Governance theory has always presumed cognitive comparability between governors and governed. This paper identifies that unstated assumption, constructs a framework that makes it testable, and shows that it is load-bearing. The framework specifies necessary conditions along six dimensions (legitimacy, accountability, corrigibility, non-domination, subsidiarity, and institutional resilience), synthesized from political legitimacy theory, principal-agent models, republican political theory, and AI alignment research. Applied first to existing institutions and then to a prospective case of bounded superintelligent authority where capability asymmetry is radical, the framework finds structural failures on four of six dimensions. Among these, two are design-tractable and two are theory-requiring: the public reason problem under cognitive incomprehensibility and the non-domination problem under permanent capability asymmetry demand genuinely new normative frameworks, not better institutional design. A further finding is that dimensions which function as independent checks under bounded asymmetry become correlated failures under radical asymmetry. The analysis contributes to political theory by exposing foundational assumptions that have gone unexamined because, until now, they have always been satisfied.
Introduction . The relevance of the topic is determined by the need in modern conditions for the active formation of a new world order, in order to overcome challenges and threats, to achieve high consolidation of government and society, which is most productive in the format of legal co-creation of state and public structures as the highest form of their cooperation, their constructive interaction. The aim of the work is to form conceptual ideas about the legal co-creation of government and society and to substantiate the im- portance of introducing this institution into the new Russian Constitution, the development and adoption of which is considered as a sound strategy for the development of Russian statehood. Materials and methods . A set of scientific methods is used (general logical methods, a systematic approach, historical and comparative legal methods, the method of formal legal analysis, etc.). Research results. The concept and signs of legal co-creation of government and society are presented, and a general description of this phenomenon is given. A number of measures are proposed to make such legal co-creation more effective and qualitative. The article analyzes the modern Russian constitutional and legal form in the context of the possibilities of implementing democratic mechanisms for the creative participation of civil society in state affairs. It is argued that in the new Basic Law, a special place should be given to civil society, its institutions, legal status, role and place in matters of state-legal construction, forms and means of complicity in state affairs based on cooperation with government structures. It is concluded that in order to move from a “state-centered” Basic Law to a more “equal” one in relation to all subjects of the political system, it is important to constitutionally consolidate civil society institutions (along with state bodies) as a full-fledged subject of the law-making process. The article considers the forms of legal co-creation of public authorities and civil society, which should be given direct attention in the provisions of the new Constitution: people's law-making initiative, petitions, public hearings, public discussions, crowdsourcing, scientific and expert opinions, state authorization of public decisions, law-making delegation, public control, etc. Discussion and conclusion . The constitutionalization of civil society institutions and the forms of their interaction with government agencies will contribute to their further joint development and closer cooperation, will have an impact on improving the political and legal culture of citizens, strengthening the guarantee of individual rights and duties.
Background: Since the fall of the communist regime, Albanian foreign policy has focused mostly on democratic consolidation but continues to be classified as a hybrid democracy, even as it has made steady progress toward liberal democratic progress and European integration. Both the Albanian population and political elite welcome and encourage the integration process, with the prospect of EU membership transforming the European Union into a powerful force for democracy, driving structural changes, and affecting the rule of law. However, a combination of internal and external obstacles has influenced the process. Using the adoption of the justice and public administration reform, the internal political debate and public sentiments on the integration process, the article explores Albanian political representatives and institutions' complex relationship with the EU. The article underlines the role of EU conditionality and contribution in the adoption of the crucial reforms and the diffusion of EU values in the face of major hostilities between Albanian political forces. While external incentive models offer a valuable framework for comprehending the Albanian Europeanization process, it is essential to consider additional factors that may influence and promote democratisation and adoption of essential reforms. Methods: This article uses a case-study approach to analyse the adoption and implementation of reforms in Albania. While Albania is an interesting case study, it is often analysed as part of the EU foreign policy in the Western Balkans. The findings of this paper are expected to be relatively limited in their applicability to similar cases, i.e., small transition countries aiming to fulfil the EU accession criteria. Political and societal perceptions of EU integration, including time-series analysis, public opinion surveys and political narratives have been discussed and compared with relevant EU reports, reform strategies, and theoretical models on conditionality. Insights into their implementation were uncovered through a systematic content analysis approach. Results and Conclusions: The Albanian example shows the influence and restrictions of EU conditionality. More general lessons include the requirement to constantly engage in support of long-term reform implementation and the need to customise conditionality to the political and institutional setting of candidate countries. The long-term sustainability of the reforms in Albania depends on several aspects, such as political will, internal institutional independence, and public trust.
Though a goal of HRI is the natural integration of social robots into everyday public spaces, real-world studies still occur mostly within controlled environments with predetermined participants. True public spaces present an environment which is largely unconstrained and unpredictable, frequented by a diverse range of people whose goals can often conflict with those of the robot. When combined with the general unfamiliarity most people have with social robots, this leads to unexpected human-robot interactions in these public spaces that are rarely discussed or detected in other contexts. In this paper, we describe atypical users we observed interacting with our robot, and those who did not, during a three-day pilot deployment within a large working church and visitor attraction. We then discuss theoretical future advances in the field that could address these challenges, as well as immediate practical mitigations and strategies to help improve public space human-robot interactions in the present. This work contributes empirical insights into the dynamics of human-robot interaction in public environments and offers actionable guidance for more effective future deployments for social robot designers.
Politics today is largely about the art of messaging to influence the public, but the mathematical theory of messaging -- information and communication theory -- can turn this art into a precise analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, that enables us to gain retrospective understandings of past political events and to make forward-looking future predictions.
Public policy shapes the economic landscape, influencing everything from corporate behavior to individual investment decisions. For Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investors, these policy shifts can create opportunities and challenges as they navigate an ever-changing regulatory environment. The contrast between the Trump and Biden administrations offers a striking example of how differing political agendas can affect ESG investments. Trump's first term was marked by deregulation and policies favoring fossil fuels, which created an uncertain environment for sustainable investments. When Biden assumed office, his focus on climate action and clean energy reinvigorated the ESG sector, offering a more stable and supportive landscape for green investments. However, with Trump's return to power in his second term, these policies are being reversed again, leading to further volatility. This paper explores how such dramatic shifts in public policy influence economic strategies and directly impact ESG investors' decisions, forcing them to constantly reassess their portfolios in response to changing political climates.
Our infrastructure systems enable our well-being by allowing us to move, store, and transform materials and information given considerable social and environmental variation. Critically, this ability is shaped by the degree to which society invests in infrastructure, a fundamentally political question in large public systems. There, infrastructure providers are distinguished from users through political processes, such as elections, and there is considerable heterogeneity among users. Previous political economic models have not taken into account (i) dynamic infrastructures, (ii) dynamic user preferences, and (iii) alternatives to rational actor theory. Meanwhile, engineering often neglects politics. We address these gaps with a general dynamic model of shared infrastructure systems that incorporates theories from political economy, social-ecological systems, and political psychology. We use the model to develop propositions on how multiple characteristics of the political process impact the robustness of shared infrastructure systems to capacity shocks and unequal opportunity for private infrastructure investment. Under user fees, inequality decreases robustness, but taxing private infrastructure use can increase robustness if non-elites have equal political influence. Election cycle periods have a nonlinear effect where increasing them increases robustness up to a point but decreases robustness beyond that point. Further, there is a negative relationship between the ideological sensitivity of candidates and robustness. Overall, the biases of voters and candidates (whether they favor tax increases or decreases) mediate these political-economic effects on robustness because biases may or may not match the reality of system needs (whether system recovery requires tax increases).
The article highlights the impact of long-standing educational policies on the development and management of educational institutions. Factors of change in educational management have been identified, including: decentralization of management, which allows taking into account the specifics of educational institutions, their needs and requests, providing more freedom in decision-making, resource management and funding distribution; transition to new educational and professional standards; individualization of learning and management; implementation of the principles of inclusive education; orientation towards a competency-based approach in the management of educational institutions. The European integration orientation of the state educational policy on the functioning and development of general secondary education institutions, such as: harmonization of Ukrainian educational legislation with European legislation; implementation of the standards of the European Education Area; allocation of budget funds in accordance with the needs and goals of education modernization; Stimulating investment in education by international institutions. Attention is focused on the military aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, which prompted the search for new and effective management technologies that ensure the functioning and development of educational institutions and institutions in today's difficult conditions. It has been determined that the main strategic changes in the educational management system meet modern challenges and European standards of educational management. These include: decentralization of education management, strategic planning and change management, education quality management, active implementation of information and communication technologies and digital platforms for managing an educational institution, creation of an inclusive and safe educational environment, involving parents, the community, and businesses in making management decisions; establishing the principles of transparency, openness of the educational institution, partnership, and cooperation with European educational institutions. Publications that examine the impact of state educational policy on the development and management of educational institutions cover various aspects of this issue: from state educational policy as a socio-political phenomenon, the integration of state policy with regional characteristics, the impact of state policy on the management of educational institutions to the justification of the main directions of state educational policy in the management of educational institutions (L. Gren, L. Hrynevych, N. Dichek, O. Kulinich). According to scientists, researching the impact of state educational policy on the development and management of educational institutions is important, since determining the main directions of development of educational institutions ensures the effectiveness of reform processes in the educational sector and provides qualitative changes in educational management. It is noted that the modern practice of managing general secondary education institutions convinces that only effective management of the development of educational programs can ensure high-quality school education. Attention is drawn to such trends in the development of educational management as increasing the role of the head of an educational institution in the implementation of state educational policy, which includes leadership, analytics, innovation, partnership and the establishment of effective cooperation with all participants in the educational process and the public. It is proven that European integration is an important factor that stimulates the modernization of the management of educational institutions in Ukraine. Adaptation of national educational policy to European standards allows improving the quality of education, increasing its accessibility and compliance with the requirements of the modern labor market. It is proven that European integration is an important factor that stimulates the modernization of the management of educational institutions in Ukraine. Adaptation of national educational policy to European standards allows improving the quality of education, increasing its accessibility and compliance with the requirements of the modern labor market. In addition, European integration promotes the development of international cooperation, mobility, and innovation, which creates new opportunities for educational institutions and their participants.
M. Blikhar, H. Lukianova, O. Skochylias-Pavliv
et al.
Purpose. To analyze the main aspects and identify the problems of ensuring the institutional stability of public administration in the context of achieving the goals of sustainable development under the influence of the challenges under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. Methodology. General scientific methods and special methods of research were used, in particular: the method of abstract analysis and generalization, systematic and comparative analysis, factor analysis, which, by their totality, made it possible to conduct applied research on the state and dynamics of changes in the Integral indicator of public administration and the Global Index of Sustainable Development, on the basis of which it was found that when the value of the Integral indicator of public administration increases, there is an increase in the Global Index of Sustainable Development. Findings. The results of the conducted research give grounds for asserting that in modern conditions there are serious problems of ensuring the institutional stability of public administration and sustainable development of the countries of Europe and Ukraine. The work analyzes the essence of the institutional stability of public administration and proves its significant influence on the parameters of sustainable development. The main problems and destabilizing factors of ensuring the institutional stability of public administration in the context of achieving the goals of sustainable development under the influence of the challenges of martial law in Ukraine have been identified, among which the most significant are: low level of institutional capacity of public administration bodies; failure of public administration bodies to ensure transparency and openness of their activities; lack of transparency of election processes and the election of representatives of clan-oligarchic structures to public authorities; the presence of obstacles to the free will of citizens; excessive political pressure on public authorities by representatives of business and criminal structures; increased political instability, uncertainty of the political course and shortening of political cycles; the imperfection of the current legislation and its inability to fully protect the interests of the public; the rapid growth of the level of corruption and the imperfection of anti-corruption mechanisms. Originality. The scientific novelty consists in the substantiation of the author’s approach to the study of the economic and legal dimension of ensuring the institutional stability of public administration, primarily within the framework of achieving the goals of sustainable development under the influence of the challenges of martial law. Practical value. The main directions of strengthening the institutional stability of public administration on the basis of strengthening sustainable development are proposed, in particular, the need for the formation of effective mechanisms for ensuring political stability and sustainable development, the harmonization of national legislation with norms of European and international law, as well as the development of effective mechanisms for combating corruption is proved.
The article analyzes some cases of artificial intelligence (hereinafter — AI) use in the administration of justice in foreign countries, as well as the attitude of Ukrainian policy makers to this advanced technology, in particular against the background of Ukraine’s further European integration. It is shown that, in general,foreign judicial systems are experimenting with the use of high technologies, and in particular, AI, but they are not ready to consider AI as a technology which, after analyzing the court case, is able to generate a final court decision on its own and, as a result, replace a human judge. It is found out that the heads of national judicial authorities and relevant key representatives of the legislative and executive branches generally share and support European approaches, but allow for a bolder use of AI in order to increase the efficiency of the government in general and the Ukrainian court in particular. It is proved that the most reasoned and developed in this context is the consolidated professional position promoted by the institutions of the European Union (the Consultative Council of European Judges, the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice, etc. ). Their policy documents state that AI can only play an assisting role in the administration of justice. The authors of the article emphasize the need to develop a balanced and consistent public policy in Ukraine and the corresponding legal regulation in this area, taking into account the positions of the EU institutions.
The urgency of this research lies in the need to understand the trends, contributions, and dynamics of women's political participation globally. This article aims to map studies that focus on women's political participation. Research methods include bibliometric analysis with data sources from the Scopus database. The study's findings reflect significant growth in women's political participation research, especially in recent years, with distribution varying by country and research theme. The research findings also show that although there are themes that have received attention, there are still areas that need to be explored further, such as intersectionality, gender equality, gender, and the impact of social media that provide insight into the complexity of women's political participation issues. This study recommends the need for increased research and local understanding of the factors influencing women's political participation in Indonesia to strengthen women's role in politics by learning from other countries that have successfully implemented inclusive policies. In addition, by involving various parties, including the government, research institutions, and civil society, Indonesia can create an environment that supports, empowers, and encourages women's political participation optimally. The implications of these findings not only help shape academic discourse, but also lay the foundation for concrete efforts to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment in the wider political sphere.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
As new technologies rapidly reshape patterns of political communication, platforms like Twitch are transforming how people consume political information. This entertainment-oriented live streaming platform allows us to observe the impact of technologies such as ``live-streaming'' and ``streaming-chat'' on political communication. Despite its entertainment focus, Twitch hosts a variety of political actors, including politicians and pundits. This study explores Twitch politics by addressing three main questions: 1) Who are the political Twitch streamers? 2) What content is covered in political streams? 3) How do audiences of political streams interact with each other? To identify political streamers, I leveraged the Twitch API and supervised machine-learning techniques, identifying 574 political streamers. I used topic modeling to analyze the content of political streams, revealing seven broad categories of political topics and a unique pattern of communication involving context-specific ``emotes.'' Additionally, I created user-reference networks to examine interaction patterns, finding that a small number of users dominate the communication network. This research contributes to our understanding of how new social media technologies influence political communication, particularly among younger audiences.
This research delves into the relatively uncharted territory of Islamic governance and its impact on strategic sustainability and climate resilience planning in Muslim-majority countries. It scrutinizes the role of religious regimes in public administration and policy-making within these nations. The study employs a case study methodology, focusing on 11 strategically chosen countries within the Islamic world, and evaluates their respective climate resilience and sustainable development objectives. Forty-five reports, plans, and government documents from 2017 to 2023 are analyzed using a two-cycle coding process facilitated by software. The paper makes three significant contributions. Firstly, it addresses the academic call for understanding the positive governance of sustainable development and resilience planning in Muslim-majority countries, specifically focusing on the role of religious regimes. Secondly, it reframes the general understanding of governance in public administration related to resilience planning in Islamic countries. Lastly, it offers an understanding of religious regimes to analyze climate resilience planning. The analysis reveals several thematic categories, each representing a different resilience and sustainability planning governance aspect. The study’s results suggest that nations with the most effective plans tend to have robust economies, comprehensive educational institutions, pluralistic societies, inclusive governments, and liberal religious regimes, all of which positively influence sustainable development and climate resilience planning.
Formulation of the problem. Reforming of the public administration begun with Ukraine’s independence, starting with the collapse of the Soviet system, and up until now, when decentralization gradually forms an effective system of interaction between authorities at all levels. However, political and economic crises, pandemics and war force scientists and practitioners to look for survival mechanisms. These conditions paralyze the activities of state bodies, enterprises, businesses and the population, making cooperation both within the state and with the outside world impossible. Since the multi-year hybrid war turned into a full-scale invasion, the majority of the population lost the opportunity to have a peaceful and safe life, food, housing, jobs and even the right to participate in decision-making to ensure the transparency of the governance process, which unfortunately increases corruption and destroys democratic processes in the state. However, military invasion became a significant impetus for even greater digitalization of services; in particular, the prospects for reducing bureaucratic procedures were opened, from daily routine services for people to simplification of business processes, such as the necessary assistance in relocation of enterprises from occupied territories or territories where active hostilities are taking place. Interaction between the state and the population through informing, surveying via Diya application, supporting startups for the post-war reconstruc- tion of the country, and helping the military in purchasing the necessary equipment are also of great value. Analysis of recent research and publications. Social, economic, and environmental crisis provoked by Russia’s military aggression requires scientists to carry out modern research on reformation of public administration during the war, based on previous studies by both foreign and domestic scientists, in particular such as: V. Averianov, V. Bordeniuk, Boryslavska, H. Breban, K. Vashchenko, R. Voitovych, Zh. Vedel, I. Hrytsiak, A. Kovalenko, Yu. Kovbasiuk, R. Kolyshko, I. Lopushynskyi, A. Matviienko, S. Makhyna, A. Melnyk, N. Nyzhnyk, L. Smetanina, Yu. Surmin, V. Khalypov, L. Fedulova and others. Fundamental studies by these researchers need an update, since the war in Ukraine and the pandemic definitely have a huge impact on all processes not only within the borders of our state, but also in the world. Determination of previously unresolved parts of the general problem. Paying due attention to the scientific studies of decentralization and reforming of public administration already conducted, many important problems regarding the very directions of reforming remain unsolved. A large number of scientific studies indicate the relevance of the selected study, but the role of public involvement in decision-making and digitalization of services during the war requires special attention, as it aims to maximize the involvement of society and simultaneous reduction of bureaucratic pressure in solving daily problems and meeting needs. Presenting the main material. Reforming public administration is an important and necessary step for increasing the efficiency of public services in the process of decentralization, ensuring openness and transparency in the activities of state bodies, increasing trust in state institutions, and reducing corruption. This can be achieved by harmonizing the process of electronic management and decentralization, reforming local self-government, personnel policy and the budgeting system, improving decision-making processes, their monitoring, evaluation and control, etc. However, involvement of the public in the process decision-making and development and implementation of digital technologies are no less important areas of reforming public administration during the wartime. The tools for involving residents in decision-making processes have suffered significant restrictions: part one of Article 19 of the Law of Ukraine “On Martial Law” prohibits strikes, mass gatherings and actions. Accordingly, most local self-government bodies interpret this regulation as a direct ban on holding any meetings of residents, including the mechanisms of involvement in solving local issues. Although, during martial law, it is still possible to hold public hearings or general meetings of residents at the place of residence, by agreement with the local military administration. Therefore, development and implementation of digital technologies is an important task, especially in times of war in Ukraine, as they can help ensure security and protection against cyber-attacks that target government structures and critical infrastructure. Ukraine stepped to the path of digitalization three years ago. Ukrainians got used to the fact that they can obtain all the most popular services via Diia application. In particular, these are: signing European documents with Diia. Signature-EU, which complies with the eIDAS regulation of the European Union; yeRobota; pensions, benefits and aids; family; licenses and permits; security, law and order; transport; land, construction, real estate; informational references and excerpts; environment; health; documents and citizenship; entrepreneurship Conclusions. Involvement of the public in the decision-making process during wartime is an important component of effective crisis management. War is a complex situation that requires quick and effective solutions. Involvement of the public should ensure support and openness of administrative decisions made in the conditions of war. One of key aspects of involving the public in the decision-making process in the conditions of war is informing the public on the situation at the front, and on the decisions made in social, economic and political spheres. This can be done via mass media, public meetings, press conferences, petitions to the President, etc. As for the digitalization of services, namely effective interaction of state institutions in provision of services to the population (to all the citizens of the country, including internally and temporarily displaced persons due to military aggression, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities), we can admit a significant success. Via Diia application people can quickly and effectively obtain legal, social, economic and security services, as well as participate in surveys, thereby participating in the development of democratic Ukraine on the way to Euro- Atlantic integration.
The article discusses the replacement of political competition with political administration in order to maintain the power of the ruling political actors and ensure the tenure of the ruling regime under neo-authoritarian rule in a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The administration of all key arenas of the political sphere is implemented through special political technologies and informal practices of political corruption. A pseudo-multiparty system with a dominating ruling party is being constructed in the party-political arena. In the media arena, the most influential mass media are being “nationalized”. In the arena of personnel, through political nepotism, adherents of the ruling regime are placed in key political and administrative positions of public power. In the electoral arena, the institution of elections is transformed into a procedure for the formation of public authorities by manipulating the voting procedures. In the legislative arena, the ruling party provides political administration of legislative and parliamentary activities in general. In the judicial arena, through the administrative regulation of the judiciary personnel, the judicial system is integrated into a single system of neo-authoritarian rule aimed at providing judicial protection for the ruling regime from the discontent of the citizens and using courts for political purposes. To demonstrate the appearance of democratic legitimacy, all neo-authoritarian regimes imitate the work of the basic institutions of democracy.
Issues of state policy and administration of general education nowadays are becoming quite relevant, both for political-administrative science and political agenda. Academic rhetoric and existing research provide important messages that prevent the seemingly "liberal-democratic" Georgian educational system from functioning effectively and efficiently. The purpose of the research is to study, identify and analyze the problems and challenges related to the education policy and administration in the general education system of Georgia. The objectives of the research are the study of the design of the state policy of general education of Georgia, and the analysis and evaluation of the policy of administration and implementation. Qualitative and quantitative methods of social science research are used in the research. The analysis of documents and the interpretation of quantitative data made the reality of the Georgian general education system more visible, and the expert interviews showed us additional problems that could not be obtained as quantitative data. The research reveals that the institutional design of the general education system of Georgia is full of ambitious values and goals, the implementation and administration process of which is actually unattainable, which causes its facade. The results of the study indicate that the legal and unequal status of students, problems related to minorities, religion, and discrimination, challenges linked to the safety of students and their bio-psycho-social development, low learning results, the outflow of students from the general education system, teachers' competencies and professional Ethical issues whose review, evaluation, analysis, and data interpretation are the main findings of this article.
Scheilla Aprilia Murnidayanti, Titi Muswati Putranti
MSMEs are a growing and vital sector for the country's economy. However, until now, MSMEs taxpayer compliance is still low. DGT then digitized tax administration with the aim of reducing taxpayer compliance costs for MSMEs taxpayers. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of digitizing tax administration in reducing MSMEs taxpayer compliance costs and DGT's steps to reduce MSMEs taxpayer compliance costs. The method used in this study is qualitative with a literature study approach. Secondary data was obtained from various library sources, including books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, journals, documents, magazines, etc. The study results show that the digitization of tax administration in Indonesia has not reduced the cost of taxpayer compliance for MSMEs taxpayers. In addition, other factors that can influence MSMEs taxpayer compliance include knowledge, mediation, perceptions of fairness, and so on. DGT has simplified the tax system and digitized tax administration to reduce tax compliance costs. The originality of this research is in analyzing the relationship between the digitization of tax administration and tax compliance costs for MSMEs.
Political institutions and public administration (General)