Hasil untuk "American literature"

M. Hammond, Daniel F. Hayes, M. Dowsett et al.

B. Culver, B. Graham, A. Coates et al.

Fatima Safaa Salman, Marwa Ghazi Mohammed

In literature, places frequently serve as more than just physical settings. They actively participate in the plot of the literary text and represent the historical, social, and cultural aspects of the inhabitants who live in them. In August Wilson's Radio Golf, Ester's house and Pittsburgh's Hill District are important locations that capture the struggles and lived experiences of African Americans. Instead of being blank backgrounds, these places are storied settings that are filled with cultural heritage and memory. This paper explores the conflict between erasure and remembrance in Hill District and Aunt Ester's house. As a neighborhood on the edge of change, Hill District is portrayed in the play as being in danger of being cut off from its historical roots by gentrification and economic development plans. On the other hand, Ester's house acts as a sacred, nearly mythical place that keeps spiritual continuity and decades of African American memory. It turns into a moral compass that forces characters to face their heritage before pursuing a future aim. This paper embraces the theory of the human geographer, Yi-Fu Tuan, showing how Wilson transforms places into archives of historical value by blending resistance into physical structures. This study highlights the value of cultural preservation in the face of displacement and contributes to current academic discussions in African American geographies, memory studies, and literary urbanism. Ultimately, by focusing on the Hill District and Ester's house, Radio Golf offers a deep reflection on how a place shapes its people's identity and collective memory.

Dane R.G. Lind, BA, Meagan J. Sabatino, MSL, Virginia C. Clark, BS et al.

Background: Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLR) have increased dramatically in recent years. However, a comprehensive list of short-term complications related to this procedure has yet to be reported. This study aimed to report complication rates in pediatric ACLR using submissions to the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part II Oral Examination. A secondary goal was to assess the relationship of complications with patient sex, geographic region of surgery, surgical volume, and surgeon fellowship training. Methods: A query was submitted to the ABOS Part II Oral Examination Case List Database for all ACLR performed in patients younger than 19 years between 2000 and 2021. Surgeon fellowship training, geographic region of surgery, and patient demographics were included, along with medical, surgical, and anesthetic complications, reoperation, and readmission. Statistic comparisons used chi-square tests for categorical variables with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: Surgical complications were the most common type of complication, present in 10.1% of pediatric ACLR. Stiffness (3.6%) and infection (1.5%) were the most prevalent surgical complications. Females had higher rates of overall complications than males (11.9% vs. 10.4%, P = 0.010). Females also had higher rates of surgical complications (10.7%–9.5%, P = 0.019) -- specifically stiffness (5.0%–2.2%, P < 0.001). However, males had higher rates of infection (1.8% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.047). Geographic analyses showed higher infection rates in Hawaii and Alaska and lower surgical complication rates in the Northwest region. Procedures completed by surgeons with a fellowship training other than Sports Medicine and/or Pediatric Orthopaedics had lower rates of overall complications (8.9%, P < 0.001) and surgical complications (8.3%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study establishes that female pediatric and adolescent patients are at an increased risk for complications following ACLR. Arthrofibrosis was more than twice as common in females than in males. Geographic region and fellowship training may be associated with complications in this population. Study design: Cross-Sectional Study Key Concepts: (1) Complications following ACL reconstruction may be associated with geographic region and fellowship training. (2) Females present with more short-term complications following ACL reconstruction. (3) There was a higher reported infection rate overall for surgeons in their board collection period than infection rates in the literature, with males having an overall higher infection rate than females. (4) Arthrofibrosis is more than twice as common in females than males following ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence: III

Riascos-Ochoa J, Tocaruncho-Ariza L. H, Jimenez-Barbosa W. G

Introduction Health systems worldwide are struggling to ensure the affordability of medicines. Prescription, dispensing, and pharmaceutical expenditures are key variables that highlight the need to understand how global scientific evidence is generated against factors (implicit and non-explicit) that influence these variables. Objectives Explore and provide a detailed description of the characteristics of the global scientific production of Open Access articles related to the prescription, dispensing and pharmaceutical expenditure faced by health systems worldwide. Methods A five-stage scientometric mapping was performed based on a systematic search of 8 databases. The five stages are: i) retrieval, ii) migration, iii) analysis, iv) visualization and v) interpretation. Results A corpus of evidence from 103 systematic literature reviews was obtained, screened and sifted, visualizing the countries, authors, databases, journals, institutions and time periods that contributed most to evidence generation. Central research themes are identified and phenomena related to article publication are discussed. Conclusions The analysis reveals a clear leadership of the United Kingdom and the United States in scientific production on prescribing, dispensing and pharmaceutical expenditure in health systems worldwide. This scientific production is mainly focused on financing policies, pharmaceutical incentives and interventions, and rational use of medicines. There is also evidence of the scarcity of scientific production in Latin American publications and authors, which could generate interest for future research.

lida Malekzadeh, Seyedeh Zahra Emadi, zahra naghsh

Abstract This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Schema Therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Based on purpose the research was applied with a semi-experimental design with pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the study was mothers of children with learning disabilities in Tehran in the first six months of 1400. The sample consisted of 30 mothers who were selected as the final sample by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of experiments and control (each Group 15 mothers). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski and Kraaij (2002) and Emotional Behavior Regulation by Garnefski and Kraaij (2019) were used. The experimental group received eight sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and the control group received no therapy. The results of covariance analysis showed that the Perceived Stress and Emotional Behavior Regulation was significantly different in the experimental group (P0.01). So Schema Therapy can be used effectively on cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Keywords: Schema Therapy, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Emotional Behavior Regulation.       Extended Abstract Introduction Learning disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder with biological roots that has three characteristics of reading, writing and mathematics. This disorder affects the normal pattern of learning (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Research has shown that parents of children with learning disabilities experience more stress and difficulties in dealing with adverse situations compared to other parents (Gupta, 2007; Suzuki, Kobayashi, Moriyama, Kaja, & Enakagi, 2013). Stress is a general reaction to environmental demands and pressures and is associated with the limitation of people's emotional resources to effectively cope with these demands (Emond, Eyck, Kasmerelli, Robinson, Stillar, & Bledrein, 2016; Anioja & Aniojoti, 2016). Therefore, cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion is necessary for parents with children with learning disabilities. Emotion regulation includes adjusting or maintaining experiences and expressing negative and positive emotions and indicates the type of emotion experienced, its occurrence, intensity, duration, and how to express it (Gross, 1998; Gross and Thompson, 2007). In this research, has been noted to two dimensions of cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion. Cognitive regulation of emotion is the way of cognitive processing of a person when facing unfortunate and stressful events (Garnefski, Ban and Kraij, 2005). The cognitive regulation of emotion can be defined as the cognitive method of managing emotionally stimulated information (Pathoff, Garnevsky, Miklosi, Domingos-Sánchez et al., 2016). People who have the cognitive skills of emotional regulation can reduce or manage negative emotions well, and there is a significant relationship between emotion regulation by reducing self-harm and reducing emotional problems such as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. There is (Zofari and Khademi Ashkazari, 2019). Behavioral emotion regulation also evaluates the behavioral strategies that people use to regulate their emotions after stressful or negative events. According to the findings of Garnevsky and Kraich (2019) and Tona (2020), distraction, active coping, and seeking social support are more adaptive methods to cope with stressful events, while avoidance and ignoring are less adaptive strategies. There are different approaches to helping mothers with children with learning disabilities, and one of these approaches is schema therapy. Schema therapy was founded by Yang, Klosko, and Vishar (2003) and its main goal is to change and improve the initial maladaptive schemas and it is possible to create a healthy schema (Peters et al., 2021). In the approach of schema therapy, the focus is on increased awareness and insight and the understanding of the role of schemas in maintaining problem-causing situations, as well as adjusting the activation and action of schemas (Heuntjen, Rijkboer and Arntz, 2019). Despite conducting numerous researches on the effect of schema therapy, research findings on the effect of schema therapy on mothers with children with learning disabilities are very limited. Therefore, considering the existing gap and the importance of providing effective interventions in the field of cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion, the present study aims to investigate the effect of schema therapy on the cognitive and behavioral regulation of emotion in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Research Question Is schema therapy effective on cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation of mothers with children with learning disabilities? Literature Review Hertz and Evans (2021), showed that schema therapy through cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and experimental interventions has reduced depressive rumination and avoidance behaviors, as well as increased the frequency of positive mood. Dadmo et al. (2018), also showed in research that schema therapy is one of the most important treatments in the treatment of personality disorders, and with schema therapy techniques, emotion regulation can be created in these people. Methodology The current research was semi-experimental and the research design was pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study included mothers of children with learning disabilities in Tehran in the first six months of 1400. The research sample included 30 mothers of children with learning disabilities, whose children attended exceptional elementary schools. Among the volunteer mothers, 30 mothers were randomly selected based on the entry and exit criteria. Then, cognitive and behavioral emotion regulation questionnaires were presented to them. Then these 30 mothers were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups (15 mothers in the experimental group and 15 mothers in the control group). In the next step, the mothers in the experimental group received schema therapy for two months, while the control group did not benefit from this intervention during the research process. After the end of the intervention period, both groups answered the mentioned questionnaires again and the results of the two groups were analyzed with statistical methods of univariate covariance analysis. Results The mean and standard deviation of the dependent variables of the research in the pre-test and post-test stages, separated by two experimental and control groups, are presented in Table 1. Table 1. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of cognitive emotion regulation and Emotional Behavior Regulation in two stages of measurement according to the experimental and control groups   Variable Stage experimental control   Mean Standard Deviation Mean Standard Deviation cognitive emotion regulation Pretest 13.55 3.04 17.08 .902 Posttest 18.22 .183 17.02 .712 Emotional Behavior Regulation Pretest 11.61 93.3 68.15 1.98 Posttest 15.37 81.3 .2514 2.04 In order to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy based on cognitive regulation and emotional behavior, univariate covariance analysis was used. Before conducting this test, the assumptions of the normality of the distribution of scores, the homogeneity of the variance of the variables and the equality of the slope of the regression line were checked and all the assumptions were met.     Table 2.The results of covariance analysis to compare the cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental group and the control group     MS df F P-value Effect size Pretest 27.37213 1 .34210 0010. 760. group 40.61689 1 28.309 001.0 840. error .5312655 66       total 1174792 69       Table 2 shows the results of covariance analysis to compare the scores of cognitive emotion regulation in the experimental and control groups in the post-test phase. The obtained F value is equal to 309.28 and its significance level is less than 0.001 (p<0.001). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the research hypothesis is confirmed. Based on this and considering the higher average scores of the experimental group in the post-test, it can be concluded that schema therapy has been effective in increasing the cognitive regulation of emotion. In the following, the effectiveness of schema therapy on the behavioral regulation of emotions has been investigated using the covariance analysis test. Table 3. The results of covariance analysis to compare the Emotional Behavior Regulation in the experimental group and the control group   MS df F P-value Effect size Pretest 27.27413 1 33289. 001.0 74.0 group 40.48689 1 40.404 001.0 .780 error 53/10655 66       total 7479210 69       Table 3 shows the results of the analysis of covariance to compare the emotional regulation scores in the experimental and control groups in the post-test phase. The obtained F value is equal to 404.4 and its significance level is less than 0.001 (p<0.001). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the research hypothesis is confirmed. Based on this and considering the higher average scores of the experimental group in the post-test, it can be concluded that schema therapy has been effective in increasing the behavioral regulation of emotion. Discussion The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on increasing the cognitive regulation of emotion and the regulation of emotional behavior in mothers with children with learning disabilities. The results showed that schema therapy has a significant effect on increasing the cognitive regulation of emotion and the regulation of emotional behavior in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Conclusion The results of this research showed that schema therapy can lead to the reduction of interpersonal problems and emotional instability and emotion regulation by using cognitive therapy. In schema therapy, substituting adaptive management solutions leads to an increase in the regulation of emotions in the individual. In this treatment, by changing incompatible schemas, a person, in facing life events, replaces ineffective coping strategies with adaptive strategies and withdraws his avoidant and negative evaluation. In other words, schema therapy provides conditions for people to use normal and adaptive strategies. Using adaptive strategies increases the mental capacity of people, which in turn improves the regulation of emotions in people. Acknowledgments In the end, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who helped the authors in the implementation and compilation of the article.

Sarah Piller, Siegfried Nagel

Introduction Nonprofit sports organisations are valuable sports providers in most European countries. In 2017, there were over 60 million European active sports club members (Nagel et al., 2020). Through the consumption behaviour of this great number of people practicing sports, sport might have a negative impact on the environment (McCullough et al., 2020). Therefore, national sports federations (NSFs), overarching the sports clubs and engaging in sports policy issues, could be crucial when it comes to taking measures concerning the environmental sustainability of sports. Indeed, several NSFs have already launched programmes for environmental sustainability (e.g. Swiss Hang- and Paragliding Association [SHV]). This might be somehow surprising, since the nonprofit organised sport is traditionally primarily committed to the interests of its members and the sport as its core business (Thiel & Mayer, 2009). Thus, the following study addresses the questions, to what extend policies of environmental sustainability appear on the agendas of NSFs and which driving factors are relevant for its agenda setting, formulation and subsequent decision making. Knowledge about those processes is especially important since they are prerequisites for the implementation of environmental policies. Literature review and theoretical background Concerning nonprofit sports organisations and sustainable development, especially the field of social sustainability (e.g. Nagel et al., 2020) has been widely researched. Environmental sustainability however has only limitedly been analysed in this context. Describing the current state of commitment of NSFs to environmental sustainability, it has been found that Belgian NSFs show a rather low commitment, whereas low-intensity initiatives (e.g. recycling of sport equipment) constitute the majority of the identified actions (Hugaerts et al., 2022). The same pattern could be shown in Scandinavia. Sandvik and Seippel (2022) explain this partly with the absence of NSFs’ perceived urgence of environmental problems with direct consequences for the associations’ activities and the lack of institutional pressures. However, so far, there is hardly any knowledge about which factors are relevant for environmental policies being set on NSFs’ agendas, formulated, and decided upon, even though those processes are important as they precede the actual implementation of policies. Considering agenda setting, policy formulation and decision making processes, this study is based on the Multiple Streams Approach with two coupling phases (MSA) of Herweg et al. (2015). For “an ideas’ time to come”, the approach identifies the coupling of three different processes as important. Policies arise, when issues are perceived as problematic (problem stream; e.g. image issues) and depend on the political context of the policy and agenda (political stream, e.g. composition of board). The policy stream contains existing ideas and enables the survival of certain ideas (e.g. idea of developing a climate strategy). Finally, policy entrepreneurs’ agency is necessary to couple the streams and create agenda windows, which allow items to rise onto the decision agenda. In a following second phase, the re-coupling of the same streams and engagement of policy entrepreneurs enables policies to be formulated, decided upon, and eventually be implemented. Methods To observe those processes, we decided to conduct an in-depth qualitative case study with a NSF, that has recently discussed, formulated, and decided upon environmental policies. Since the hang- and paragliding sport is depending on a natural environment affected by climate change, the SHV seemed to be an interesting case for our study, where such processes might already have taken place. The association is committed to the interests and sustainable practice of free flight. It has 112 club and 20,000 individual members, maintains an office with 14 employees and is headed by a board of directors, currently with seven members. Document- and archive entries allowed us a first overview of existing measures of environmental sustainability and the appearance of the topic on the NSF’s agenda. We conducted semi-structured expert interviews with six decision makers of the SHV and with a representative of the umbrella organisation of the Swiss sports system to gain a deeper understanding of the agenda setting, formulation and decision making of environmental policies in the SHV. We then applied causation coding (Miles et al., 2020) to analyse the data, considering a data-led as well as a theory-based coding process along the concept of the MSA. Findings The SHV's commitment to environmental sustainability is based primarily on two pillars: the protection of biodiversity and access to nature on one hand and climate commitment on the other. Whereas voluntary agreements about wildlife rest areas have been made since 1995, climate protection policies are broadly discussed as a part of the strategy and implemented on an operative basis in different departments since the creation of the position of an environmental officer in 2017. If not forced by external political pressure (e.g. flight restrictions), the agenda setting of environmental sustainability (e.g. climate commitment) in the SHV seems to be pushed primarily by the engagement of individual policy entrepreneurs. Policy entrepreneurs thereby mainly highlight the importance of addressing the issue to ensure the long-term survival of the sport and the association (problem stream). The perceived member interests seem to be able to facilitate or impede the agenda setting of the topic (political stream). Nevertheless, members do not appear to be the central entrepreneurs when it comes to actively promoting policies of environmental sustainability onto the agenda. The ideas for such policies rather seem to be found in the practice of similar other NSFs (policy stream). The board of management seems to be less crucial for this process of agenda setting. When it comes to formulation and decision making however, the importance of the board of management is structurally implied. Even though the General Assembly approves amendments and the management of the board, the latter issues directives. Since members of the board do not yet seem to have the necessary knowledge about environmental sustainability to feel competent enough to make the required decisions, thorough information provided by the environmental officers appears to be important. Actors of the association describe policy formulation as a long process, where, in order to make the members of the board feel comfortable enough to make decisions, policies of environmental sustainability “must become a topic first over time”. When it comes to decision making about environmental policies, the (political) background of the members of the board are crucial and can promote or hinder certain decisions. Nevertheless, after getting enough information, suggestions from the administrative office are mostly accepted. Discussion Therefore, engaged policy entrepreneurs seem to be crucial for agenda setting, formulation and, through the impact of their suggestions, decision making processes of environmental policies in the SHV. Policy entrepreneurs do show engagement for their favoured policies even if they are not responsible for that specific topic in the association, but the structural implication of positions in connection with sport- and socio-political developments can additionally promote environmental policies. Even though the agenda setting of such policies does not seem to be a bottom-up process, consistent with the understanding of NSFs as interest-oriented organisations, perceived member interests are central in all three processes. Thereby functional objectives (e.g. enabling sport) are predominant to normative reasons (e.g. environmental responsibility). Furthermore, there seem to be processes that might be explained by the concept of mimetic isomorphism (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983), i.e. the orientation towards practices of similar NSFs in order to gain legitimacy. This pilot study allows an in-depth investigation and enables a first review of the used theoretical and methodological approach. It identifies crucial factors when promoting the agenda setting, formulation and decision making for environmental sustainability in NSFs and utilising the potential of the nonprofit organised sports setting and its leverage in society. It is presented as part of a broader follow-up multiple case study with eight NSFs and a cross-case comparison. Further research must be conducted to allow statements about other types of NSFs (e.g. other types of professionalisation, indoor sports) and further stages of the policy cycle, i.e. the implementation of the policies. References DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. Herweg, N., Huss, C., & Zohlnhöfer, R. (2015). Straightening the three streams: Theorising extensions of the multiple streams framework. European Journal of Political Research, 54(3), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12089 Hugaerts, I., Scheerder, J., Zeimers, G., Corthouts, J., van de Sype, C., & Könecke, T. (2022). Are sport organisations environmentally sustainable? A website analysis of sport federations in Belgium. European Sport Management Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2022.2093391 McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Watanabe, N. M. (2020). Measuring externalities: The imperative next step to sustainability assessment in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254 Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). SAGE. Nagel, S., Elmose-Østerlund, K., Ibsen, B., & Scheerder, J. (Eds.). (2020). Functions of Sports Clubs in European Societies: A Cross-National Comparative Study. Springer. Sandvik, M. R., & Seippel, Ø. (2022). Framing of environmental issues in voluntary sport organizations. Environmental Politics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2022.2075152 Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744

Silvia Mariela Méndez Prado, Katherine Chiluiza, Patricia Everaert et al.

The present study underpins the design and validation of a Financial Literacy (FL) scale in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) context. Though scales are available, they do not meet contextual characteristics and seem to miss out on a focus on Key Financial Decisions (KFD). Scale design was consistent with an extensive literature review (2010–2021). Forty-four items scale covering the dimensions of Financial Attitude, Financial Behavior, and Financial Knowledge were presented to 478 young adults aged 18–30, and women 58% of them. The results reflect a robust FL scale by applying Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The data about young adults’ FL can be used as a benchmark in future studies fostering the development of FL in the Latin American and Caribbean contexts.

Elizabeth Papp Kamali

The modern Anglo-American common law tends toward a hardline stance on intoxication, typically not treating it as an excuse to a criminal charge but offering a few well-guarded exceptions, most notably the idea in some jurisdictions that intoxication may be invoked to negate specific intent given its deleterious effect on cognitive capacity. A similar ambivalence toward the intersection of intoxication and criminal responsibility may be found in early English felony law, which offered no formal, intoxication-based exceptions to liability, but nevertheless countenanced jurors exercising their prudential judgment to treat intoxication as either an inculpatory or exculpatory factor in particular cases. Medieval English felony law treated drunkenness similarly to anger, recognizing that both conditions – which could be intertwined – often traced their roots to condemnable character formation and long-cultivated habit, and yet could result in a person’s detachment from their capacity to reason and exercise selfcontrol while under the influence. In the legal context, drunkenness was not equated with insanity, which was presumptively exculpatory, despite the fact that the two conditions could result in similar effects on a defendant’s observable behavior. Evidence from non-legal texts, including vernacular literature and guides for confessors, helps explain the concerns medieval English judges and jurors brought with them to the task of felony adjudication when faced with alcohol-laced facts, revealing a world in which tavern culture ensured alcohol’s omnipresence, but in which drunkenness was nevertheless not generally available as an excuse, partial or otherwise, for allegedly felonious behavior.

Santiago R. Gonzalez, MD, MPH, Brian J. Blumenauer, MD, James C. Yuen, MD et al.

Background:. The plastic surgery literature is devoid of research on the topic of professional development tools that may be used to enhance performance as a plastic surgeon. After an extensive review of the medical literature, we selected the most frequently referenced professional development tools utilized by plastic surgeons, which included the following: goal setting, positive visualization, scheduled practice, critically analyzing mistakes, professional development conferences, involvement in sports, motivational videos, podcasts & audiobooks, daily morning routines, self-development books, and advice from mentors. Methods:. A 10-question survey was sent to 2542 members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). The algorithm used to select ASPS members to survey was based on member demographics that would best reflect the views of the entire active society membership. Responses were compared based on demographic factors such as type of practice, gender, and age. Results:. A total of 286/2542 (11.25%) ASPS members participated in the survey. Analyzing mistakes (96.3%), goal setting (88.51%), and advice from mentors (85.2%) were most commonly attributed to self-development. Respondents in an academic practice favored conferences and advice from mentors. Participants in a solo practice favored self-help books and morning routines. No statistical differences were observed based on training background. Conclusions:. ASPS members attribute their professional development to setting measurable goals, carefully analyzing surgical mistakes, and guidance from mentors. This information opens the door for continued analysis of professional development within plastic surgery as well as supplement training practices at the resident and post-graduate level.

P. Demaynadier, M. Hunter

Damian Bator, Magdalena Jańczyk, Ilona Samek et al.

<p>Introduction and purpose: the Terminology Guidelines of the American Hippotherapy Association defines Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies (EAA/T) as a collection of different forms of contact between man and horse. EAA/T have become increasingly common interventions in the last decade, demonstrating therapeutic benefits in various areas of mental health. The aim of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of EAA/T that are used and to summarise and assess the latest available evidences of their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of symptoms of mental ilness and disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome or schizophrenia. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a literature review has been conducted to summarise existing evidence relating to the subject matter of the study in a descriptive manner. <br /> Description of the state of knowledge: 13 findings were found in autism spectrum disorders (1 review paper and 5 research papers), post-traumatic stress syndrome (1 review paper and 4 research papers), schizophrenia (1 review paper), and children whose parents were addicted (1 research paper). <br /> Summary: the results of the research indicate that Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAA/T), including horse riding, may be beneficial for people with mental illnesses and disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, and for people whose parents were addicted.</p>

Daniel Katz

This article begins by considering Duncan’s Stein writings as a criticism of highly invested modernist suppositions regarding originality and mastery, these latter exemplified by Wyndham Lewis’s view of Hemingway as castrated and belittled by his inability not to imitate Gertrude Stein. It continues to examine Duncan’s mobilisation of syllepsis in his Stein writings, and to relate this figure to the Poundian conception of logopoeia, first elaborated in relation to the writings of Mina Loy and Marianne Moore. This allows for a recontextualisation of Stein within the history of Anglo-American modernist poetry by women, and a consideration of its consequences. The paper ends with a brief examination of the relationship of Duncan and Spicer in their shared but distinct projects of challenging essential tenets of modernist lyric ideology, a project for which Stein proves a crucial resource to Duncan, not least in offering a form of “permission” for the exploration of certain forms of “bad” writing.

Hilda O. Hounkpatin, Simon D. S. Fraser, Rory Honney et al.

Abstract Background There are a growing number of studies on ethnic differences in progression and mortality for pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD), but this literature has yet to be synthesised, particularly for studies on mortality. Methods This scoping review synthesized existing literature on ethnic differences in progression and mortality for adults with pre-dialysis CKD, explored factors contributing to these differences, and identified gaps in the literature. A comprehensive search strategy using search terms for ethnicity and CKD was taken to identify potentially relevant studies. Nine databases were searched from 1992 to June 2017, with an updated search in February 2020. Results 8059 articles were identified and screened. Fifty-five studies (2 systematic review, 7 non-systematic reviews, and 46 individual studies) were included in this review. Most were US studies and compared African-American/Afro-Caribbean and Caucasian populations, and fewer studies assessed outcomes for Hispanics and Asians. Most studies reported higher risk of CKD progression in Afro-Caribbean/African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, lower risk of mortality for Asians, and mixed findings on risk of mortality for Afro-Caribbean/African-Americans and Hispanics, compared to Caucasians. Biological factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease contributed to increased risk of progression for ethnic minorities but did not increase risk of mortality in these groups. Conclusions Higher rates of renal replacement therapy among ethnic minorities may be partly due to increased risk of progression and reduced mortality in these groups. The review identifies gaps in the literature and highlights a need for a more structured approach by researchers that would allow higher confidence in single studies and better harmonization of data across studies to advance our understanding of CKD progression and mortality.

Anders Göranzon

This article focuses on the situation in the Church of Sweden, one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world. The links between the state and the church in Sweden were only recently cut. Political parties still engage with church policy and form the majority of the Church Assembly as well as many local Church councils. When nationalistic parties also are involved in church policy this becomes a challenge. Homiletics is taught at the Church of Sweden Institute for Pastoral Education as part of the final, ministerial year. At the Institute we make use of North American literature by authors like Brueggemann, Lose, Tubbs Tisdale and Troeger. There are many differences between the Scandinavian and the North American contexts. This paper seeks to investigate how homiletical training in one context is carried out with the use of textbooks from another, different context. How can homiletics based on North American theologies fit into a Folk Church context? How does a North American homiletic approach encourage Swedish students to preach a prophetic word of God, without fear, in a situation when populist nationalism rises in the context of migration? How can prophetic preaching, as described by for instance Brueggemann and Tisdale, be contextualised in this situation? This article discusses when and how prophetic preaching inspired from the Biblical example, with its narratives and with metaphors and poetic language, should be used and when a more confrontational, head-on witness is needed.

Jesús Salinas Ibáñez, Victoria Irene Marin

Recently, the term of digital university has been a buzzword or trend in different contexts in Spanish-speaking countries. However, there is no available clear definition of the concept that helps us specify its implementation further. Therefore, this study was aimed at analyzing the different existing conceptions of digital university in Ibero-America, via a systematic literature review and the analysis of the semantic field through a network analysis. This enabled us to identify what was understood by being a digital university from the perspective of different Ibero-American universities. Spanish keywords derived from the thesaurus -including “digital university”- were used in the search through diverse catalogs and databases, and documents of different kinds were found between 2007 and 2017. The literature review was based on the abstracts of the documents and we considered the creation of categories with diverse topics that represent how Ibero-America understands the digital university and with which restrictions has to deal with. The discussion incorporates the integration of those categories and topics into the digital university models that were previously identified. As a conclusion, a summary on the concept of digital university is presented and we point towards some remarks so that the conception is made a reality in its practice.

Nicolas Scelles, Boris Helleu, Christophe Durand et al.

The aim of this article is to investigate the explanatory variables of the number of Facebook fans and Twitter followers for professional sports clubs based on the financial value literature. Such explanatory variables are related to local market conditions and on-field and off-field performance. Based upon a sample of North American major league clubs and the most valuable European soccer clubs as evaluated by Forbes over the 2011–2013 period (423 observations), our results indicate a range of variables with a significant positive impact on the number of social media fans: population, no competing team in the market, current sports performance, historical sports performance, facility age, attendance, operating income, expenses/league mean, and being an English football club. An improved understanding of the effectiveness of clubs’ social media presence is important for contemporary sport managers in terms of enhancing supporter communication, involvement, and accountability, as well as maximizing clubs’ revenue generation possibilities. Our findings could help sport managers to realize their clubs’ social media potential in pursuit of these objectives, specifically to understand which variables are under-exploited and why some clubs over-perform, which will allow managers to prioritize decisions to increase their number of social media fans and financial value.

Henry Giroux, Myriam Di Maio

Traduzione di Myriam di Maio di Exile as a Space of Disruption in the Academy. Come si fa a non isolarsi lavorando nell’ambiente accademico, specie se si aborrono le combriccole, la mediocrità, le forme isteriche di rancore, le ripicche e quella produzione infinita di ricerche irrilevanti (se non talvolta immorali) che caratterizza sempre di più l’università delle multinazionali? Oggi gli spazi di isolamento dalla vita pubblica occupano un numero eccessivo di istituzioni universitarie, riducendole a zone morte dell’immaginazione, impegnate in una difesa drastica delle loro posizioni degradate e in una corsa al prestigio e ai profitti. In troppi dipartimenti accademici la dirigenza è vuota, debilitante e chiusa, priva di qualsiasi apparente visione o senso di responsabilità sociale. Sono troppi gli amministratori che, imitando la logica strumentale di una cultura degli affari, mancano di una visione, di una conoscenza generale e della volontà di fare chiarezza sul ruolo dell'università in una democrazia. Troppi sono gli individui coinvolti in innumerevoli comitati, travolti dalla mediocrità che loro stessi o altri promuovono, e intimoriti da chiunque varchi i limiti dell’omologazione e della cortesia burocratica. L’eccellenza appartiene ormai a una formula vuota usata come criterio per le assunzioni ma estranea al lavoro o alla ricerca svolta dal corpo docente universitario, spesso svilito o malvisto per il compito che svolge.

Cécile Cottenet

Emerging in the mid-1990s, Street lit’, or hip-hop literature undeniably contributed to the boom in African American fiction of the late 20th century. The authors of the genre, many of whom are former gang members or convicts, followed in the steps of the best-selling pulp writers of the 1970s Donald Goines (Whoreson, Daddy Cool) and Robert Beck aka Iceberg Slim (Pimp).This urban literature can be loosely characterized as formulaic stories set in the black community, revolving around sex, drugs, guns and cash; yet they also emphasize redemption and can be read as cautionary tales for the young. With some titles selling up to 100 000 in record time, this phenomenon was bound to move from the margins to the center, and indeed mainstream publishers soon entered the market, proposing lucrative contracts to the self-published authors, and creating or expanding specialized black-oriented imprints. Assessment of this trend allows for observation of the intersection of book history and “African American” studies. This paper endeavors to show how the concept of agency can aptly be used to describe self-publishing, which many authors of street lit’ resort to. Finally, this paper will look into the marketing and selling strategies developed by publishers as a consequence of the specific ethnic and sociological background of both authors and readers.

Francisco Javier Lázaro Sebastián

A la hora de hablar de la renovación en la fotografía española a mediados del siglo XX, hay que tener en cuenta una pauta estética determinante para su consecución y que se deriva de la aplicación de posiciones realistas al arte. Frente al pictorialismo idealizador, el fotorreportaje se erige en crónica descarnada, no evitando una función crítica, de la situación actual, como ejemplifica el trabajo de Eugene Smith sobre el pueblo extremeño de Deleitosa. Entre los objetivos principales que se pretendía desarrollar, destacamos el dar a conocer algunos de los condicionantes históricos, ideológicos y estéticos de la fotografía desarrollada en España a mediados del siglo XX. La metodología de trabajo se ha basado en la consideración de los textos y las imágenes originales del reportaje citado, la bibliografía existente sobre el tema; comprender las reacciones surgidas en la prensa especializada del momento, y la relación con otras obras que también resultaron polémicas por su grado de realismo y de crítica social, por ejemplo, con algunas películas de Luis Buñuel. When we speak about the renovation of Spanish photography in the middle of the 20th century, it is necessary to bear in mind a concrete guideline which stems from idealized pictorialism to the realistic and even critical photographic chronicle. Certainly, it is a widespread phenomenon extended to other artistic manifestations like literature or the cinema. Inside the photographic plot, the photographic article constitutes the principal way to take it to effect. This emaciated chronicle which bears a critical function of the current situation is exemplified perfectly in the work of the North American Eugene Smith about Deleitosa.