Esta entrevista a María Angélica Illanes se articula en torno a su artículo «La historiografía “popular”: una epistemología de “mujer”. Chile, década de 1980», publicado originalmente en la Revista Solar en 1994. El escrito aborda la gestación y desarrollo de una historiografía social producida en Chile bajo el impacto de la dictadura, marcada por la experiencia del derrumbe político, teórico y vital posterior a 1973. A partir de la metáfora de la “búsqueda entre los escombros”, Illanes reconstruye los espacios de producción intelectual y reflexiona sobre la emergencia de una escritura histórica centrada en el cuerpo, la memoria y la experiencia, especialmente desde lo que denomina “epistemología de mujer”. La conversación examina
la crítica a los paradigmas marxistas tradicionales, la influencia de autores como Foucault y la noción de saberes sometidos, así como los desafíos actuales de la historia social frente a la fragmentación neoliberal de los sujetos. La entrevista propone repensar el campo desde una articulación entre historia social, cultural y territorial.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Elisabetta Biondi, Chiara Boldrini, Andrea Passarella
et al.
Online social networks (OSNs) have transformed the way individuals fulfill their social needs and consume information. As OSNs become increasingly prominent sources for news dissemination, individuals often encounter content that influences their opinions through both direct interactions and broader network dynamics. In this paper, we propose the Friedkin-Johnsen on Cascade (FJC) model, which is, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to integrate information cascades and opinion dynamics, specifically using the very popular Friedkin-Johnsen model. Our model, validated over real social cascades, highlights how the convergence of socialization and sharing news on these platforms can disrupt opinion evolution dynamics typically observed in offline settings. Our findings demonstrate that these cascades can amplify the influence of central opinion leaders, making them more resistant to divergent viewpoints, even when challenged by a critical mass of dissenting opinions. This research underscores the importance of understanding the interplay between social dynamics and information flow in shaping public discourse in the digital age.
The article analyzes the works of the outstanding figure of Kazakh linguistics of the early twentieth century Telzhan Shonanuly on the Kazakh alphabet based on Latin graphics. More than 20 scientific and journalistic articles and reports of the scientist on the Latin alphabet, published in the period from 1924 to 1930. The article consists of two parts: the first part provides an exhaustive analysis, information on the dynamics of all stages, from the first raising of the issue of transition to the Latin alphabet to the gradual development, dissemination, gaining strength and implementation, on the work done and its scientific and cognitive justifications; the second part – on the transition to the Latin alphabet in Kazakhstan and the Soviet Union, in countries outside the Union, important issues of the process were also analyzed, and information necessary for today was provided. Linguistic and public social problems of the Kazakh-Latin alphabet period of the early twentieth century are still important today, especially for the modern alphabet reform. Therefore, the linguistic conditions for choosing the alphabet, the experience of implementation, methods of solving public social and political problems constitute the content of the article. As a result of the study, the reasons for the inclusion of the Kazakh-Latin alphabet in the agenda of the early twentieth century will be analyzed from the point of view of the breath of the epoch, the fate of the language and an assessment of the role and place of Telzhan Shonanuly in this linguistic process will be given. The article is intended for researchers of the history of Kazakh linguistics, Kazakh writing and alphabet, readers wishing to obtain information about the development of the Latin alphabet at the beginning of the XX century. The article is a continuation of the study “Telzhan Shonanuly’s Scientific Approach to the Kazakh Writing”, published in issue 3 of this journal for 2024.
The study examines how a set of ideas for eliminating the “bottlenecks” in the Stalinist economic model came about. The goal is to find out the factors responsible for the “maturation” of recognition by the political elite, public opinion and the scientific community that a market transformation of the economy was necessary. The authors chose to avoid analyzing the features of the Kosygin reform itself and instead focus on the logic behind the ways in which contemporaries addressed the need to improve the national economy’s efficiency. The research methodology is chronological and tracks the changes in positions on issues that determined the underpinnings of the Soviet economy. A comparative method was also used to distinguish the positions of reformers on the main issues: a planned or market economy, forms of ownership, the role of money, price and wage policy, structural policy, social aspects of the economy, etc. The authors employed an interdisciplinary approach that incorporated research from economic, historical, sociological and other social studies along with a concentration on research that probed the basic institutions of the Soviet economy. The study provides a fresh consideration of the issues raised among the political and economic elites and also connects them with extensive material on Soviet economic theory and prevailing public awareness and psychology. The study concludes that improving economic efficiency was a central concern of reformers throughout the Soviet period. The empirical material clearly demonstrates a growing demand for strengthening the role of “economic levers” in the planned economy. The sources examined, including both published and unpublished archival materials from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, support the conclusion that the same Soviet society that had defended the country’s sovereignty in World War II gradually abandoned the messianic ideal of a new, unprecedented global victory for “social justice” and turned towards the consumer society that characterized the West. Although it had already become clear that the growing economic problems could not be solved without a radical change in the very foundations of the economy, an analysis of the late Soviet stage of reform reveals a number of factors that prevented all agents in the process from taking their rethinking of the socialist economy to its logical conclusion. In many ways, this paralysis predetermined the collapse of the economy and the difficult initial conditions under which post-Soviet states were forced to adopt market economic principles.
Einar Furulund, S. L. Carlsen, K. T. Druckrey-Fiskaaen
et al.
Physical or mental health comorbidities are common among people with substance use disorders undergoing opioid agonist therapy. As both a preventive and treatment strategy, exercise offers various health benefits for several conditions. Exercise interventions to people with substance use disorders receiving opioid agonist therapy are limited. This study aims to explore experiences with physical activity, perceived barriers, and facilitators among people receiving opioid agonist therapy. Fourteen qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy in outpatient clinics in Western Norway. Most were males in the age range 30 to 60 years. Participants had diverse and long-term substance use histories, and most received buprenorphine-based opioid agonist therapy. The identified themes were (1) Physical limitations: Participants experienced health-related problems like breathing difficulties, pain, and reduced physical function. (2) Social dynamics: Social support was essential for participating in physical activities and many argued for group exercises, but some were concerned about the possibility of meeting persons influenced by substances in a group setting, fearing temptations to use substances. (3) Shift in focus: As participants felt the weight of the health burden, their preference for activities shifted from sports aiming for “adrenaline” to a health promoting focus. (4) COVID-19’s impact on exercise: because of the pandemic, group activities were suspended, and participants described it as challenging to resume. (5) Implementation preferences in clinics: Not interfering with opioid medication routines was reported to be essential. This study offers valuable insights for the development of customized exercise interventions aimed at enhancing the health and well-being of patients undergoing opioid agonist therapy. These findings underscore the significance of addressing social dynamics, overcoming physical limitations, and implementing a practical and effective exercise regimen.
The transit economy today faces numerous challenges. This is the transformation of property as an institution through comprehensive privatization. In terms of its scale, this process has no analogues in world history. The end result is the creation of a national multi-proprietary system. In the process of transition from the state economy to the market economy mechanism, a new class of private owners was formed. During the entire period of reform, market economic institutions and mechanisms for coordinating the economic activity of economic institutions were created. The definition and redistribution of property rights gradually became the center of economic activity, especially at the level of domestic enterprises. In the conditions of global transformations of the 21st century. many countries faced the problem of finding a balance on the way to transition to a new type of development and ensuring the conditions of transitivity and global economic security. Guaranteeing economic security in one sense or another is a conceptual task of any state practically from the moment of its foundation. The issue becomes particularly acute in relation to the transitive economy, since the latter is characterized by numerous negative consequences of reform, which are manifested in the disintegration of production structures, the breakdown of economic ties, the imbalance between the extractive and processing branches of production, the collapse of the internal market, imbalances in regional development, and a decrease in the level of competitiveness national producers, etc. Phenomena, processes and trends recorded by mass consciousness, official statistics and scientific tools, which threaten the dynamic socio-economic development of Ukrainian society, raise the problem of economic security of development to a number of main strategic tasks. The purpose of the study is theoretical and applied substantiation of the impact of the transitive economy on the development of domestic enterprises. To date, the transitive economy can have a significant impact on the development of domestic enterprises due to changes in the conditions of competition, access to resources, sales markets and investments. Analysis of this impact can help to understand the prospects and challenges faced by domestic enterprises in the conditions of a transitory economy. Transitive economy (transitional) – economy during the historical period of changes in economic systems, the characteristics of which are complexity, instability, contradiction, inertia, intensive development of new economic forms; alternative transit economy means the process of movement of goods, services or capital through the territory of one country in order to deliver them to another country without their final processing or consumption in the territory of the first country. This includes the transportation of goods via railways, roads, seaports, airports or any other logistics route. These factors significantly affect the development of domestic enterprises, requiring them to adapt to new economic realities and search for ways to improve efficiency. Transitive economy, or the economy of the transition period, is a process of transition from a centralized planned economy to a market one. This process is accompanied by significant changes in economic structures, reforming of economic institutions, changes in forms of ownership and methods of enterprise management. During the time of independence, Ukraine went through various stages of transitive economy, which were characterized by significant changes in all spheres of economic life. The stages of the transitive economy significantly affect the activities of domestic enterprises, changing the conditions of their operation and identifying new challenges and opportunities. The impact of the transitive economy on the development of domestic enterprises is a multifaceted and deep process, which covers the transition from centralized planning to market mechanisms. In Ukraine, this transition took place since 1991 and was accompanied by numerous changes that had both positive and negative consequences for business. This process includes economic liberalization, privatization, structural reforms, financial stabilization, development of market relations, institutional reforms, social changes and integration into the world economy. Each of these elements plays an important role in the formation of a new economic system and determines the success of the transition to a transitive economy. In general, the transitive economy has created new opportunities for the development of domestic enterprises, while at the same time presenting them with a number of challenges. To ensure sustainable economic growth, it is necessary to continue reforms aimed at strengthening institutions, fighting corruption, supporting innovation and creating a favorable business environment. Only in the conditions of a stable and predictable economic policy will enterprises be able to fully realize their potential and make a significant contribution to the development of the transitive economy.
Ismail Hossain, Sai Puppala, Md Jahangir Alam
et al.
User activities can influence their subsequent interactions with a post, generating interest in the user. Typically, users interact with posts from friends by commenting and using reaction emojis, reflecting their level of interest on social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit. Our objective is to analyze user history over time, including their posts and engagement on various topics. Additionally, we take into account the user's profile, seeking connections between their activities and social media platforms. By integrating user history, engagement, and persona, we aim to assess recommendation scores based on relevant item sharing by Hit Rate (HR) and the quality of the ranking system by Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG), where we achieve the highest for NeuMF 0.80 and 0.6 respectively. Our hybrid approach solves the cold-start problem when there is a new user, for new items cold-start problem will never occur, as we consider the post category values. To improve the performance of the model during cold-start we introduce collaborative filtering by looking for similar users and ranking the users based on the highest similarity scores.
The first half of the 19th century is a period when the North Caucasus gradually enters the stream of socio-economic and political development of the Russian Empire.A deep analysis of the features of feudal-serf relations in the North Caucasus is very important and relevant for historical science, since it explains the emergence of problems and contradictions during the period when these regions became part of the Russian Empire, the implementation of peasant reform, the formation of the Russian administration on these lands, and changes in the judicial system.All levels of the Caucasian administration participated in the preparation and process of integration of the North Caucasus into the Russian legal field. The main purpose of the research is to determine the significance of the social issue in the context of the ethnic component of the region, to study socio-economic and land relations in the North Caucasus, to characterize the social structure of societies.In the process of research work on the article, methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization were used, as well as the principle of objectivity and historicism, which provided the opportunity to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view.As a result of the research the process of collecting information about the history of the emergence and development of feudal relations in the region has been traced, the specifics of land legal norms, their complexity and intricacy have been identified, which determines the existing social structure of societies. Conclusions: the importance of adaptation of the population to new political conditions for further raising the level of socio-economic development of the societies of the North Caucasus has been determined.
Abdullah Almaatouq, T. Griffiths, Jordan W. Suchow
et al.
Abstract The dominant paradigm of experiments in the social and behavioral sciences views an experiment as a test of a theory, where the theory is assumed to generalize beyond the experiment's specific conditions. According to this view, which Alan Newell once characterized as “playing twenty questions with nature,” theory is advanced one experiment at a time, and the integration of disparate findings is assumed to happen via the scientific publishing process. In this article, we argue that the process of integration is at best inefficient, and at worst it does not, in fact, occur. We further show that the challenge of integration cannot be adequately addressed by recently proposed reforms that focus on the reliability and replicability of individual findings, nor simply by conducting more or larger experiments. Rather, the problem arises from the imprecise nature of social and behavioral theories and, consequently, a lack of commensurability across experiments conducted under different conditions. Therefore, researchers must fundamentally rethink how they design experiments and how the experiments relate to theory. We specifically describe an alternative framework, integrative experiment design, which intrinsically promotes commensurability and continuous integration of knowledge. In this paradigm, researchers explicitly map the design space of possible experiments associated with a given research question, embracing many potentially relevant theories rather than focusing on just one. Researchers then iteratively generate theories and test them with experiments explicitly sampled from the design space, allowing results to be integrated across experiments. Given recent methodological and technological developments, we conclude that this approach is feasible and would generate more-reliable, more-cumulative empirical and theoretical knowledge than the current paradigm – and with far greater efficiency.
The main problem of Ukrainian social support system for many years was insufficient targeting of social programs at the most vulnerable sections of the population. Significant impoverishment of the country’s population and expansion of the range of vulnerable contingents as a result of the war exacerbates the problem of allocating limited resources to the most needy. Delaying the solution of this problem during the period of hostilities and post-war reconstruction will have a negative, and in some cases, a destructive impact on society, both in the context of observing the principles of social justice and effective support of people in difficult times, and in the context of the risks of slowdown in economic growth. The purpose of the article is to assess the pre-war system of social support in the context of its targeting at vulnerable sections of the population in order to find better ways and opportunities for post-war reform. The novelty of the work consists in the combination of assessments of the scale of diverse vulnerability with assessments of the targeting of active social programs at groups with higher vulnerability and/or larger numbers. Such an assessment will make it possible to determine not only to what extent this or that program reaches the target contingents or the poor, but also to what extent it reaches each vulnerable group. Such a tool would be more effective in determining the shortcomings of existing programs, developing ways to reform them, or making a decision to replace them with new ones. In addition, forecast estimates for 2023 regarding the introduction of the new universal social assistance planned by government officials were made in the work for the first time. Research methods. Along with the generally accepted methods of statistical analysis, the research used the micromodeling method to work with the micro-data of the survey of the living conditions of households in Ukraine and to forecast the parameters of social programs for 2023. To evaluate the indicators of the impact of social programs, a special program module ADePT, developed by the World Bank for unified methodical support of the analysis of the social support system, was used.
Karimulloh Karimulloh, Chandradewi Kusristanti, Arif Triman
Islam menjelaskan ikatan pernikahan sebagai sesuatu hal yang penting, suci, bermakna dan sebagai penyempurnaan ibadah kepada Allah SWT. Ikatan pernikahan ini menjadi salah satu tugas perkembangan yang perlu dijalani oleh seorang manusia yang berkaitan dengan berbagai aspek untuk menjalani kehidupan di muka bumi. Adanya pernikahan tanpa persiapan yang belum matang baik dari segi Islam, psikologi maupun finansial dapat membuat remaja yang melakukan pernikahan dini beresiko baik secara fisik, keuangan dan mendukung peningkatan kasus perceraian di Indonesia. Sebagai upaya peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai persiapan pernikahan, Program pranikah dalam pendekatan Islam, psikologi dan finansial ini dilakukan sehingga dapat memberikan sudut pandang serta mendukung persiapan mereka dalam merencanakan pernikahan sehingga dapat mengemban tanggung jawab dalam pernikahan tersebut. Partisipan pada program persiapan pernikahan dalam pendekatan Islam, psikologi dan finansial ialah remaja akhir dan dewasa muda yang belum terikat pernikahan. Adapun hasil penyuluhan program ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan remaja mengenai pendidikan pranikah baik dari perspektif Islami, psikologi maupun finansial.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Communities. Classes. Races
Mitra kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah UD Halwa Indoraya – Jombang, yang memproduksi produk olahan berbahan baku buah salak. Mitra sudah menggunakan sarana pemasaran modern yaitu website dan media sosial. Namun segmen pasarnya terbatas wilayah Jombang saja. Sejak pandemi covid-19 2019 penjualan produk mitra mengalami fluktuatif tajam bahkan 2020 mengalami penurunan. Pengetahun mitra tentang branding produk sebagai strategi pemasaran sangat minim. Keberadaan kebun mini salak yang dimiliki mitra, mestinya dapat di-branding dan dapat dipakai sarana pemasaran, namun dibiarkan terbengkalai. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini: Pertama meningkatkan omset. Kedua, memperluas segmen pasar. Metode kegiatan ini adalah, pertama pelatihan branding produk olahan salak dan kebun salak mini sebagai distinasi wisata. Kedua, simulasi penyusunan branding produk olahan salak melalui proses diskusi dan brainstorming serta branding kebun mini salak sebagai miniatur kebun salak dan destinasi wisata. Hasil yang dicapai kegiatan ini adalah pertama, tingkat pengetahuan dan pemahaman mitra dan karyawannya terhadap branding produk sebagai strategi pemasaran cukup baik, sebesar 76,67%. Kedua, mitra dapat melakukan branding produk melalui perbaikan dan pengembangan kemasan sehingga produk dapat dipersepsikan oleh konsumen, memiliki cita rasa nikmat dan bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Ketiga, mitra sudah melakukan branding miniatur kebun salak sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai destinasi eduwisata dan media pemasaran. Ketiga omset mitra meningkat sebesar 95,04%. Keempat, segmen pasar baru bertambah tiga kabupaten/kota.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Communities. Classes. Races
Social stability risk assessment (SSRA) has become the mainstream policy instrument for assessing potential risks of large-scale development projects across all sectors in China. In this paper, fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is used to quantify the impact of SSRA policy on economic competitiveness across China’s 31 provinces using a SSRA policy dataset (2003–2020) and a provincial economic competitiveness dataset (2019–2020). QCA combines Boolean algebra and set theory to identify configurations of conditions that are necessary or sufficient for a given outcome. Rather than following the mainstream statistical method of developing a single causal model that best fits the data, QCA explores multiple concurrent causality. A typology of SSRA policies was developed to guide our analysis. The research concluded that to support high economic competitiveness within provinces, SSRA policies must be structured around solving social stability problems and addressing a specific industry issue (e.g., pollution) in a particular industry (e.g., resources). Policies that only include one of these factors or that focus on the performance of government officials were found to contribute to low economic competitiveness. Reorienting the focus of SSRA policies could support more rigorous risk assessments and enhance economic competitiveness, particularly in provinces that host large-scale development projects. These findings have implications for China’s policymakers given their dual objectives of driving economic reform while maintaining a harmonious society.
Sh. I. Aliyev, E. N. Alekseeva, V. A. Tarasov
et al.
Absolutely all over the world there is a constant increase in the number of people with disabilities, as a result of a number of economic, social, ecological, demographic reasons. The share of disabled people on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic has remained high in recent years. The article touches upon the issues of qualitative indicators of the social health of people with disabilities, gives a fundamental characteristic of social health. A questionnaire survey was conducted in February 2018 among people with disabilities, and for the purpose of additional study, interviews with people of working age with disabilities were conducted in March 2022. The results of the author's research on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic among people with disabilities on the subject of studying the processes of socialization and social adaptation in society are presented. Based on the conducted quantitative and qualitative research methods, the main trends regarding the social health of people with disabilities were identified. The main barriers on the way to successful integration processes hindering socialization and social adaptation are outlined. The above results necessitate the modernization of the current system of targeted support for people with disabilities.
Pule village topography is a hilly area that has economic potential if it is managed well. The functions of it are as water absorption and earthquake defense, besides that the hilly area also can be as ecotourism for the alternative strategy of economic enhancement and for ecosystem education. This research-based service aims to empower the community economy and apply the education that is integrated with nature through participatory method related to the goals achieved. The first result, officially opened the ecotourism with the views of Kekep Hills. The second, the forming of community-based tourism (Pokdarwis) as the management of ecotourism. The third, the education that is integrated of nature becomes the educational and fun media. It was created by using ecotourism pattern to grow the awareness of conservation for childhood
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Communities. Classes. Races
Abstract This article summarises the arguments in favour of legalising cannabis and makes proposals for the design of the regulatory framework. The main argument for a regulated cannabis market is not the expected tax revenues or the legal jobs that would be created, but the improved youth and health protection in a state-regulated cannabis market. While consumption of legal addictive substances such as tobacco and alcohol has been successfully curbed, cannabis consumption has been increasing for years despite prohibition. A well designed market order with appropriate market regulation and taxation is crucial for effective youth and health protection.
Economic theory. Demography, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Uno de los personajes fundamentales del siglo XIX mexicano es Agustín de Iturbide. Pese a ello, ha sido olvidado en las conmemoraciones de la independencia debido a las difíciles circunstancias que enfrentó su efímero gobierno imperial . A lo largo de las décadas que siguieron a la consumación de la independencia las disputas políticas entre diversos proyectos de nación utilizaron a Iturbide como bandera de tendencias opuestas, hasta llegar al abierto enfrentamiento entre dos proyectos: liberalismo y conservadurismo. En este trabajo se hará un análisis de la figura de Iturbide en los textos de sus contemporáneos.
History (General), Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Susannah Kate Devitt, Tamara Rose Pearce, Alok Kumar Chowdhury
et al.
Against the backdrop of a social media reckoning, this paper seeks to demonstrate the potential of social tools to build virtuous behaviours online. We must assume that human behaviour is flawed, the truth can be elusive, and as communities we must commit to mechanisms to encourage virtuous social digital behaviours. Societies that use social platforms should be inclusive, responsive to evidence, limit punitive actions and allow productive discord and respectful disagreement. Social media success, we argue, is in the hypothesis. Documents are valuable to the degree that they are evidence in service of, or to challenge an idea for a purpose. We outline how a Bayesian social platform can facilitate virtuous behaviours to build evidence-based collective rationality. The chapter outlines the epistemic architecture of the platform's algorithms and user interface in conjunction with explicit community management to ensure psychological safety. The BetterBeliefs platform rewards users who demonstrate epistemically virtuous behaviours and exports evidence-based propositions for decision-making. A Bayesian social network can make virtuous ideas powerful.
By presenting three missing person cases, the paper addresses the efforts of victims’ mothers and relatives to socially inscribe their demands for justice. The meanings assigned to their problem and its possible solutions are not in tune with the interpretation rendered by police officers and justice departments. Such a lack of communication comes forth in the way mothers and relatives deploy practical resources in order to deal with their loss and develop political grammars of mobilisation.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Sociology (General)