and water holding capacity assays was not influenced by addition of BAG and eugenol to the diet of broilers. Sensorial traits of the meat samples were not negatively affected by the dietary supplementation process. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) values of the fillets were not influenced meaningfully by treatments. Overall, dietary supplementation of broiler chickens by eugenol and BAG did not result in important modifications of the physicochemical characteristics of chicken's breast.

Abdelhameed S. A. Mohamed, Marija Milošević, Mohamed Mohany et al.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with organic selenium (OR-Se) and/or vitamins C and E on the rectal temperature (Rectal-T), growth performance, carcase yield, intestinal morphology, plasma thyroid hormone levels, and antioxidant status of broilers reared in hot environmental conditions. Under heat stress conditions (29.4 to 33.6 °C), 360 Arbour Acres chicks were fed in a (2 × 3) factorial design with two dietary levels of organic selenium (0 and 0.6 mg/kg) and three dietary levels of a mix of vitamins C and E (0, 200 and 250 mg/kg). Chicks were randomly assigned to six treatments (T) with three replicates of 20 birds each: the 1st group (T1): basal diet with no supplementation (control group); the 2nd group (T2): basal diet supplemented with 0.6 mg OR-Se/kg; the 3rd group (T3): basal diet with a mixture of vitamins C and E, 200 mg of each/kg diet (Vita-Mix A); the 4th group (T4): basal diet with a mixture of vitamins C and E, 250 mg of each/kg diet (Vita-Mix B); the 5th group (T5): basal diet with (Vita-Mix A) + 0.6 mg OR-Se/kg diet; the 6th group (T6): basal diet with Vita-Mix B and 0.6 mg OR-Se/kg diet for a five-week feeding period. Results showed that chicks fed diets supplemented with OR-Se and/or vitamins (C, E) had lower (p < 0.01) rectal-T, growth performance indicators (except feed intake). Also, compared to un-supplemented birds, the carcase yield, digestibility of ether extract, and antioxidant indices were significantly improved. In conclusion, dietary 0.6 mg OR-Se/kg and/or a mixture of vitamins C and E (both at 200 or 250 mg/kg) improved growth performance, carcase yield, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant capacity under heat-stress conditions. In addition to the previously mentioned results, it would be more reliable when applied to a large number of chicks to ensure data robustness and reliability for productive performance indices.Highlights Adding 0.06 mg of organic selenium plus a mixture of vitamins C and E to the broiler’s diet (per 1 kg diet) improved growth performance. Including 0.6 mg of organic selenium plus a mixture of vitamins C and E (per 1 kg diet) in the broiler led to a better average feed conversion ratio throughout the rearing period and boosted the FCR of broiler chicks. Vita-Mix plus organic selenium supplementation led to better antioxidant status (GSH-px, SOD, and MDA) of broiler chicks.

L. Dean, G. Vale, K. Laland et al.

Many animals exhibit social learning and behavioural traditions, but human culture exhibits unparalleled complexity and diversity, and is unambiguously cumulative in character. These similarities and differences have spawned a debate over whether animal traditions and human culture are reliant on homologous or analogous psychological processes. Human cumulative culture combines high‐fidelity transmission of cultural knowledge with beneficial modifications to generate a ‘ratcheting’ in technological complexity, leading to the development of traits far more complex than one individual could invent alone. Claims have been made for cumulative culture in several species of animals, including chimpanzees, orangutans and New Caledonian crows, but these remain contentious. Whilst initial work on the topic of cumulative culture was largely theoretical, employing mathematical methods developed by population biologists, in recent years researchers from a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, biology, economics, biological anthropology, linguistics and archaeology, have turned their attention to the experimental investigation of cumulative culture. We review this literature, highlighting advances made in understanding the underlying processes of cumulative culture and emphasising areas of agreement and disagreement amongst investigators in separate fields.

Kyung Ho Park, Tae‐Un Kim, Hyun‐Woo Park et al.

Abstract Background Most extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) aresolitary and located in the head and neck region. They may also occur in the visceral parts of the body. Objectives Here, we report a case of oral EMP followed by neoplastic plasma cell metastasis to both kidneys in a neutered male Pomeranian. Methods Oral plasmacytoma recurred 11 months aftersurgical removal of an oral mass and partial maxillectomy was performed. Eighteen months after partial maxillectomy, neoplastic masses were detected in both kidneys on computed tomography. The dog died 12 months after detection of bilateral kidney neoplasms. The resected neoplastic masses were routinely processed for histopathological observation and immunohistochemistry against pan‐cytokeratin, desmin, CD3, and MUM‐1. Results The recurred mass mainly consisted of well‐differentiated plasma cells and contained a small portion of aggressive cells with malignant features. Monoclonal gammopathy was not observed on serumelectrophoresis performed to exclude multiple myeloma. The mass was composed of plasma cells with high nuclear pleomorphism and abundant mitotic figures. The neoplasm stained positive for MUM‐1 with a more aggressive morphology than in oral EMP. Conclusion Based on serum biomarker and pathological observations, a diagnosis of recurrence and metastasis of oral‐to‐renal EMP was established. To the best of our knowledge, metastasis of oral EMP into the bilateral kidneys, as described in the current case, has not been previously reported in dogs.

Noriyuki Ito, Naoyuki Itoh, Satoshi Kameshima

<i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. are oral anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria that form black-pigmented colonies on blood agar and produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH), and dimethyl sulfide ((CH₃)₂S), which cause halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues. <i>P. gulae</i> is considered the main pathogen involved in periodontal disease in dogs. However, the characteristics of the VSCs produced by <i>P. gulae</i> are unknown. In the present study, VSCs were measured in 26 isolates of <i>P. gulae</i> and some isolates of the other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease using an in vitro assay with an Oral Chroma^TM gas chromatograph. The results demonstrated that <i>P. gulae</i> was able to produce large amounts of H₂S and CH₃SH, and the dominant product was CH₃SH (CH₃SH/H₂S was approximately 2.2). Other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. that were also obtained from the oral cavities of dogs with periodontal disease indicated similar levels of production of H₂S and CH₃SH to those of <i>P. gulae</i>. It is strongly suggested that the high levels of H₂S and CH₃SH produced by <i>P. gulae</i> and other <i>Porphyromonas</i> spp. contribute to halitosis and the destruction of periodontal tissues during the progression of periodontal disease in dogs.

Kerry E. Rolph, Ryan P. Cavanaugh

In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the influence/role of infectious diseases in tumour development and progression. Investigations have demonstrated that some infectious organisms can have a direct role in the development of neoplasia, whereas others can predispose to neoplasia by alterations in the immune response, or by creating a pro-inflammatory environment. Feline leukaemia virus was one of the first infectious agents recognised as an oncogenic organism, and along with feline immunodeficiency virus has received the most attention. Since the discovery of this retrovirus, several other organisms have been associated with neoplastic processes in cats, these include gammaherpes virus, mouse mammary tumour virus, papillomaviruses, hepadnavirus, <i>Helicobacter</i> species, and the parasitic infections <i>Platynosomum fastosum</i> and <i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i>. This review summarises the findings to date.

Calan M. Farley, Calan M. Farley, Patricia Kaynaroglu et al.

Disaster search dogs traverse diverse and unstable surfaces found in collapsed buildings. It is unknown if the physical conditioning on a treadmill involves the same muscle groups that are involved in rubble search. This 14-week prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate changes within the thermal gradients of specific dog muscles following treadmill compared to rubble search. Nine dogs, ranging in age from 6 months to 4 years, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Each week the two groups would participate in either 20 min of treadmill or rubble searches. Prior to exercise, the dogs were weighed and then kenneled in a temperature-controlled study room for 20 min at 21°C. Pre-exercise thermal images were then captured of the standing dog from the dorsal, left and right lateral, and caudal perspectives, and of the sitting dog from the rostral perspective. Following a 10-min warm-up period of stretches, dogs proceeded to either treadmill or search. Upon completion, dogs were kenneled in the study room for 20 min prior to post-exercise thermal images. Images were sectioned into 22 muscle regions, the pre-exercise images were subtracted from the post-exercise images to determine the temperature difference (ΔT) for that dog, on that day, for that activity. Thermography measures radiant energy, temperature, and converts this information into an image. This study looked at ΔT within a region pre and post-exercise. The study failed to find a statistically significant difference in the ΔT within each muscle group between treadmill and search activities. There was a decrease in ΔT within all muscle regions over the of the study except for the right cranial shoulder, right caudal shoulder, and right hamstring for the treadmill activity only. The decrease was significant in the pelvis, left longissimus, right cranial shoulder for the search activity, left oblique, left caudal shoulder, and left quadricep muscular regions. These findings suggest that ΔT in muscle groups are similar between treadmill exercise and rubble search. Regardless of the exercise type, 14 weeks of structured Search and Rescue training and treadmill exercise resulted in less ΔT associated with a structured weekly exercise.

Adinda Taragusti, Prayogo Prayogo, Boedi Rahardja

This study aimed to determine the effect of <em>Nitrobacter</em> bacteria on specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), and feed convertion ratio (FCR) of African catfish (<em>Clarias </em><em>gariepinus</em>) in aquaponics systems. The sample used was African catfish with a size of 5-7 cm as many as 720 individuals. The research method used was experimental design in the form of Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This study used 5 types of treatments with 4 repetitions. The P0 and P1 contain of 30 fish in each aquarium; 35 fish in P2; 40 fish in P3; and 45 fish in P4. The control group (P0) were treated without <em>Nitrobacter</em> administration and the other 4 intervention groups were given <em>Nitrobacter</em> 1 ml with a density of 1x10⁸ CFU ml^-1. The main parameters studied were SGR, SR and FCR of African catfish in different aquarium with different stocking densities. This research also studied the growth of water spinach (<em>Ipomoea aquatica</em>) also water quality conditions in aquaponics systems. The administration of <em>Nitrobacter</em> in aquaponics systems gave a significant effect on the SGR, SR, and FCR of catfish. The administration of <em>Nitrobacter</em> in an aquaponics system can give maximum effect if there are 45 fish stocking densities and 1 ml <em>Nitrobacter</em> with a concentration of 1x10⁸ CFU ml^-1.

J. E. Cervellini, R. O. Braun, C. M. Rabotnikof

Se valoró la posibilidad de aumentar la capacidad reproductiva de la cerda, reduciendo el periodo normal de lactancia, sin afectar la potencialidad productiva de la lechigada. Se utilizaron cerdas primíparas y sus respectivas camadas en parideras confinadas; el ensayo se dividió en 3 tratamientos, con 3 repeticiones en un diseño de bloques al azar que se analizaron estadísticamente por la varianza y el test de Tukey. El T1 consistió en un testigo de 56 días de lactancia, el T2, 42 días, y el T3,35 días; todas las cerdas recibieron una alimentación restringida que correspondió a un 1" de su peso vivo, más 300 g por lechón amamantado, en una toma diaria matinal; en tanto a los lechones se les suministró una alimentación de preiniciación "ad libitum” a partir de los 14 días de lactancia. Los parámetros medidos fueron: aumento de peso a los 56 días de lactancia en las lechigadas, consumo de alimento de preiniciación, consumo de energía y proteína de las cerdas por día, peso de las cerdas al finalizar sus lactancias y aparición del celo post-destete. Los aumentos promedios de peso de las lechigadas no fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p>0.05),(T1: 13,44 Kg; T2: 13,38 Kg; 13: 13,74 Kg); en el consumo de alimento de preiniciación las diferencias fueron altamente significativas (P<0.01), (T1: 14,45 Kg; 12: 21,48 Kg: 13: 19,09 Kg); las diferencias fueron significativas en los pesos medios de las cerdas al finalizar cada lactancia, siendo el más afectado el T2 (T1: 157 Kg; T2: 139 Kg; 13: 156 Kg), lo que obedeció al elevado número de lechones que lactaron por cerda durante 42 días (T1: 6.33; T2: 9.66; T3: 6.66). El 100% de las cerdas quedaron servidas en el primer celo post. destete, agrupándose casi todas en el periodo destete-5 días, excepto el T2 que requirió 3 días más para la aparición del celo. Las cerdas del T2, tuvieron el menor consumo de energía y proteína por lechón amamantado. Una lactancia corta disminuye el intervalo entre partos, en tanto en cerdas primíparas con un tamaño de camada elevada en su primer lactación, puede verse afectado el periodo destete-celo. El lechón a las 3 semanas de edad ha alcanzado su madurez digestiva de manera tal que puede llevarse a cabo fácilmente un destete anticipado.

Joseph Morison Kungu, Charles Masembe, Michael Apamaku et al.

Rudimentary non-market-oriented pig rearing systems have been implicated in the persistence of Taenia solium cysticercosis, an endemic disease of high public health concern in Uganda. We investigated the seroprevalence and key predisposing factors of the disease in Moyo and Lira, two pig-producing districts in Northern Uganda. Cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in 428 pig farms (Moyo, 262; Lira, 166). Farmers kept on average two adult pigs per herd. Tethering was a common practice in rural areas; free-ranging less so. Confinement of pigs in pens was characteristic of periurban farming systems. Pigs were mainly fed crop residues and forages in the rainy season, and swill and crop residues in the dry season. The majority of farmers of the survey were women (55%) above 45 years old, and 51% of farmers had attained primary school education. A total of 723 pig serum samples were collected, 403 in Moyo, and 320 in Lira. They were analyzed for Taenia spp. antigens using B158C11A10/B60H8A4 Antigen-ELISA. The overall animal seroprevalence of Taenia spp. serum antigen was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.9–17.6), with 13.2% (95% CI: 7.1– 21.2) the highest in Moyo vs 6.9% (95% CI: 2.9–13.9) in Lira. The herd-level seroprevalence was estimated at 13.7% (95% CI: 9.8–18.5) in Moyo and 11.4% (95% CI: 7.0–17.2) in Lira. Out of 12 explanatory variables assessed for association with the observed seroprevalence, only the district of origin was significant (p = 0.01). Pigs originating from Lira were a protective factor against Taenia spp. cysticercosis (odds ratio: 0.54). These findings highlight the urgent need for an awareness campaign with prevention and control measures to minimize the risk of transmission to pork consumers in these districts.