This paper illustrates one way in which thinking about the democratic underlabourer model in relation to intra-state politics can be helpful for working up an analogous model for international politics. This move involves both a critical engagement with the initial articulation of the democratic underlabourer model and making explicit some of its background commitments. Drawing on my own work on refugees, it offers an extended example of what I refer to as ‘the constitutional underlabourer model’. In the final section, I considered two potential challenges to this model and show that addressing them involves drawing out potentials of the model that my example had failed to make explicit and hence helps to elaborate a richer understanding of the constitutional underlabourer model and its attractions.
I. Introduction | II. A Prior Japanese Scholar’s Concern | III. The Idea of Political Process Theory | IV. The Prior Situation in Japan | 1. The Appointment System | 2. The Cabinet Legislative Bureau | 3. The Black Box and Public Welfare Doctrine | V. Proposing the “Double Standard” | 1. The Idea of the “Double Standard” and Political Process Theory | 2. Underway | 3. Reasons for the Failure | VI. Incremental Change? | VII. Conclusion
The thought of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) in the history of political ideas is regarded as the beginning of modern political theory, which abandons the classical Socratic view of politics condensed in the virtue of citizens as the foundation of the polis (the state), as well as the medieval Christian worldview of Thomas Aquinas, where the state and politics are subordinated to religion and Christian morality. Politics becomes distinguished as public as opposed to private, and into political theory Machiavelli introduces the concepts of power, force, strength, and violence as legitimate political notions-a kind of Copernican turn away from the classical political theory of antiquity, where "trust in mute force, which the ancient Greeks considered a non-political instrument…" (Tadić, 1996: 56), now becomes axiomatic. In political reality, new rules apply-the virtuous citizen is replaced by homo politicus. Machiavelli, in the reality of politics, analyzes concrete political phenomena from the perspective of realism and the application of the empirical method. Among other things, Machiavelli says that "many have imagined republics and principalities that never actually existed" (Machiavelli, 2012: 65). Machiavelli's concept of the state and power is founded on the experience of the Florentine friar Savonarola and the famous dictum that unarmed prophets have failed: "It is necessary to know that there are two ways of fighting: by law and by force" (Machiavelli, 2012: 73). In The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes that "there can be no good laws without a good army, and where there is a good army, there must be good laws" (Machiavelli, 2012: 53). In this paper we analyze the concept of a "good army" in Machiavelli as an unclear and disputable term. By applying methods of content and discourse analysis of Machiavelli's works, we will demonstrate his understanding of a good army within the framework of his theoretical innovation, his new method, through the research question of whether it means a well-armed army, a standing army of monarchical states (France, Spain), the adventurer companies, compagnie di ventura, hired by Italian city-states, or an army that, in the spirit of Augustine, wages war in good faith-or something else? Machiavelli criticizes mercenary warfare and introduces the notion of an armed people, a citizen militia, into his teaching. We will explain the concept of the armed people through his republicanism, his view of the people as the pillar of preserving the state, of the political community in freedom, and the category of friendship between ruler and people. In addition, the paper will address the reach of Machiavelli's idea of the "good army" in the political thought and practice of contemporary society, namely, how far his idea corresponds with the concept of total defense, which in various forms is practiced in a number of states around the world.
Mohammad Reza Danesh Shahraki, Seyyed Mojtaba Va’ezi
AbstractThis research examines Al-Farabi's theory of government in light of the concept of "civil science." Al-Farabi considers civil science to be a knowledge that is responsible for explaining the principles, goals, and regulations of human society, with the ultimate aim being the attainment of true happiness. In this framework, the government has an instrumental role that guides society from theoretical principles to practical goals. Al-Farabi's methodology in civil science is based on the "arc of ascent," emphasizing the voluntary and conscious actions of humans, and is realized through social cooperation. From his perspective, the realization of the virtuous city requires two fundamental pillars: cooperation and leadership; its continuity depends on the establishment of a virtuous government. Al-Farabi, emphasizing the connection between reason and revelation, sees the government as responsible for four main areas: guidance and protection of public values, execution, legislation, and judgment. He regards the legitimacy of the ruler as a divine matter, contingent upon popular acceptance, and based on this, considers only the ruler who possesses all theoretical, intellectual, moral, and practical virtues as worthy of absolute power. The results of the research indicate that Al-Farabi's theory of government is not only based on the foundations of Islamic philosophy and Greek heritage but also provides a coherent model for understanding the relationship between ethics, politics, and religion in the Islamic political system, with a focus on happiness and social cooperation.
The crisis happening in Venezuela is a humanitarian crisis that affects political instability and local economics. This economic crisis is caused by reducing the cost of oil supply. Besides, the political crisis began with internal problems between the government and the opponent, exacerbating the situation. It brings attention to developing countries to get into this crisis dynamic, such as Russia. In Venezuela's crisis, Russia offered material support and morality to Nicolas Maduro's government. Thus, Russia attempts to support Maduro from international claims. This research intends to analyze the reasons behind Russia's supporting Nicolas Maduro in the Venezuela Crisis by using the constructivism theory of Alexander Wendt. Based on research results, showed 3 variables that explain Russia's involvement in the Venezuela crisis. Firstly, interdependence is related to corporation dependence between Russia and Venezuela. Second, homogeneity, is based on both the same background. Lastly, common fate is based on the same destiny and adversary between Russia and Venezuela.
Yingna Lin, Baiyu Chen Department of Marxism, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yingna Lin, Email linyn723@nenu.edu.cnIntroduction: The Internet has caused a great impact on everyone’s psychology. Under this background, it is necessary to study whether Marxism can affect college students’ mental health.Methods: Firstly, the introduction explains China’s concern for college students’ mental health and the research achievements. Then, in the method part, this paper analyzes the thoughts and connotations of basic Marxist theory, quality education, and mental health education, mainly studying the changes brought by the Internet to the development of Marxism and the mechanism and influence of Marxism on mental health education. The questionnaire survey is used to investigate the mental health of college students and the current situation of Marxist ideological and political education.Results: The results show that most college students are not interested in ideological and political education, and from the investigation results of five major factors of life stressors and five indicators of psychological crisis factors, it is concluded that college students’ life stressors are the risk factors that induce psychological crisis tendency.Discussion: The discussion part shows that it is necessary to cultivate the core quality of college students’ development through Marxism, and pay attention to actively preventing and intervening the psychological crisis of college students. This paper analyzes and confirms the effectiveness of Marxist theory on the development of mental health, injects fresh blood into the future ideological and political education and the research of college students’ mental health education, and provides theoretical and experimental reference and new ideas. The research has practical reference value for promoting the deep integration of data-driven Marxist basic theory and college students’ mental health monitoring.Keywords: basic theory of Marxism, mental health of college student, data driven, ideological and political education
Alexandros Samalis, Alexandros Z. Spyropoulos, Georgios C. Makris
et al.
This study investigates the research questions: “<i>How do political connections within Greece’s governing party evolve, and what underlying patterns and dynamics are revealed through a network analysis of interactions on</i> <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="double-struck">X</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> <i>(formerly Twitter)?</i>” To address these questions, data were collected from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="double-struck">X</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, focusing on following, retweeting, and mentioning activities among the politicians within the governing party. The interactions were meticulously analysed using tools derived from Network Theory in mathematics, including in and out-strength centrality, hubs and authorities centralities, and in and out-vertex entropy. In line with the emerging field of data journalism, this approach enhances the rigour and depth of analysis, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of complex political landscapes. The findings reveal complex and dynamic structures that may reflect internal relationships, communication strategies, and the influence of recurring events on these connections within the party. This study thus provides novel insights into understanding political communication via social networks and demonstrates the applicative potential of Network Theory and data journalism techniques in social sciences.
Journalism. The periodical press, etc., Communication. Mass media
We are delighted to welcome you to the new issue of the journal on the history of science and technology! This issue is unique as it explores diverse aspects of the development of science and technology in various countries and historical periods.
We invite you on an exciting journey through the pages of this issue, where you will find works by distinguished scientists such as Maryna Gutnyk, Florian Nürnberger, Tetiana Karmadonova, Natalya Pasichnyk, Renat Rizhniak, Нanna Deforzh, Liudmyla Zhuravlova, and many others. Their research covers various facets of history and technology.
The collaborative work by Maryna Gutnyk and Florian Nürnberger presents a comprehensive exploration of the evolution of the Fe-C diagram, tracing its historical development through the lenses of various scientific contributions over time. Their analysis underscores the rich history behind this diagram, highlighting the foundational studies dating back to the early 19th century, marking crucial milestones in understanding the carbon content in steel and its implications for industrial applications. The authors' meticulous use of comparative analysis, synthesis, and chronological examination sheds light on the gradual refinement and evolution of the Fe-C diagram. From the initial recognition of graphite as pure carbon to the establishment of phase diagrams through collaborative efforts at international congresses, the Fe-C diagram's progression intertwines with the advancements of the industrial revolution.
Tetiana Karmadonova's work on the migration trends of Ukrainian researchers from 1991 to 2023 provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted factors driving the migration of scientists from Ukraine to various destination countries, particularly against the backdrop of recent events in the country. The study delves into the intricate landscape of migration among Ukrainian researchers across different historical periods.
Natalya Pasichnyk, Renat Rizhniak, and Нanna Deforzh's meticulous study on the publications in the "Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics" from 1886 to 1917 offers invaluable insights into the organization, proceedings, and outcomes of domestic and international congresses of mathematicians and natural scientists during that period. Their research, focused on a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of these journal publications, sheds light on the pivotal role of these gatherings in the scientific and pedagogical realms
Liudmyla Zhuravlova's research on the evolution of techno-nationalism and the pivotal role of space in this phenomenon from the 1980s to the 2020s offers a compelling exploration into the intricate dynamics of technological advancements and their influence on international relations and national strategies. The article delves deeply into the theoretical comprehension of techno-nationalism, particularly examining its relationship with space policy and its relevance within the context of US-China relations. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from historical, economic, political sciences, and international relations theory, the research unravels the dichotomous evolution of techno-nationalism juxtaposed against techno-globalism. Zhuravlova's work accentuates the ongoing power struggle between the US and China within the space industry, amplifying the techno-nationalist dimensions within innovation systems.
Artemii Bernatskyi and Mykola Sokolovskyi's research presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) processes within the realm of metallurgy, spanning from the foundational theories of layer-by-layer manufacturing to the contemporary landscape of AM technologies. This work illuminates the rapid advancements within the AM sector, capturing the profound interest of the scientific community. It underscores the dual significance of AM technologies - not only as an alternative manufacturing method for existing structures but also as a gateway to crafting new, intricately complex structures unattainable through traditional methodologies. Through meticulous analysis and classification of prior studies focusing on technological advancements and implementations, the research establishes a structured approach towards comprehensively mapping the development of additive manufacturing technologies in various trajectories. As a result, the research proposes a systematic approach to formulate a comprehensive scheme for AM technology development, thereby offering a framework that navigates the intricate landscape of technological advancements in various directions.
Mykhailo Klymenko's meticulous study offers a comprehensive evaluation of Professor Tomasz Nikodem Ścibor-Rylski's pioneering contributions to the development of agricultural machinery testing during the latter half of the 19th century. This research sheds new light on Rylski's scientific endeavors and their significant impact on the evolution of agricultural equipment testing. Employing principles of historicism, scientific rigor, and objectivity, Klymenko utilizes historical-scientific methodologies, archival analysis, and generalization to present a nuanced understanding of Rylski's work. For the first time, archival documents are introduced, unveiling insights into the scientist's activities in advancing the field of agricultural machinery testing.
Mohamad Khairul Anuar Mohd Rosli, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Rus, and Suffian Mansor's insightful study delves into the overlooked yet pivotal role of electricity, specifically facilitated by the Perak River Hydro-Electric Power Company (PRHEPC), in the tin-mining industry within Kinta Valley during the period of 1927 to 1940. The research illuminates the historical emergence of electricity as a dominant power source in the tin-mining industry of Colonial Malaya, a topic that has received minimal attention in Malaysian historiography.
Sana Simou, Khadija Baba, and Abderrahman Nounah's research represents a profound call to action amidst the urgent need to safeguard Morocco's cultural heritage, notably exemplified by the Marinid Madrasa within the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat. This research intricately weaves advanced technologies with a profound appreciation for the historical, social, and cultural significance of these sites. It charts a course that not only conserves architectural brilliance but also honors the profound stories encapsulated across epochs. Ultimately, it emerges as a blueprint for harmonizing the past with the present, ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage while embracing the imperatives of progress.
In his article, Oleh Strelko shows that the history of bridge construction is an important part of historical knowledge. Developments in bridge construction technology reflect not only engineering advances, but also social, economic and cultural aspects of society. Engineers and scientists faced unique challenges when designing and building bridges depending on the technological level of the era, available materials and the needs of society. This process may reflect technological progress, changes in transportation needs, and cultural and social changes. The purpose of this article is to briefly review key moments and stages in the history of metal bridge construction using welding technology in the 20th century.
We invite you on this exciting journey with our authors exploring the history of science, technology, and cultural heritage. May this issue broaden your knowledge and inspire new research endeavors!
History (General) and history of Europe, Science (General)
Intermediate cities in Asia and Africa house more than 60% of the world’s urban population. More than 54% of the people here face high levels of water stress and are increasingly vulnerable to water-related risks such as floods, limited access to safe drinking water and water pollution. These urban water risks are complex outcomes of climate change, land use changes, governance failures, and social inequities. This study examines the co-evolution of three water risks and governance responses through the case of Guwahati, India. Guwahati, on the Brahmaputra River in the Northeast of India, serves as a case of an intermediate city to demonstrate changes in water risk governance trends. We focus on studying the connected governance responses to changes in three interrelated water risks, i.e., domestic water supply, urban floods, and river pollution. The shifts in the socio-political structures for these risks are assessed by combining historical institutionalism with multi-level perspective theory. The results show that despite the growing diversity of actors and devolution of responsibilities in cities to mitigate water risks, there is an ongoing tug-of-war between centralized and decentralized modes of decision-making. Contrary to the recommendations for decentralized urban governance, the trend is currently tugging towards a centralized decision-making mode. However, when differences arise between the local and national, local actors within their limited frames of action manage to circumnavigate nationally dictated mandates to fit local needs.
The article identifies and analyzes the essential provisions of Trotsky's concept regarding the Soviet bureaucracy. Its nature is determined by the connection with the genesis of Stalin's regime of personal power. The intellectual and philosophical tendencies of bureaucracy are a complex of procedures of thought and action, on which the regime of personal power is based as a modification of the enlightened monarchy, the Orthodox Church and the police state. Theories arising in these religious-political forms justify bureaucratic thinking. The history of European and Russian social thought can be studied as a process of selecting those theories that refute bureaucratic thought and practice and counteract the concentration of power in one hand. A historiographic concept is needed for which the value of the state and bureaucracy is not the main one.According to the paper, Trotsky's views on the Soviet bureaucracy form an important link in the theory and practice of political resistance to the regime of personal power. The history of the USSR is the history of the struggle of the Soviet bureaucracy for its share in revenues and in power. The Stalinist ways of understanding the theory of Marx and the practice of Lenin are false and lead to the bureaucratization of the party and state. There is a similarity between the political practice of Stalin, the activities of the Orthodox Church, the police state, Italian fascism and German Nazism. Any theoretical works commissioned by the pinnacle of the bureaucracy contain the danger of reproducing all the features of the Stalinist way of thinking and acting.
In this essay we intend to offer a critical analysis on the relationship between the most widespread conceptions about immigration and those that give the social sciences. In the wake of the most recent studies of the sociology of migration, the aim is to show the importance of a closer relationship between the first and the second. We try to show how Pierre Bourdieu's sociological critique can be effective for an analytical journey of migration that compares with the criticism of the same conceptual categories that have so far led researchers, often using those of political discourse and common sense. A greater interaction between the results of empirical research and conceptual tools allow an elaboration that, broadening the perspective, at the same time considers the search for a general theory of migration ineffective.
A 24ª edição da REVISTA DA DEFENSORIA é um convite ao mergulho teórico em questões de grande relevância e atualidade. Reunindo 14 textos semeados na doutrina de proteção aos direitos humanos, na criminologia crítica, na sociologia e na filosofia jurídica, esta edição ilumina temas de necessária reflexão frente aos desafios à afirmação da Democracia. [...]
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
This article considers Louis Althusser's theory of the ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) for advancing political ecology scholarship on the functioning of the state in violent environments. I reflect on a series of events in which a state forest department in South India attempted to recast violent conflicts between themselves and local communities over access to natural resources and a protected area as a debate over human-wildlife conflicts. Through the example of conservation as ideology in Wayanad, Kerala, I show how the ISAs articulate the functioning of ideology within the state apparatuses in order for us to understand the larger mechanics of the state apparatus and the reproduction of the relations of production necessary for the reproduction of capitalism. Revisiting the ISAs as a theoretical framework for studies in political ecology and conservation is timely given the resurgence of militarised conservation tactics, the emancipatory aims of Althusser's theory, and political ecology's turn towards praxis.
Exile is a historic event, and a political social condition, recurring throughout history. In this article I argue that exile can be understood as a context in history, with particular implications for method and historic interpretation. This entails a specific way of constructing historic space, as well as time. Drawing on Koselleck’s concepts room of experience and horizon of expectations, I develop on the idea of a particular exile historic space. I further argue that, since exile is the movement of people from one place to another, exile as context is a methodological approach within the larger historical theory of circulation of knowledge, but with certain specific traits. One of these is the way in which exile maintains contact between locations, and thus also cultural and socio-political contexts. Another is the translation or transposition of concepts and ideas between languages. A third, is the turn towards a ‘universal’ or large-span history of canon. These traits are discussed as parts of the larger theoretical field of circulation of knowledge by relating them to Isabelle Stengers’ concept of propagation.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The “Arab state” has also gone through phases, the five stages of the state life cycle as described by Ibn Khaldun, and it has also known many transformations. How can we analyze these political and social transformations and how are they interacting with each other from a Khaldunian perspective? How can we understand this current particular phase between the fall of the “Arab state”, as we’ve known it until now, and the rise of a “new” one in the light of Ibn Khaldun’s theory? A new phase characterized by ethnic conflicts that have taken a more apparent and obvious form in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. What are possible avenues to get rid of despotism and violence? The present paper is an attempt to answer these questions applying Ibn Khaldun’s theoretical framework to the current events and context of the Arab world.