Introduction. Social and territorial inequality determines differences in the life prospects of Russian youth. Heterogeneous living conditions in large cities, small towns, and rural areas generate unequal starting opportunities, influencing the formation and implementation of life strategies. The aim of this study is to identify similarities and differences in the social characteristics of urban and rural youth, as reflected in their life dispositions and strategies.
Materials and Methods. This article analyzes data from a 2023 online survey conducted in the Belgorod Region among urban and rural youth (schoolchildren, students, and workers) aged 14 to 35 (n = 5,881). The sample was quota-based based on gender, age, settlement type, and area of residence. Participants were recruited using a hot recruitment technique. Data processing was performed using Vortex software, with the construction of linear and cross-tabulation tables (based on respondents' settlement types). The dependent variables were twelve life strategies (economic, political, career, matrimonial, social, migration, self-realization, etc.), operationalized through the categories of ‘‘life dispositions’’ and ‘‘life plans’’.
Results. Despite a general value consensus (homogeneity of life dispositions), the life plans of young people demonstrate a stable stratification. Young people in large cities (regional centers) outperform their peers in small towns and villages in terms of aspirations across all strategies studied: from financial practices and career ambitions to reproductive plans and readiness for complex forms of socio-political participation. The statistically significant convergence of life planning indicators among young people in small towns and rural communities suggests the formation of a single continuum of ‘‘peripherality’’. The main mechanisms blocking the realization of ambitions are a lack of resources and a subjectively lower assessment of the opportunities for achieving goals in their region.
Discussion and Conclusion. The settlement factor is a significant mechanism of stratification, reproducing inequality in the practical feasibility of life projects. The gap in the complexity and scale of planning between the center and the periphery creates the risk of further concentration of human capital in large cities and depopulation of smaller territories. The materials in this article may be of interest to state youth policy authorities at various levels, as well as to state and municipal administrations; youth organizations; and educational institutions.
По мере нарастания признаков цивилизационного кризиса становится ясно, что человечество переживает критический момент: либо кризисные процессы продолжат обостряться, что может привести к серьезным последствиям и краху цивилизации, либо мы определяем и внедряем эффективные стратегии для решения этих проблем, тем самым превращая их в возможности для дальнейшего развития. Чтобы решить эту проблему, необходимо изучение влияния технического прогресса как на усугубление кризиса, так и на создание предпосылок для его преодоления. Современная технологическая революция формирует знаниеемкое материальное производство, меняет содержание человеческой деятельности и потребности человека, создавая тем самым материальные условия для перехода к неэкономическому способу производства и удовлетворения потребностей человека – к ноономике. Однако неолиберальная экономическая парадигма часто вступает в противоречие с задачами социально-экономического прогресса, опирающегося на последние технологические достижения. Это противоречие можно разрешить не путем демонтажа существующей социально-экономической системы, но через ее постепенную и систематическую трансформацию. Переход к ноономике и нообществу следует признать объективной исторической тенденцией, которая определит характер соответствующей стратегической программы. Этот переход потребует развития (или “нооэволюции”) новых ценностных ориентаций (или “нооценностей”), основанных на ноокритериальной системе ценностей. Эта структура будет основываться на фундаментальных гуманистических принципах, в которых на первый план выйдет развитие личности как носителя знаний и культуры.
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to a diverse set of predictions about its long-term impact on humanity. A central focus is the potential emergence of transformative AI (TAI), eventually capable of outperforming humans in all economically valuable tasks and fully automating labor. Discussed scenarios range from human extinction after a misaligned TAI takes over ("AI doom") to unprecedented economic growth and abundance ("post-scarcity"). However, the probabilities and implications of these scenarios remain highly uncertain. Here, we organize the various scenarios and evaluate their associated existential risks and economic outcomes in terms of aggregate welfare. Our analysis shows that even low-probability catastrophic outcomes justify large investments in AI safety and alignment research. We find that the optimizing representative individual would rationally allocate substantial resources to mitigate extinction risk; in some cases, she would prefer not to develop TAI at all. This result highlights that current global efforts in AI safety and alignment research are vastly insufficient relative to the scale and urgency of existential risks posed by TAI. Our findings therefore underscore the need for stronger safeguards to balance the potential economic benefits of TAI with the prevention of irreversible harm. Addressing these risks is crucial for steering technological progress toward sustainable human prosperity.
Oleg V. Pavlov, Natalia V. Smirnova, Elena V. Smirnova
A literacy-targeted approach to economic instruction draws on insights from cognitive science. It highlights that students process complex economic information by constructing and modifying schemas that represent economic material. Following this approach, we developed a set of instructional activities centered around causal diagrams that promote a deeper understanding of economic topics beyond the traditional lecture-based methods. Our results show that structural debriefing activities can be used effectively to introduce students to the causal diagrams that explain key economic relationships in the national income model, government-purchases multiplier and tax multiplier.
China’s approach to air pollution control has been shown successful in East Asian countries and even elsewhere in the world. The analysis of the evolution and control of air pollution in China over the past 75 years can be used as a reference for developing countries suffering from air pollution resulting from urbanization. Based on the sorting and mining of relevant indicators, data and policy texts from the areas of population, economy, space and social urbanization, the findings suggest that the presence of air pollution and its changing forms indeed have complex interactive relationships with the process of urbanization. Specifically: (1) the feature of air pollution has changed from “single pollutant and pollution source to multiple pollutants and pollution source, local pollution to regional pollution, light pollution to heavy compound pollution” as a result of urbanization, the emphasizing of construction and the neglect of governance, the emphasizing of economics and the neglect of ecology, and the emphasizing of immediate interests over long-term interests; (2) the interactive relationship between air pollution and urbanization has also gone through three stages from being irrelevant each other to “urbanization determines air pollution” and then “air pollution restricts urbanization”; (3) this has forced air pollution control to shift from the traditional “treating symptoms” to “high-quality urbanization”, thus promoting air pollution and urbanization to move “from confrontation to unification”. Therefore, air pollution control is not a simple technical issue; one of the keys lies in exploring how to adjust the urbanization model, so as to achieve the “win–win” of urbanization and air pollution control.
Introduction. The impact of global challenges in the modern world establishes its own technologies for achieving balance in planning and using budget finances in Russia. These problems acquire a special spectrum within the framework of a large number, diversity of legal types, natural and geographical features of the territory and financial independence of local budgets. Local budgets are the most significant source of financing for public utility infrastructure facilities that residents of municipalities use every day, which ultimately determines the comfort and quality of living in the local area. This article aims to consider the theoretical and methodological approaches to the content and causes of the local budget deficit and to substantiate the criteria for the effectiveness of its financing with an uncertain revenue base and increasing costs for organizing the provision of municipal services in all areas of expenditure obligations of local governments. To substantiate the working hypothesis of the study, we point out that local budgets of all legal types of municipalities have gratuitous transfers from higher-level budgets as the main source of revenue base, a small amount of tax initiative and budgetary powers to assess their expenditure obligations. As a rule, all these powers are regulated at the federal and regional levels. The methodological basis of the study was the provisions of the Keynesian and neo-Keynesian schools of budget regulation, taking into account the new model of municipal governance. The empirical basis of the study was the control indicators of draft budgets of a number of municipalities of the Sverdlovsk region, obtained by the author from official sources and the results of the webinar with representatives of financial departments as part of local governments of the Sverdlovsk region. Results and conclusions. The results of the study identified the criteria for the formation and implementation of an effective budget deficit policy, formulated practical recommendations for local governments to optimize the financing of the local budget deficit and servicing the debt obligations of the municipality in the context of prevention and adaptation to global challenges. As further directions of scientific research, it is necessary to indicate an assessment of the possibilities of applying these criteria by local governments to the reformed provisions of the budget legislation of Russia, expected for 2030-2036.
Economic theory. Demography, Regional economics. Space in economics
What are the effects of authoritarian regimes on scholarly research in economics? And how might economic theory survive ideological pressures? The article addresses these questions by focusing on the mathematization of economics over the past century and drawing on the history of Soviet science. Mathematics in the USSR remained internationally competitive and generated many ideas that were taken up and played important roles in economic theory. These same ideas, however, were disregarded or adopted only in piecemeal fashion by Soviet economists, despite the efforts of influential scholars to change the economic research agenda. The article draws this contrast into sharper focus by exploring the work of Soviet mathematicians in optimization, game theory, and probability theory that was used in Western economics. While the intellectual exchange across the Iron Curtain did help advance the formal modeling apparatus, economics could only thrive in an intellectually open environment absent under the Soviet rule.
This paper explores the intersection of economic anthropology and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). It examines how large language models (LLMs) can simulate human decision-making and the inductive biases present in AI research. The study introduces two AI models: C.A.L.L.O.N. (Conventionally Average Late Liberal ONtology) and M.A.U.S.S. (More Accurate Understanding of Society and its Symbols). The former is trained on standard data, while the latter is adapted with anthropological knowledge. The research highlights how anthropological training can enhance LLMs' ability to recognize diverse economic systems and concepts. The findings suggest that integrating economic anthropology with AI can provide a more pluralistic understanding of economics and improve the sustainability of non-market economic systems.
When analyzing the components influencing the stock prices, it is commonly believed that economic activities play an important role. More specifically, asset prices are more sensitive to the systematic economic news that impose a pervasive effect on the whole market. Moreover, the investors will not be rewarded for bearing idiosyncratic risks as such risks are diversifiable. In the paper Economic Forces and the Stock Market 1986, the authors introduced an attribution model to identify the specific systematic economic forces influencing the market. They first defined and examined five classic factors from previous research papers: Industrial Production, Unanticipated Inflation, Change in Expected Inflation, Risk Premia, and The Term Structure. By adding in new factors, the Market Indices, Consumptions and Oil Prices, one by one, they examined the significant contribution of each factor to the stock return. The paper concluded that the stock returns are exposed to the systematic economic news, and they are priced with respect to their risk exposure. Also, the significant factors can be identified by simply adopting their model. Driven by such motivation, we conduct an attribution analysis based on the general framework of their model to further prove the importance of the economic factors and identify the specific identity of significant factors.
Tekilu Tadesse Choramo, Jemal Abafita, Yerali Gandica
et al.
Global and regional integration has grown significantly in recent decades, boosting intra-African trade and positively impacting national economies through trade diversification and sustainable development. However, existing measures of economic integration often fail to capture the complex interactions among trading partners. This study addresses this gap by using complex network analysis and dynamic panel regression techniques to identify factors driving economic integration in Africa, based on data from 2002 to 2019. The results show that economic development, institutional quality, regional trade agreements, human capital, FDI, and infrastructure positively influence a country's position in the African trade network. Conversely, trade costs, the global financial crisis, and regional overlapping memberships negatively affect network based integration. Our findings suggest that enhancing a country's connectivity in the African trade network involves identifying key economic and institutional factors of trade partners and strategically focusing on continent-wide agreements rather than just regional ones to boost economic growth.
: Academic literature explores the term sustainability embeddedness as the highest degree of integration of sustainability into corporate strategies, however, its interpretation lacks the conceptual meaning applied in regional economics. While the focus of sustainability practices is often local, companies embed in the local space, conversely, increasing local embeddedness and commitment are leading companies to move from compliance-based sustainability practices towards sustainability embeddedness. The results based on interviews with small-and medium sized family businesses in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary illustrate that sustainable embedding as suggested as a new approach of the study are applied by this group of companies, the study concludes with a collection of good practices
This Policy Dialogue Report is aimed at fostering multistakeholder, multidisciplinary, inclusive, and cross-regional dialogue on recent advancements in AI ethics policies and practices. It addresses the gap of independent space to bring together around this topic a) all sectors encompassing public, private and civil society organizations, b) diverse world regions and cultures, and c) multiple disciplines of not only technology and economics but also social sciences and humanities, in addition to warranting meaningful intergenerational participation and gender-sensitive leadership.
Urban areas are places associated with the transformation of ideas into practices, social initiatives, and spatial economics. The study aims to assess the triad interaction between education, science, and business as a multiplier on the socio-economic development in the region. The study built a conceptual model of socio-economic space in the context of innovative urban development: the unity of education, science, and business. The statistical analysis allowed the author to substantiate the peculiarities of the local triad. The study revealed correlations in the influence of education, science, and business on changes in the regional system. The paper suggests that the triad of education, science, and business rests on territorial specifics. This feature is the determining factor of innovative development in the field of resort towns. The presented research uses the quantitatively measured influence of the triad as a multiplier by combining values of the unity of education, science, and business. The study found that the mentioned indicator reflects the wellbeing and quality of the labor resources in the region. On the one hand, the multiplicative influence of the triad is a guarantee of an increase in the wellbeing level within the borders of the region. On the other hand, it requires adaptation of the innovative development of resort towns to the current growth of the workforce and a decrease in innovative advantages on a local scale. The findings provide policymakers with significant indicators on the way to stabilizing the regional economy and effective decision-making. The study of the interaction between education, science, and business in the context of socioeconomic development can become a crucial tool for formulating policies aimed at stabilizing the region's economy and improving the quality of life of its residents, particularly in resort cities. The obtained results can provide guidelines for the development of innovation support programs and the planning of investment strategies, taking into account the specifics of territorial conditions.
مجتبی موحدی, مهدی همایون فر, مهدی فدایی اشکیکی
et al.
یکی از پیچیده ترین مسائل تصمیم گیری برای سرمایه گذاران بورس اوراق بهادار، ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها می باشد که بر اساس رویکردهای مختلف قابل انجام است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی معیارهای عملکرد شرکت های حاضر در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران با رویکرد ترکیبی دلفی فازی و نقشه نگاشت فازی است. اگر چه مطالعات متعددی در زمینه ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها ثبت شده است، اما تعداد انگشت شماری از کارت امتیاز متوازن (BSC) به منظور شناسایی معیارهای ارزیابی عملکرد استفاده نموده اند. در این مقاله ابتدا با استفاده از روش دلفی فازی از میان 82 معیار ارزیابی عملکرد استخراج شده از ادبیات تحقیق، معیارهای کلیدی ارزیابی عملکرد شرکت ها از دیدگاه سرمایه گذاران شناسایی شدند و سپس با استفاده از روش نقشه نگاشت فازی، روابط میان آنها بررسی و معیارهای ارزیابی رتبه بندی شدند. بر اساس یافته ها پنج معیار رشد سود عملیاتی (OPG)، نسبت قیمت به سود هر سهم (P/E)، نسبت سود عملیاتی به فروش، نسبت سود ناخالص به فروش و نرخ رشد فروش شرکت که همگی آنها شرکت ها را از منظر مالی مورد بررسی قرار می دهند، مهمترین معیارها از نظر سرمایه گذاران هستند.