Hasil untuk "Sociology"

Zohreh Freydoonian, Maryam Mokhtari, Siroos Ahmadi

Introduction The number of female-headed households has significantly increased worldwide. In Iran as well, these households now account for more than 14% of all families. Female heads of households are women who, due to reasons such as divorce, the death of a spouse, irresponsible husbands, or singlehood, must manage the family independently. Female household headship intensifies poverty and economic hardship, and consequently gives rise to numerous social and cultural problems. In Iran, charitable organizations help alleviate the economic challenges faced by these women. However, when women lose their spouses due to divorce or death and come under the support of charities or welfare institutions, they often encounter cultural and social difficulties. The attitudes of charity staff and the broader community—who tend to perceive them as “lonely” and “needy” women—create stigmatizing conditions both within these institutions and in their everyday social environments, sometimes altering the course of their lives altogether. This study specifically examines the social and cultural constraints experienced by women seeking assistance from charitable organizations in Behbahan. The central research question is: What types of social and cultural barriers do female-headed households encounter in institutional settings and in their daily lives? More specifically, what are the cultural and social constraints manifested within the charity institutions and extending into their broader social contexts? MethodologyThis research employs thematic analysis to identify the social and cultural constraints faced by female-headed households. A qualitative approach was adopted, using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis method (2006), including text segmentation and description, interpretation, and synthesis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten female heads of households, most of whom were divorced, selected through purposive sampling. The study ensured interpretive validity by presenting the results to experts and scholars and modifying the thematic findings based on their feedback to ensure credibility and accuracy.FindingsThe main emerging themes included:Inferiorization – consisting of humiliating treatment, perceptions of dependency, and administrative delays.Instrumental view toward women – reflected in gendered participation spaces, the shift from public to private domains, and harassment.Deprivation through powerlessness – manifested in restrictions on administrative access and being deprived of institutional services.In their everyday lives, two additional major themes were identified:Suppressed gendered empowerment – including internalized helplessness, self-devaluation, and weak social support-seeking.Sexual stereotyping of female heads of households – involving exposure to sexual labeling and sexual exploitation.The overarching category derived from these cultural and social constraints was conceptualized as “Gendered Insecurity in the Struggle for Livelihood”. Discussion and ConclusionFemale-headed households, faced with economic hardships, often turn to charities as a means of livelihood. However, this path is burdened with socially and culturally gendered challenges, eventually leading to gender-based insecurity in their efforts to sustain themselves. A woman’s act of seeking help from a charity conveys a message to such institutions that women approach them to escape existing insecurities in society. Yet, paradoxically, these spaces often fail to provide them with genuine social safety. Respectful treatment of these women within charitable organizations can help challenge societal stigmatization. Conversely, disrespect and discrimination amplify social vulnerability and internalized stigma. Identifying these social and cultural constraints is a crucial step toward improving the interaction between support institutions and female beneficiaries. Charitable organizations, by training their staff in social awareness and gender sensitivity and reforming gendered attitudes, can significantly reduce the difficulties faced by female-headed households and promote their sense of security and dignity in the process of livelihood attainment.

Bülent Öngören, Menekşe İntizamoğlu

Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinde internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının olumlu beden imajı ile ilişkisini incelemektedir. İnternet ve sosyal medya kullanımının artışı, bireylerin beden imajı algıları değiştirmiştir. Sosyal medyada idealize beden imajlarıyla karşılaşan bireyler kendi bedenleriyle ilgili memnuniyetsizlik yaşayabilmektedir. Bu durumun, gençlerin psikolojik sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının beden imajı üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması önemlidir. Araştırmada, tarama modeli kullanılmış ve 316 üniversite öğrencisi katılım sağlamıştır. Veri toplama araçları, tanımlayıcı bilgi formu, Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği ve Sosyal Medya Kullanım Ölçeğidir. Veriler SPSS 22 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyal medya kullanım süresi arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının azaldığı; sosyal medya kullanımının sürekliliği arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının da azaldığı ancak sosyal medya kullanım yeterliliği arttıkça, olumlu beden imajının da arttığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte beden kitle indeksi arttıkça ise, olumlu beden imajının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, internet ve sosyal medya kullanımının üniversite öğrencilerinin beden imajı üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Sosyal medya kullanım süresi ve kullanım sürekli arttıkça, bireylerin beden imajı ile ilgili sorunları da artmaktadır. Sosyal medya kullanım yeterliliği yüksek olan bireyler ise, beden imajı ile ilgili daha az sorun yaşamaktadır. Bu nedenle, sosyal medyanın bilinçli ve kontrollü bir şekilde kullanılması, beden imajı üzerinde oluşabilecek olumsuz etkileri azaltmak için önemlidir.

Yavuz Aslan, Orhan Koçak, Aysel Basmacı Kaya et al.

Purpose: University students often face psychological challenges, particularly loneliness and hopelessness, which are exacerbated by factors such as limited social interactions, economic uncertainty, lack of employment opportunities, and the increasing prevalence of online education. This study aims to investigate the relationships among perceived friend social support, loneliness, life satisfaction, and the sub-dimensions of hopelessness, which are positive feelings about the future and loss of motivation. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 420 university students who completed a series of self-reported measures, including the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Findings: The findings revealed that perceived friend social support was positively associated with life satisfaction and positive future feelings and negatively associated with loneliness and loss of motivation. Both loneliness and life satisfaction individually and serially mediated the relationships between social support and the dimensions of hopelessness. Conclusion: These results highlight the crucial role of friend-based social support in alleviating loneliness and improving life satisfaction, thereby fostering optimism and preventing motivational decline among students. The findings provide valuable insights for designing interventions to enhance emotional well-being and psychological resilience among university populations.

Yen-hsuan Tseng

Accurate network data are essential in fields such as economics, sociology, and computer science. Aggregated Relational Data (ARD) provides a way to capture network structures using partial data. This article compares two main frameworks for recovering network links from ARD: Bayesian Latent Surface Modeling (BLSM) and Frequentist Penalized Regression (FPR). Using simulation studies and real-world applications, we evaluate their theoretical properties, computational efficiency, and practical utility in domains like financial risk assessment and epidemiology. Key findings emphasize the importance of trait design, privacy considerations, and hybrid modeling approaches to improve scalability and robustness.

Marta Pérez-Casany, Ariel Duarte-López, Jordi Valero

The Zipf distribution is a probability distribution widely used by scientists from various disciplines due to its ubiquity. Some of these areas include linguistics, physics, genetics, and sociology, among others. In this paper, it is proved that the Zipf distribution is both a mixture of geometric distributions and a mixture of zero-truncated Poisson distributions. It is also shown that it is not the zero-truncation of a mixed Poisson distribution. These results are important because they provide insights on the data generation mechanism that leads to data from a Zipf distribution. Additionally, it is proved, as a corollary, that the Zipf-Poisson Stopped Sum distribution is a particular case of a mixed Poisson distribution. The results are illustrated analyzing the 135 chapters of the novel Moby Dick.

Javier Sánchez-Gálvez, Javier Sánchez-Gálvez, Santiago Martínez-Isasi et al.

IntroductionSilver-releasing dressings are used in the treatment of infected wounds. Despite their widespread use, neither the amount of silver released nor the potential in vivo toxicity is known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects and the amount of silver released from commercially available dressings with infected wounds.MethodsThe review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. The Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies from 2002 through December 2022. The criteria were as follows: population (human patients with infected wounds); intervention (commercial dressings with clinical silver authorized for use in humans); and outcomes (concentrations of silver ions released into tissues and plasma). Any study based on silver-free dressings, experimental dressings, or dressings not for clinical use in humans should be excluded. According to the type of study, systematic reviews, experimental, quasi-experimental, and observational studies in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were considered. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal tools. Studies that assessed at least 65% of the included items were included. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers.Results740 articles were found and five were finally selected (all of them quasi-experimental). Heterogeneity was found in terms of study design, application of silver dressings, and methods of assessment, which limited the comparability between studies.ConclusionIn vivo comparative studies of clinical dressings for control of infection lack a standardized methodology that allows observation of all the variables of silver performance at local and systemic levels, as well as evaluation of its cytotoxicity. It cannot be concluded whether the assessed concentrations of released silver in commercial dressings for the topical treatment of infected wounds are cytotoxic to skin cells.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022351041, PROSPERO [CRD42022351041].

David Stefanelly

Research Framework: A Legitimist representative under the Second Republic (1848-1852), Paul de Dieuleveult (1799-1867) embodied the traditional Western notable in the mid-19th century. His privileged social position marks the culmination of a social ascent begun by his father, François-Marie, in Tréguier, Côtes-du-Nord.Objectives: To examine the importance of family heritage in the Legitimist commitment of Paul de Dieuleveult and his fellow Legislative deputies.Methodology: To achieve this, we will draw on the work of our thesis (Stefanelly, 2013) and on the biographical notes of parliamentarians.Results: Paul de Dieuleveult’s commitment to the Legitimist cause was determined by his family background. His father rose socially through his medical activities, his two successive marriages, his attainment of a noble title and the exercise of local responsibilities under the Restoration. Paul belongs to this lineage. Thanks to him, he has considerable material and land assets. His marriage enables him to complete alliances with the region’s prominent families. His entry into politics in the final years of the Restoration period gave concrete expression to his legitimist commitment. The July Monarchy marked a political break, but he returned to the forefront of local political life in 1848 and became a member of parliament. During his term of office, he endeavored to build on his political base by preserving community unanimity.Conclusion: Many of his fellow Legitimists in the West, birthplace of Legitimism, are part of a family heritage. A minority of them have less marked family antecedents and have emerged socially thanks to their abilities.Contributions: The family dimension is essential to understanding the political commitment of a legitimist representative under the Second Republic, even if this is not true in all cases, and the individual psychological dimension is a factor to be taken into account.

James MacLaurin

We determine the large size limit of a network of interacting Hawkes Processes on an adaptive network. The flipping of the node variables is taken to have an intensity given by the mean-field of the afferent edges and nodes. The flipping of the edge variables is a function of the afferent node variables. The edge variables can be either symmetric or asymmetric. This model is motivated by applications in sociology, neuroscience and epidemiology. In general, the limiting probability law can be expressed as a fixed point of a self-consistent Poisson Process with intensity function that is (i) delayed and (ii) depends on its own probability law. In the particular case that the edge flipping is only determined by the state of the pre-synaptic neuron (as in neuroscience) it is proved that one obtains an autonomous neural-field type equation for the dual evolution of the synaptic potentiation and neural potentiation.

Lorenzo Fant, Onofrio Mazzarisi, Emanuele Panizon et al.

Understanding the evolutionary stability of cooperation is a central problem in biology, sociology, and economics. There exist only a few known mechanisms that guarantee the existence of cooperation and its robustness to cheating. Here, we introduce a new mechanism for the emergence of cooperation in the presence of fluctuations. We consider agents whose wealth change stochastically in a multiplicative fashion. Each agent can share part of her wealth as public good, which is equally distributed among all the agents. We show that, when agents operate with long time-horizons, cooperation produce an advantage at the individual level, as it effectively screens agents from the deleterious effect of environmental fluctuations.

Stefano Cresci, Amaury Trujillo, Tiziano Fagni

Current online moderation follows a one-size-fits-all approach, where each intervention is applied in the same way to all users. This naive approach is challenged by established socio-behavioral theories and by recent empirical results that showed the limited effectiveness of such interventions. We propose a paradigm-shift in online moderation by moving towards a personalized and user-centered approach. Our multidisciplinary vision combines state-of-the-art theories and practices in diverse fields such as computer science, sociology and psychology, to design personalized moderation interventions (PMIs). In outlining the path leading to the next-generation of moderation interventions, we also discuss the most prominent challenges introduced by such a disruptive change.

Taha Yasseri, Filippo Menczer

Facebook and Twitter recently announced community-based review platforms to address misinformation. We provide an overview of the potential affordances of such community-based approaches to content moderation based on past research and preliminary analysis of Twitter's Birdwatch data. While our analysis generally supports a community-based approach to content moderation, it also warns against potential pitfalls, particularly when the implementation of the new infrastructure focuses on crowd-based "validation" rather than "collaboration." We call for multidisciplinary research utilizing methods from complex systems studies, behavioural sociology, and computational social science to advance the research on crowd-based content moderation.

Paolo Grigolini, David Lambert, Korosh Mahmoodi et al.

We study the spread of a simulated epidemic in a network of individuals who may either contract a disease through sexual contact with an infected nearest neighbor or use safe sex practices under the influence of neighbors who are already adopting precautions. We show that both interaction between susceptible and infected individuals and the imitation of opinions concerning safe sex practices between individuals in favor of using such practices and those opposed to them leads to a phase transition. If the parameters of the epidemic are in the supercritical state, corresponding to an unlimited growth of infection, the interaction parameter of the sociological debate must also be in the supercritical state to control the spread of infection, and bring the system to criticality. Adopting a theoretical perspective like that of multilayer complex networks, we study the case where the epidemic network is under the influence of the above-mentioned sociological debate. We show that at criticality this debate generates clusters of individuals in favor of safe sex practices and clusters of individuals opposing their use. We study the influence of a sociological debate on whether to use safe sex or not, on the spreading of sexually transmitted infections. We show that due to this debate in the epidemic network a pattern mirroring the structures of the sociological network appears. Finally, we introduce a feedback of the epidemic network on the sociological network and prove that due to this feedback the sociological system undergoes a process of self-organization keeping it at criticality. We hope that these results have the effect of giving interesting suggestions to behavioral psychologists and information scientists actively involved in the analysis of the social debate on the moral issues connected to sexual activities.

Xiaoming Wang, Xiaoming Wang, Shaojuan Cui et al.

BackgroundDysfunctional beliefs about the self are common in the development of depressive symptoms, but it remains unclear how depressed patients respond to unfair treatment, both dispositionally and neurally. The present research is an attempt to explore the differences in sensitivity to injustice as a victim and its neural correlates in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) versus healthy controls.MethodsFirst episodic, drug-naïve patients with MDD (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30) were recruited to compare their differences in victim sensitivity. A second group of patients with MDD (n = 23) and their controls (n = 28) were recruited to replicate the findings and completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Spontaneous brain activity measured by fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was used to characterize the neural correlates of victim sensitivity both in patients and in healthy controls.ResultsHigher victim sensitivity was consistently found in patients with MDD than healthy controls in both datasets. Multiple regression analysis on the fALFF showed a significant interaction effect between diagnosis and victim sensitivity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).ConclusionsThe patients with MDD show higher sensitivity to injustice as a victim, which may be independent of their disease course. The MDD patients differ from healthy controls in the neural correlates of victim sensitivity. These findings shed light on the linkage between cognitive control subserved by the DLPFC and negative bias towards the self implicated by higher victim sensitivity among the depressed patients.

Pedro Cisneros-Velarde, Francesco Bullo

Consider a multi-agent system whereby each agent has an initial probability measure. In this paper, we propose a distributed algorithm based upon stochastic, asynchronous and pairwise exchange of information and displacement interpolation in the Wasserstein space. We characterize the evolution of this algorithm and prove it computes the Wasserstein barycenter of the initial measures under various conditions. One version of the algorithm computes a standard Wasserstein barycenter, i.e., a barycenter based upon equal weights; and the other version computes a randomized Wasserstein barycenter, i.e., a barycenter based upon random weights for the initial measures. Finally, we specialize our algorithm to Gaussian distributions and draw a connection with the modeling of opinion dynamics in mathematical sociology.

Andressa Ferreira Ramalho Leite, Ednaja Faustino Silva Moura, Wilker Ricardo de Mendonça Nóbrega

Oartigo tem como objetivo geral analisar as ações do Plano Nacional de Turismo (PNT) 2013/2016voltadas para a Copa do Mundo na cidade deNatal-RN, norteado pelos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) Identificar as políticas públicas adotadas no Brasil que norteiam o planejamento e execução dos megaeventos (Copa do Mundo) que ocorreuno país em 2014; b) Discutir o desenvolvimento do turismo a partir de estudos decaso de países sedes no mundo; c) Verificar as ações pontuais da Secretaria Municipalde Turismo de Natal que foramvoltadas para a Copa do Mundo. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo foi a pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, artigos científicos, e análise documental nos dados referentes àCopa do Mundo e PNT 2013/2016 disponíveis no sitedoMinistério do Turismo (MTur), bem como realização de entrevistacom o secretário de turismo municipal, Sr.Fernando Bezerril. Dentre os resultados deste estudodestaca-se que,os megaeventos podem trazer relevantes contribuições para as cidades onde são realizados, no entantoé necessário atentar-se para a infraestrutura primordial na sua efetivação e demais ações conjuntas. Desse modo, percebeu-se que algumas das obras de mobilidade para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 não foramconcretizadas a tempo de realização do evento em Natal-RN, bem como a falta de aplicabilidade doPNT 2013/2016 em suas principais ações de desenvolvimento local e regional.

Elham Mohebbi, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Alireza Noroozi et al.

Background<br /> Providing population-based data on awareness, attitude and practice of drug and stimulant use has policy implications. A national study was conducted among Iranian general population to explore life time prevalence, awareness and attitudes toward opioids and stimulant use.<br />  <br /> Methods<br /> We recruited subjects from 5 provinces with heterogenic pattern of drug use. Participants were selected using stratified multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression model was applied to identify the variables that are associated with drug and stimulant use.<br />  <br /> Results<br /> In total 2065 respondents including 1155 men (33.96 ± 10.40 years old) and 910 women (35.45 ± 12.21 years old) were recruited. Two-third of respondents had good awareness about adverse effects of opioid use. Corresponding figure in terms of stimulants was 81.4%. Almost 95% of participants reported a negative attitude towards either opioid or stimulant use. The lifetime prevalence of opioid use and stimulant use were 12.9% (men: 21.5%, women: 4.0%) and 7.3% (men: 9.6%, women: 4.9%), respectively. Gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]M/W = 6.92; 95% CI: 2.92, 16.42), education (AORundergraduate/diploma or less = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.90), and marital status (AORothers/single = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.36, 3.33) were significantly related with opioid use. With respect to stimulant use, age was negatively associated with the outcome (AOR60+/20-29 years = 0.08: 95% CI; 0.01, 0.98) and men were 2 times more likely than women to use stimulants (ORM/W=2.15: 95% CI: 0.83, 5.56). In addition, marital status (AOROthers/singles = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.09, 10.93), and awareness (AORWeak and moderate/good = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.61) were independently correlated with stimulants use.<br />  <br /> Conclusion<br /> While the attitude of Iranian adults toward opioid and stimulant use was negative, their awareness was not that adequate to prevent the drug use. Men and those with lower socio-economic status (SES) should be the focus of health promotion programs regarding opioid use. However, regarding stimulants use, promotion programs should target younger age groups and those with higher SES status.

Joanna Kowalczyk-Anioł

W artykule zaprezentowano autorskie ujęcie hipertrofii turystyki miejskiej, jak i genezę tego zjawiska w kontekście przemian współczesnego miasta. Przedstawiono, na podstawie literatury, logikę włączania i wykorzystywania turystyki w transformacji miejskiej gospodarki i przestrzeni oraz przypisane jej role w polityce miejskiej. Pokazano ponadto w różnych kontekstach geograficznych procesy i zjawiska towarzyszące współczesnej turystyfikacji miasta, w tym zyskującą na znaczeniu finansjalizację zasobów mieszkaniowych.

Alexander Borisenko, Maksym Byshkin, Alessandro Lomi

The methods of statistical physics are widely used for modelling complex networks. Building on the recently proposed Equilibrium Expectation approach, we derive a simple and efficient algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of parameters of exponential family distributions - a family of statistical models, that includes Ising model, Markov Random Field and Exponential Random Graph models. Computational experiments and analysis of empirical data demonstrate that the algorithm increases by orders of magnitude the size of network data amenable to Monte Carlo based inference. We report results suggesting that the applicability of the algorithm may readily be extended to the analysis of large samples of dependent observations commonly found in biology, sociology, astrophysics, and ecology.

Deborah Lupton

Abstract In this review essay, I introduce and map the field of what I call “design sociology”. I argue that design research methods have relevance to a wide range of sociological research interests, and particularly for applied research that seeks to understand people's engagements with objects, systems and services, better engage publics and other stakeholders, work towards social change, and identify and intervene in futures. I discuss 3 main ways in which design sociology can be conducted: the sociology of design, sociology through design and sociology with design. I explain key terms in design and dominant approaches in social design research—participatory, critical, adversarial, speculative, and ludic design. Examples of how sociologists have already engaged with design research methods are outlined. The essay concludes with suggestions about what the future directions of design sociology might be.

Nancy Merary Jiménez-Martínez

Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is the strategy for waste policy in Mexico. It entails a complex reorganization of waste services that disrupts preceding action systems and ignores previous local practices, such as scavenging, an informal activity whose goal is the recovery of materials from waste. The objective of this paper is to understand the governance of waste in a context of formal and informal rules in the central region of Mexico.