Hasil untuk "Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)"

Iram Parveen, Muhammad Uzair-ul-Hassan, Mehwish Iqbal

Recent trends in social sciences research highlight issues of family influences and pressures affecting their ward’s academic decisions, interest and career path selections. The family influence in a negative way may take a troll towards their wards’ academic and mental well-being. Hence, the current study focused on examining the impact of family influence on Student’s Academic emotions, and Academic Self-esteem studying in higher education institutions. The study has a particular relevance in Pakistan’s context, where families dominate and exert influence as part of the cultural norm that impacts decisions regarding their wards education and life commitments. Study participants were students studying in Higher education institutions in Sargodha division, Punjab. A total of 300 students participated in the study. Hypotheses’ testing involved analyzing linier regression mode to study the impact, and t-Test to observe the effects of demographics on study variables. The study showed more of a negative family influence, prevalence of negative academic emotions and low academic self-efficacy among university students. Also, family influence significantly impacted students’ academic emotions and academic self-efficacy. The phenomenon was observed as a system wide issue effecting all students equally, regardless of the students’ gender, locality and school type. The study is a curtain raiser in Asian research context, where family influence is although very deep rooted in socio-cultural norms, but lesser acknowledged. The study acknowledges that academic success is shaped not only by cognitive abilities but also by psychosocial and emotional factors, highlighting the family impacts. Thus, dwelling into family dynamics, the study compels educational institutions to begin thinking in caring paradigms to enhance family engagement initiatives, emotional support programs, and interventions for burgeoning healthy happy academic emotions and boosting academic self-efficacy in students by developing support systems for creating a positive, nurturing environment for learners for their impactful presence in the society.

Atif Nadeem, Saima Iram, Haseen Akhtar

Teacher productivity, teacher motivation, and effectiveness of the institutions are core elements that depend on educational leadership. This is a rigorous comprehensive literature review that summarizes 64 empirical studies that were published in 2016-2025 to explore the effects of different leadership styles on teacher productivity in learning institutions. Based on the PRISMA framework and quality assessment programs, we reviewed studies in K-12 and higher education settings. The results indicate that transformational leadership which involves visionary inspiration and mentorship as well as individualized consideration are associated to have the greatest effect on teacher productivity (b = 0.52-0.70), instructional leadership which is based on pedagogical support (b = 0.45-0.65) and democratic leadership based on collaboration (b = 0.40-0.55). Transactional leadership has a small short-term impact (b = 0.20-0.35) but is not sustainable whereas autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles have negative implications on teacher performance. The most important mediating variables are job satisfaction, school climate, and professional development engagement. It is important to note that the effectiveness of leadership is heavily contextual such as the resources available in the school, the structure of governance, the cultural values and the socioeconomic context. Instead of adopting the single style, integrated, hybrid methods involving transformational vision, instructional expertise, and collaborative structures are more effective. The review marks out such crucial problems as the administrative overload, resource limitations, and the lack of preparedness among leaders. The main implications of the study to practitioners will be the creation of multifaceted leadership competence, instructional focus, positive school climate, and lifelong professional growth. The policymakers would need to enhance principal preparation, provide an environment where effective leadership can be achieved and align accountability and support development. Future studies ought to examine contextual moderators, implementation processes and long-term sustainability of leadership strategies. This review establishes that strategic educational leadership is one of the pillars of investment in enhancing teacher productivity and organizational performance. References Abbasi, S., Abbasi, P., Alvi, H., Murk, T., & Sajjad, R. (2025). The impact of leadership styles on teacher effectiveness: A study in Larkana schools. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies. https://doi.org/10.59075/08p39x93 Adriantoni, A., Komariah, A., Nurdin, D., & Herawan, E. (2023). The effect of transformational leadership and madrasah climate on elementary school teacher performance. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v4i2.647 Ahmed, A. A. (2024). The impact of principal leadership styles on teachers’ job performance in primary schools. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/rzk5dd68 Akullo, E. A., & Kamanyire, V. (2023). Head teacher leadership styles and teacher performance in primary schools in Kaabong District, Uganda. Journal of Education and Practice. https://doi.org/10.47941/jep.1182 Alzoraiki, M., Ahmad, A. R., Ateeq, A., & Milhem, M. (2024). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing school culture and teaching performance in Yemeni public schools. Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1413607 Andriadi, D., & Sulistiyo, U. (2024). The influence of transformational and instructional leadership styles of school principals on teachers’ performance, motivation, job satisfaction, and student achievement in primary and secondary schools. PPSDP International Journal of Education, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v3i2.335 Angwaomaodoko, & Anthony, E. (2023). The effect of leadership styles on teacher job satisfaction in Nigerian secondary schools. International Research in Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ire.v11i2.21012 Arina, Y., Revita, Y., Gistituati, N., & Rusdinal, R. (2023). The influence of principals’ participative leadership style and work climate on public middle school teacher performance. Edunesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i3.487 As-Sadeq, H. A., & Khoury, G. (2006). Leadership styles in the Palestinian large-scale industrial enterprises. Journal of European Industrial Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710610692043 Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N. A., Hashmi, M. A., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. International Business Research, 5(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n2p192 Camatog, D. C., & Fu, X. (2024). Transforming leadership: Evaluating the impact of leadership styles on technical colleges in the National Capital Region, Philippines. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/065077 Dahari, L. (2024). Adapting leadership: A literature review of effective management styles in modern educational settings. Sumy State University Journal. https://doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2024.2-04 Djumiastin, P., Muhimmah, H. A., & Subrata, H. (2025). Comparative study of leadership styles in public and private elementary schools. Al-Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v19i6.5691 Duran, C., & Barlas, P. J. (2025). Leading with impact: The relationship between school heads’ multifactor leadership styles and teachers’ job satisfaction in public secondary schools. British Journal of Teacher Education and Pedagogy, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.32996/bjtep.2025.4.6.1 Ed-Valsania, S., Lagua, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Burnout: A review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), Article 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780 Guin, K. (2004). Chronic teacher turnover in urban elementary schools. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(42). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v12n42.2004 Hadijah, N. (2024). The impact of leadership styles on teacher performance. Research Invention Journal of Law, Communication and Languages. https://doi.org/10.59298/rijlcl/2024/411318 Han, Y. (2025). The impact of leadership styles on effective education management. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i2.7839 Harianto, J. E., Umam, F. C., Ginanjar, F., Hidayat, Y., & Muiz, A. (2025). The impact of leadership styles on school performance: A comparative study of educational management models. International Journal for Science Review, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.71364/ijfsr.v2i3.23 Harsoyo, R. (2022). Bernard M. Bass’s transformational leadership theory and its application in improving the quality of Islamic educational institutions. Sajie: South Asian Journal of Islamic Education, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.21154/sajiem.v3i2.112 Hossen, B. (2024). Administrators’ leadership styles in Industrial Revolution 4.0 toward a proposed leadership educational model. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/196274 Htun, S. S., Chakkaravarthy, M., & Bhaumik, A. (2025). Impact of emotional intelligence and leadership styles on employees’ job performance: A review paper. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research for SMET, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.64297/jmrsmet.v1i1.3 Hutasuhut, N. A., Simbolon, A. M. Y., Salsabilah, D., Siregar, R., & Siregar, S. A. (2025). The role of educational leadership in improving educational quality. Academia: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Akademik, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.51878/academia.v5i4.8226 Jaarsveld, L. V., Mentz, P. J., & Ellis, S. (2019). Implementing the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) in a challenging context. International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-02-2018-0041 Joseph, C., & Sultana, M. (2025). Leadership styles of school heads and their impact on teacher performance: A qualitative study in private schools of District South Karachi. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies. https://doi.org/10.59075/qnfe3s74 Kairupan, D. (2023). Transactional and transformational leadership styles on the effectiveness of work from home and work productivity. Telaah Bisnis, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.35917/tb.v24i1.335 Khan, F. (2023). Transformational leadership and teacher work performance: Mediating effect of job autonomy and trust in school principal. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231172359 Lamja, D. (2024). Boosting teacher motivation and performance with transformational leadership in education. International Journal of Science and Research. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR24116024616 Marjono, F. K., & Heryjanto, A. (2023). The influence of the principal’s leadership style and school culture on teacher performance mediated by work motivation. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v4i11.923 Nadapdap, E., Laili, E. F., Natsir, M., & Setyadi, M. C. S. (2025). Exploring the influence of digital competence, work–life balance, and transformational leadership on teacher productivity through job satisfaction in rural educational contexts. East African Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.36349/easjebm.2025.v08i01.006 Noor, S., Adnan, M., Rehman, L., & Shafiq, A. (2024). The impact of leadership styles on teacher self-efficacy and professional development. Bulletin of Business and Economics. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00424 Novita, P., Cahya, Y. F., & Meilani, P. (2025). Reconstructing educational leadership theory: Building a holistic framework for 21st century schools. Feedforward Journal of Human Resource, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.19166/ff.v5i1.9577 Pacia, D. R., & Guevarra, P. M. (2023). Influence of path–goal the

R. Mustapha, Tengku Nazatul Shima Tengku Paris, Muhammad Hafis Mohd Hussain et al.

This bibliometric and science mapping study examines global research trends on Islamophobia from 2000 to 2025, analyzing publication patterns, thematic evolution, institutional contributions, authorship networks, and international collaborations using Bibliopro software. Employing comprehensive databases and advanced bibliometric techniques, the study analyzed 2,856 documents to map the intellectual landscape of Islamophobia scholarship. Findings reveal exponential growth in publications from 2010 onwards, reaching peak productivity in 2021 with 308 documents, reflecting heightened global attention to anti-Muslim discrimination following major geopolitical events and the rise of far-right populism. Keyword co-occurrence analysis demonstrates that Islamophobia research has evolved into a multidimensional field encompassing racialization frameworks, intersectional analyses, socioeconomic dimensions, digital manifestations, and comparative studies with other forms of prejudice. The United Kingdom emerged as the central hub for international collaborations, while Malaysia, through its five major universities, has established itself as a significant regional center contributing insider perspectives from Muslim-majority contexts. Leading scholars including Allen, C., Poynting, S., Abbas, T., and Awan, I. demonstrate varying strategies balancing publication volume with citation impact, with Poynting achieving the highest average citation rate (51.94 citations per document) and Allen accumulating the most total citations (895). The study identifies fragmented collaborative networks among top researchers, geographical imbalances despite growing Asian contributions, and opportunities for enhanced cross-institutional partnerships. Network visualizations reveal Islamophobia as a central conceptual node with dense connections to race, religion, discrimination, and identity, while temporal analysis shows dramatic keyword evolution with "Islamophobia" experiencing exponential growth from 52 occurrences in 2014 to 175 in 2021. This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the field's evolution, current state, and future directions, demonstrating that Islamophobia studies have matured into a sophisticated research domain essential for understanding religious tolerance, social cohesion, and democratic pluralism in diverse societies.

Zujaj Ahmed, Sikandar Nawab Khattak, Akbar Ali Rabbani

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed unprecedented vulnerabilities in global supply chains, revealing fragilities in logistics, sourcing, workforce stability, and digital preparedness. This study investigates resilience strategies in the post-pandemic era, focusing on risk mitigation and continuity mechanisms that can sustain operations under systemic shocks. Drawing on insights from supply chain risk management theory, resilience theory, and the resource-based view (RBV), the research emphasizes how organizations can transition from reactive disruption responses toward proactive, long-term resilience planning. The methodology adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining survey data from supply chain professionals with secondary analysis of industry reports and academic studies. Findings demonstrated that short-term strategies, such as safety stocks and alternative suppliers, provided temporary relief, but long-term resilience required structural diversification, collaborative partnerships, and digital transformation. Technological enablers, including artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and block-chain, were found to significantly improve visibility, predictive analytics, and trust across networks. Comparative analysis revealed that resilient supply chains balanced efficiency with adaptability, whereas fragile systems suffered prolonged recovery times. The study concludes that resilience must be embedded into supply chain design as a strategic priority, rather than a crisis-driven response. Recommendations include integrating digital technologies, enhancing multi-stakeholder collaboration, and strengthening human capital development. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts, sustainability synergies, and resilience strategies in developing economies to ensure inclusive and adaptive supply chain ecosystems. References Ambulkar, S., Blackhurst, J., & Grawe, S. (2015). Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, 33, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.11.002 Asif, M., Adil Pasha, M., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic Impacts of Post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.6 Asif, M., Shah, H., & Asim, H. A. H. (2025). Cybersecurity and Audit Resilience in Digital Finance: Global Insights and the Pakistani Context. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(3), 560-573. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.3.47 Bag, S., Gupta, S., & Foropon, C. (2021). Examining the role of artificial intelligence in fostering supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research, 59(7), 2056–2072. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1838310 Bag, S., Gupta, S., & Foropon, C. (2021). Examining the role of dynamic remanufacturing capability on supply chain resilience in circular economy. Management Decision, 59(8), 2145–2164. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2020-1247 Bano, S., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., & Khalid, N. (2024). Assessing health and environmental risks: Educational awareness on plastic usage and solid waste disposal in Bahawalpur. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(3), 917–929. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.3.75 Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108 Choi, T. Y., Rogers, D., & Vakil, B. (2020). Coronavirus is a wake-up call for supply chain management. Harvard Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/oxan-db250307 Choudhary, N. A., Singh, S., Schoenherr, T., & Ramkumar, M. (2022). Risk assessment in supply chains: A state-of-the-art review of methodologies and their applications. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04700-9 Chowdhury, P., & Quaddus, M. (2020). Supply chain resilience: Conceptualization and scale development using dynamic capability theory. International Journal of Production Economics, 229, 107762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107762 Christopher, M., & Holweg, M. (2017). Supply chain 2.0 revisited: A framework for managing volatility-induced risk in the supply chain. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-09-2016-0243 Christopher, M., & Holweg, M. (2017). Supply chain 2.0 revisited: A framework for managing volatility-induced risk in the supply chain. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-09-2016-0245 Craighead, C. W., Ketchen Jr., D. J., & Darby, J. L. (2020). Pandemics and supply chain management research: Toward a theoretical toolbox. Decision Sciences, 51(4), 838–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12468 Dolgui, A., & Ivanov, D. (2021). Exploring supply chain structural dynamics: New theory and modeling approaches. International Journal of Production Economics, 232, 107922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107922 Dolgui, A., & Ivanov, D. (2021). Ripple effect and supply chain disruption management: New trends and research directions. International Journal of Production Research, 59(1), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1893627 Hald, K., & Coslugeanu, P. (2021). The preliminary supply chain lessons of the COVID-19 disruption—What is the role of digital technologies? Operations Management Research, 15(1–2), 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00207-x Iram, A. (2022). Communication Ecology during Pandemic COVID-19: Challenges and their Mitigation of Journalists from Gilgit Baltistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i2.165 Ivanov, D. (2021). Exiting the COVID-19 pandemic: After-shock risks and avoidance of disruption tails in supply chains. Annals of Operations Research, 312(2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04162-y Ivanov, D. (2021). Supply chain viability and the COVID-19 pandemic: A conceptual and formal generalisation of four major adaptation strategies. International Journal of Production Research, 59(12), 3535–3552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1890852 Ivanov, D., & Dolgui, A. (2020). Viability of intertwined supply networks: Extending the supply chain resilience angles towards survivability. International Journal of Production Research, 58(10), 2904–2915. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1750727 Khalid, N., Arshad, I., & Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M. (2024). Enhancing environmental education to promote pre-emptive smog mitigation strategies in urban areas of South Punjab: An overview. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(3), 956–964. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.3.78 Khalid, N., Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Tahira, W., & Maqbool, M. (2024). Solid waste and environmental sustainability: Educational approaches to managing urban waste in Bahawalpur city. Journal of Climate and Community Development, 3(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16875300 Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., Kumar, P., & Song, M. (2022). Mitigating supply chain risks in the post-COVID era: A circular economy and digitalization perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, 121447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121447 Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., Luthra, S., Rana, N. P., Dora, M., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). Supply chain resilience and sustainability practices: A study of Indian manufacturing firms. Production Planning & Control, 33(5), 421–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1841573 Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., & Fiksel, J. (2019). The evolution of resilience in supply chain management: A retrospective on ensuring supply chain resilience. Journal of Business Logistics, 40(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12202 Pournader, M., Kach, A., & Talluri, S. (2020). A review of the existing and emerging topics in the supply chain risk management literature. Decision Sciences, 51(4), 867–919. https://doi.org/10.1111/deci.12470 Queiroz, M. M., Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Fosso Wamba, S. (2022). Impacts of epidemic outbreaks on supply chains: Mapping a research agenda amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a structured literature review. Annals of Operations Research, 319(1), 1159–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03685-7 Rafi, A., Roy, S. K., Rehman, M. A., & Hasni, M. J. S. (2025). Impact of multidimensional presence on user well-being in metaverse communities. Decision Support Systems, 189, 114382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2024.114382 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M. (2025). Beyond the blackboards: Building a micro-edtech economy through teacher-led innovation in low-income schools. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 4(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16875721 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M. (2025). Bridging the skills divide: A comparative study of skill-based education across SAARC countries with a policy roadmap for Pakistan. Social Science Review Archives, 3(3), 787–795. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i3.913 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M. (2025). Use of artificial intelligence in school management: A contemporary need of school education system in Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(2), 1984–2009. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.2.56 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Khalid, N., & Shafi, S. (2024). Historical analysis of environmental degradation in Pakistan: A narrative review. Global Political Review, IX(IV), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2024(IX-IV).03 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Khalid, N., Faridi, M. Z., & Khan, Z. A. (2024). Smog mitigation and climate resilience in Pakistan: A policy-centric review of strategies and challenges. Social Sciences Spectrum, 3(4), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.71085/sss.03.04.175 Rafiq-uz-Zaman, M., Malik, N., & Bano, S. (2025). Learning to innovate: WhatsApp groups as grassroots innovation ecosystems among micro-entrepreneurs in emerging markets. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 14(1), 1854–1862. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.1.47 Remko, V. H. (2020). R

O. Chornyi

At the current stage of rapid development of digital educational systems and the implementation of artificial intelligence, the role and functions of Computer Science teachers have significantly expanded. Among modern trends, the integration of artificial intelligence plays a key role, as universities across Europe and Asia increasingly adopt adaptive systems that analyze students’ performance and deliver individualized content. Future Computer Science teachers are required to have a solid knowle dge of Computer Science at a fairly high level, significantly higher than that provided in the process of studying only school courses, to know the methodology for acquiring new theoretical knowledge and using it in their professional activities, and the l evels of their awareness must correspond to the current state of the subject area. The peculiarities of the training of future teachers at the current stage of education development is associated with the need to improve the methodological basis, enrich th e psychological, pedagogical and substantive unity of the organization of the educational process. Among the current trends in improving the training aimed at future teachers of Computer Science, the integration of artificial intelligence plays the greates t role, as universities are increasingly resorting to adaptive systems that analyze children results and offer individualized content.

Mila Versteeg, Tom Ginsburg, David Landau

Comparative Constitutional Law and Politics: Analysis, Cases, & Materials takes a new approach to the study of comparative constitutional law, suitable for law and social science courses at graduate or undergraduate levels. First, it is interdisciplinary and seeks to integrate state-of-the-art literature and case law from comparative constitutional law with insights from social science. It uses quantitative evidence to identify trends in constitutional texts and practices. Second, it is global in scope, recognizing that constitution-making and constitutional interpretation are increasingly transnational in nature. This textbook includes many cases and judicial decisions. However, it situates those decisions in their social and political contexts and includes excerpts from scholarly works, as well as detailed explanations and citations. The textbook aims to broaden the field of comparative constitutional law far beyond the usual suspects. The reader will find examples not only from North America and Europe but also from understudied jurisdictions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This textbook has fourteen chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the foundational concepts of constitutions and constitutionalism, while Chapters 2 and 3 look at constitution-making and constitutional change. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 consider issues related to state structure—the horizontal separation of powers, states of emergency, and federalism. Chapter 8 introduces key overarching issues in rights interpretation, while Chapters 9 through 12 cover selected rights issues: freedom of speech, pluralism, equality, and economic and social rights. Chapter 13 discusses key issues related to elections, voting, and the protection of democracy, while Chapter 14 looks at the many ways in which constitutions interact with international law.

Mbongue-Mikangue André, Dikabo-Mikangué Emmanuelle, Riwom Honorine

Introduction: Infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health issue; however, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are the most affected regions. Occult hepatitis B Infection (OBI) refers to the presence of HBV DNA in the serum and/or liver of a patient despite negative HBsAg. It is typically an asymptomatic clinical form. Its reactivation is rare and generally occurs in immunocompromised individuals, such as those infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and pregnant women. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-HBc antibodies (anti-HBc Ab) among pregnant women at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (YUTH). Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted from September 17, 2018, to February 25, 2019, involving 102 pregnant women aged 15 to 44 years. Sociodemographic, clinical data, and risk factors were collected; samples were also taken and analyzed using immunochromatographic methods and PCR. A total of 102 pregnant women were tested for HBV markers (HBs antigen and anti-HBc antibody). Only samples containing anti-HBc antibodies were used for the search for HBV DNA. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and he statistical analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. A p-value of Results: Out of the 102 pregnant women recruited, 91 tested negative for the HBs antigen, among which 17 were carriers of only the anti-HBc antibody. Of these, 8 were positive for HBV DNA, and 8 pregnant women presented with occult hepatitis B. Conclusion and Suggestions: The presence of the anti-HBc antibody and HBV DNA should be considered as markers of occult hepatitis B. It is imperative to implement systematic screening for these HBV markers to improve the management of pregnant women and their newborns, in order to prevent vertical transmission (mother-to-child).

Jane Dyson, Craig Jeffrey

Jiwei Qian, Zhuoyi Wen, Jin Jiang

How did China achieve remarkable expansion in social insurance coverage in recent years? The significant social insurance coverage expansion in China since the mid-first decade of the twenty-first century appears to counter the findings of a substantial segment of the policy implementation literature, which portrays local governments as lacking enforcement capabilities and incentives. This study argues that firm compliance plays a crucial role in driving social insurance coverage expansion. It employs a novel strategy to verify the aforementioned argument by investigating informal sector workers’ social insurance enrolment status. Analysis of nationally representative survey data reveals that firm compliance emerges as a key factor. Although this study shows that state enforcement does not directly impact coverage expansion, it also establishes that the likelihood of firm compliance increases with the anticipated severity of government sanctions. These findings enhance the understanding of the roles of the state and firms in the expansion of social insurance coverage in China.

Meilinda Sari Yayusman, Prima Nurahmi Mulyasari

The history of the spice route has left a legacy in Indonesia and the rest of the world. To date, Indonesia continues to be a major global player in the spice trade. Pepper, nutmeg, cloves, mace, and cinnamon were the country’s primary exports. Food may foster cross-cultural understanding, which can enhance international cooperation and engagement. Thus, foods rich in spices can be an asset for Indonesia’s gastrodiplomacy. In collaboration with various non-state actors and coordinated by Indonesia‘s Coordinating Ministry of Maritime and Investment Affairs, the Indonesian government has developed an ambitious gastrodiplomacy strategy called ”Indonesia Spice Up the World” (ISUTW). Despite possible hurdles, Australia and Africa could be potential markets for further implementation of ISUTW. The research aims to answer the following questions: 1) To what extent has Indonesia promoted its spice-based gastrodiplomacy? and 2) What are the opportunities and challenges of Indonesia‘s spice-based gastrodiplomacy for the Australian and African markets? The research employs a mixed-method approach, including surveys to gather data about Indonesian cuisine businesses operating in Australia. This research incorporates a literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with both state and non-state actors to strengthen the study, particularly in the context of the African market. Indonesia's gastrodiplomacy strategy, centered around spices, is suggested to prioritize Australia and Africa by leveraging cultural connections and existing market presence to effectively promote Indonesian gastronomy globally.  

R. Agwa, A. Alzahrani, Y. Alzahrani et al.

Background: In recent years, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) seems to occur in the population of Saudi Arabia more than in Western countries and Eastern Asia. Such a higher risk of prevalence also reported by university students may be the result of their changing lifestyle factors. Aim: The aim of the present study is therefore to determine the prevalence of GERD in Al-Baha university students and determine the risk factors, complications, and relieving strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional design was carried out among 566 participants in the Al-Baha region. A close-ended questionnaire was used which was comprised of sociodemographic factors and information about risk factors, symptoms, relieving factors, and complications. It was used to collect data from the participants and their responses were analysed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) whereby frequency analysis was conducted for each research variable. Results: Out of 566 participants, only 144 students with GERD from Al-Baha university those who completed the questionnaire. There was a higher percentage of female (54.95%) respondents than males (45.05%). The data analysis revealed that overall symptom prevalence was high among students (25.44%) and the common symptoms were esophageal refluxes and heart burn. Common risk factors were smoking, alcohol, and stress. Besides, participants reported positive behaviors of relieving factors against GERD. In addition, there were significantly fewer complications reported by the participants. Conclusion: Overall, the students at the university of Al-Baha have a high prevalence of GERD and therefore retain a higher potential for acceptability of the program to reduce the increasing prevalence of GERD.

V. Koval, S. Ochkurenko, S. A. Vasiliev

INTRODUCTION. Modern maritime law is replete with a variety of legal acts of the interstate level, but the problems of ensuring security in this area remain relevant. At the international level, it is very difficult to establish a clear connection between the rules of law and actual legal relations. In order to strive to realize this, it is necessary to constantly analyze the real situation, trying to improve it or put it in order with the help of legal mechanisms, which is what this study is aimed at. This work is devoted to the analysis of relations in the field of merchant shipping from the point of view of ensuring security and stability in order to understand the possibility of improving international legal norms. As a territorial scope, interstate relations of Asian countries, including Russia, were considered as the most promising and interesting region from a scientific point of view, including in the context of increased measures of negative economic pressure on Russia from a number of states in North America and Europe. In the current political and economic conditions, not only the doctrine turns its attention to this direction, positioning the vector of domestic development as Eurasian, and sometimes completely Asian.  MATERIALS AND METHODS. To prepare this work, an analysis of international legal acts, law enforcement practice was carried out, and expert assessments were monitored on various issues of ensuring the safety of navigation in the Asian region. The results obtained are based on the consideration of economic, political science, management and other literature in addition to the works of legal scholars. The comparative legal method was used, as well as deduction and synthesis.  RESEARCH RESULTS. As a result, it is proposed to consider the possibility of taking additional measures aimed at expanding the functionality of the captain of the vessel to ensure the safety of maritime navigation, including countering illegal actions on board. At the level of the domestic legislation of the Russian Federation and the national legislations of other states of the region, establish clear rules for determining the law applicable on board a ship and extending the jurisdiction of the relevant state to relations arising on a ship. At the same time, the provisions of the domestic legislation of each state must comply with the rules of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of December 10, 1982. Grant broader powers to captains of ships in terms of implementing measures to prevent crimes on board the ship and transfer the person who committed the crime to representatives of foreign law enforcement agencies.  DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. International merchant shipping is a very complex area of public relations with a large number of entities that have different legal status and, accordingly, are related to each other in the most diverse ways. The main threats to the implementation of these activities are piracy, offenses on board a ship in isolation from the mainland, and illegal extraction of biological resources. Fishing by residents of some states in the territorial waters of others is a topical issue.  This work is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of the system for ensuring the safety of international navigation from different points of view. As an object of research, legal relations in the Asian region are taken as the most diverse from social, economic, political and other points of view. Also, the countries of Asia, including Russia, are among the most rapidly developing, which demands new approaches to the relationship between subjects that require their own legal regulation. As a result, separate proposals have been developed, subject to the adoption of which it will be possible to optimize law enforcement practice on ensuring the safety of navigation.

Alyssa Gosteli Dela Cruz, Ta-Wei Chu, Sung Jae Lee et al.

We examine the Thai government's politicised COVID-19 containment strategies, which have been challenged by Thai protesters. Although we use securitisation theory as an explanatory framework, we argue that researchers using this theory can explain the issues only if they simultaneously use social-conflict theory to explain the interactions between securitising actors and their audiences. By supplementing securitisation theory with social-conflict theory, we have found that the roles of securitising actors and audiences are not fixed. In our case study of Thailand, the Thai government and protesters have played two roles simultaneously: the role of a securitising actor and the role of an audience. This finding suggests that successful securitisation is impermanent; that is, it is subject to change over time. Securitisation may be successful, but the success can only be temporary because as new actors or resources enter the picture, the previously successful securitisation will, at some point, diminish.

Fatimah Fatimah, Marini Marini

Pasar terapung yang melegenda dan memiliki keindahan-keindahan alam yang eksotis, asri dan alami, seolah menjadikan sungai sebagai warisan budaya masyarakat dalam mencari makna hidup. Pasar tradisional yang mungkin satu-satunya di Indonesia ini menjadi salah satu tempat wisata andalan di kawasan Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mencari fenomena alam dan hambatan dalam membangun pusaka harmonisasi masyarakat Banjar untuk mempertahankan nilai-nilai internalisasi budaya dalam perspektif Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan berbasis kearifan lokal budaya sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui metode penelitian fenomenologis: observasi langsung, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan meringkas penyelesaian pekerjaan di lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: faktor penghambat perkembangan cagar budaya sungai pada masyarakat Banjar dengan arus globalisasi dan modernisasi saat ini meghasilkan cara hidup generasi muda menjadi materialistis pragmatis, sehingga gaya hidup sangat konsumtif. Namun, pemerintah daerah, masyarakat Banjar dan akademisi terus berupaya untuk mendukung dan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai luhur internalisasi, dengan kewajiban untuk melibatkan generasi muda masyarakat dalam menciptakan dan memelihara budaya daerah melalui pasar terapung. Keberadaan pasar terapung yang didirikan oleh Siring Tendean di kota Banjarmasin, yang tetap menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai gotong royong, kerja sama, kerja keras, tolong-menolong, kekeluargaan, dan empati, menghasilkan nilai-nilai sosial dalam pembentukan masyarakat madani, budaya dalam masyarakat, dan penguatan ekonomi nasional dengan bantuan ikon wisata sungai.

Amaury A. García Rodríguez

Han pasado cerca de sesenta años desde los comienzos de la institucionalización de los estudios sobre Japón en México, en la segunda mitad de la década de 1960. Las iniciativas han sido disímiles y profusas, el trabajo arduo; en unos casos se han concretado proyectos importantes y, en otros, no han fructificado propuestas valiosas. A pesar de los vaivenes y de lo que aún falta por hacer, hoy podemos decir que no sólo contamos con una significativa masa crítica de especialistas y egresados, sino también con proyectos sólidos y otros en ciernes que auguran un mayor fortalecimiento de estos estudios en México.

P. Sik Ying Ho, Stevi Jackson

This special issue brings together 11 articles on gendered lives in East Asia written by East Asian scholars. Despite recognition of this region’s economic ascendancy and increasing awareness of its significance in terms of global geopolitics, it is still treated as marginal to academic, including feminist, research in the West, of concern only to area specialists. In Western public consciousness, East Asia is still subject to an orientalizing gaze whereby its cultures and peoples are seen as exotically other, even as some of its cultural products are embraced and adopted by Westerners; such racialized ‘othering’ is gendered, often contradictory and rarely has much to do with the actuality of East Asian lives. The articles published here offer insights into everyday gendered and sexual practices in East Asia as well as negotiations with and struggles against gendered and sexual injustices – injustices hardly confined to this part of the world but which have particular local specificities. We include articles on and/or from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea as well as Singapore, which, while geographically in South-East Asia, is a Chinesemajority society. A quick glance at the issue’s contents will reveal that the majority of articles deal with mainland China. This is hardly surprising given the size of the country, its population and its university sector. Moreover, there is a need for a better understanding of China given its increasing regional and global influence. At a time when China is much in the news for largely negative reasons, these articles provide alternative narratives to the media focus on totalitarian governance, human rights abuses, aggressive ‘wolf warrior’ diplomacy and, of course, the origins of the pandemic. They offer analyses of the everyday lives and aspirations of Chinese citizens, who are more often concerned with negotiating the challenges and opportunities they face in a rapidly changing society than with the limitations imposed by an authoritarian state – though they can be swiftly be made aware of the latter if they overstep certain boundaries (see, for example, Guo and Yin, this issue). The Chinese authors whose work is featured here engage in critical analysis of their society, but offer more nuanced and varied accounts than those available in international media, making interventions into cross-national academic conversations about both conformity with and resistance to normative gendered and sexual practices. China exists within a region that has a long history of social, cultural and economic connections between neighbouring countries and with more distant regions. This history has resulted in some commonalities across East Asia, but also significant differences in cultural legacies as well as in forms of governance and politics. Added to this are varied extra-regional influences, especially from the mid-19th Century onwards. Unlike South-East Asia and South Asia, however, East Asia was only partially colonized by European powers. British colonialism has left its mark on Singapore and Hong Kong and contributed to their distinct local identities and their self-promotion as global cosmopolitan cities. In the case of China, military defeats, unjust treaties and the imposition of foreign concessions (effectively colonial enclaves governed under extraterritoriality) are remembered in terms of the ‘century of humiliation’, which also included Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s. Japan, having learnt from China’s misfortune, began a project of modernization and militarization in the late 19th Century while also seeking to preserve and sometimes (re)invent a distinctive cultural heritage (Vlastos, 1998). Japan’s gains in military might enabled it to colonize both Korea and Taiwan, as well as, later, to invade China and then, in JOURNAL OF GENDER STUDIES 2021, VOL. 30, NO. 5, 503–511 https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1930179

M. Bataller

M. Zucker, B. Kiernan

Political Violence in Southeast Asia Since 1945 is an important and timely contribution to the interdisciplinary literature on mass political violence in an understudied region. While a plethora of single case studies on this topic exist, editors Eve Monique Zucker and Ben Kiernan have compiled an impressive set of essays organized around several core themes, including (but not limited to) “Dimensions of Mass Violence”, “Minorites and the State”, and “Justice, Ethics and History”. The volume is epistemologically and methodologically diverse, featuring contributions from a range of social science disciplines, thus introducing students and scholars to new perspectives on political violence.

SUBIR RANA

Tea SERNELJ

Avtorica v članku podaja kontrastivno analizo Li Zehoujevega koncepta sedimentacije in koncepta arhetipov C. G. Junga. Članek najprej podrobno predstavi koncept sedimentacije in pokaže, zakaj pri njem ne gre samo za estetski, temveč tudi za kulturno-psihološki pojem. Na osnovi tovrstne predstavitve Lijeve konceptualizacije in teoretskih osnov sedimentacije avtorica kritično primerja ta pojem z Jungovimi arhetipi. Članek nazorno prikaže, da so razlike med obema konceptoma zelo daljnosežne, saj nakazujejo splošno oziroma paradigmatsko razliko med referenčnima okviroma prevladujočih zahodnih diskurzov na eni in specifično kitajske teorije na drugi strani.