Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Васильева А.А., Козлов А.И., Вершубская Г.Г. et al.

Введение. Пополнение и уточнение геногеографической картины гена FTO (rs9939609) является актуальной задачей, поскольку носительство аллеля A*FTO ассоциировано с повышенным риском развития ожирения, сахарного диабета 2 типа, ишемической болезни сердца. Важно также накопление данных о частотах аллелей FTO в группах населения с различными вариантами традиционного природопользования и питания. Цель исследования: дать характеристику распределения частот аллеля A*FTO (rs9939609) в популяциях коренного населения Севера Западной Сибири. Материалы и методы. В общую выборку (N=171) вошли северные ханты (n=90), сосьвинские манси (n=31), ямальские ненцы (n=50). Проведено генотипирование выделенной из образцов крови геномной ДНК по полиморфному локусу гена FTO rs9939609. Результаты демонстрируют близость западносибирских выборок по частотам аллелей и генотипов. Средняя частота носительства аллеля *A в популяциях Севера Западной Сибири составляет 0,377. Значимых различий между этническими выборками (ханты, манси, ненцы) по частотам аллеля *A и генотипа AA*FTO не выявлено (p>0,05). Обсуждение. Для обследованных групп характерно невысокое носительство «рисковых» вариантов полиморфизма FTO rs9939609. Выборки хантов, манси и ямальских ненцев не различаются по частотам аллеля A* и генотипа AA*FTO и близки к описанным в группах тазовских ненцев (Батурин с соавт., 2017), калмыков и монголов, хотя значимо (p<0,05) ниже, чем у алтайцев и русских (Бондарева с соавт., 2018). Заключение. Поскольку распределение аллеля A*FTO в наших выборках отвечает равновесию Харди-Вайнберга, а ранговые корреляции Спирмена между популяционными частотами генотипов FTO с географической широтой и климатическими характеристиками области проживания 16 популяций Евразии не достигают принятого уровня значимости (p>0,2), можно предположить, что в современных популяциях полиморфизм FTO rs9939609 не вовлечён в процессы адаптации к условиям высокоширотных регионов. Решение вопроса о специфике распределения аллелей и генотипов FTO rs9939609 в популяциях, представляющих различные расовые группы и адаптивные типы, требует расширения географического охвата и привлечения более обширного материала. Благодарности. Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова (для А.А Васильевой, А.И. Козлова, Г.Г. Вершубской); Программы фундаментальных исследований ФГБОУ ВО НИУ ВШЭ и Государственного задания для ФГБНУ «МГНЦ».

Christos Tsakalidis, George E. Konidaris, Evangelia Tsoukala et al.

Dental wear analyses of extinct animals offer key insights into their dietary preferences and in turn contribute substantially to palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, leading to more accurate interpretations about past ecosystems. This study employs dental mesowear analysis on Pliocene and Pleistocene elephants and mammoths from several localities in Northern Greece (Ptolemais Basin, Mygdonia Basin, Drama Basin, and the Neapolis-Grevena Basin), aiming to classify them into three main dietary categories (browsers, mixed-feeders, grazers) and investigate potential niche partitioning. The method relies on documenting the wear pattern of molar surfaces through angle measurements on the enamel ridges, which reflect the average annual diet of the examined taxon and in turn the annual ecological conditions of the studied area. Prior to the palaeodietary study and in order to ensure the taxonomic attribution of the examined specimens, a taxonomic review was conducted which confirmed the presence of the mammoths <i>Mammuthus rumanus</i>, <i>Mammuthus meridionalis</i> (southern mammoth), and <i>Mammuthus trogontherii</i> (steppe mammoth), and the European straight-tusked elephant <i>Palaeoloxodon antiquus</i>. Dental mesowear results indicate a grazing diet for <i>M.</i> (cf.) <i>rumanus</i>, a mainly browsing diet for <i>M. meridionalis</i> but mixed-feeding to grazing for the subspecies <i>Mammuthus meridionalis vestinus</i>, a grazing one for <i>M. trogontherii</i>, and a wide diet spectrum for <i>P. antiquus</i>, including browsing, mixed-feeding and grazing, depending on the locality. This study expands our knowledge on the palaeoecology of Greek proboscideans and further highlights the importance of mesowear analysis on proboscidean teeth for palaeodietary and palaeoenviromental inferences.

Anna Maria Mercuri, Assunta Florenzano, Eleonora Clò et al.

Palynology deals with several topics closely linked to sustainability [...]

Степанова А.В., Сухова А.В.

Введение. Цель работы: опубликовать новые сведения из биографии скульптора и художника Ивана Илларионовича Севрюгина и генеалогические данные о его семье; а также впервые представить новые сведения о масках, бюстах и манекенах, выполненных И.И. Севрюгиным для Первой антропологической выставки и хранящихся в фондохранилище Музея антропологии МГУ имени М.В.Ломоносова. Материалы и методы. Источником для создания статьи послужили архивные документы Центрального государственного архива города Москвы (метрические книги, исповедные ведомости, ревизские сказки, материалы переписей населения); материалы из научного архива НИИ и Музея антропологии МГУ (инвентарные книги, коллекционные описи), а также периодические издания XIX века и другие открытые источники. В работе были применены историографический, хронологический и аналитический методы исследования. Результаты и обсуждение. Опираясь на изученные архивные материалы удалось уточнить следующие сведения из биографии И.И. Севрюгина. Иван Илларионович Севрюгин родился 2 августа 1838 г. в семье Московского цехового Иллариона Илларионовича Севрюгина и жены его Анны Герасимовны. В семье было рождено семь детей, но трое из них умерло в детском возрасте. Иван Илларионович был женат на дочери священника села Антончиково Каширского уезда Тульской области Саввы Леонтьевича Троицкого Анне Саввишне Троицкой 1845 года рождения. У них было четверо детей: Григорий, Александр, Филипп и Иван. Александр и Филип умерли детьми. Похоронен И.И. Севрюгина на Лазаревском кладбище. Дано краткое описание сохранившихся в фонде Музея антропологии МГУ скульптурных работ И.И. Севрюгина: масок, бюстов и манекенов, которые были созданы для Антропологической выставки в Москве (1879 г.) и были выставлены в экспозиционных залах Выставки для демонстрации широкой публике этнического многообразия населения Земли. Заключение. Были дополнены биографические сведения как о самом Иване Илларионовиче Севрюгине, так и о его близких родственниках (фамилии, имена, даты жизни); установлено место захоронения членов семьи Севрюгиных. Созданные И.И. Севрюгиным маски, бюсты и манекены, которые хранятся в скульптурном фонде фотоиллюстративного отдела Музея антропологии МГУ, являются материальными свидетельствами истории развития антропологии в стране. По мнению членов Комитета Антропологической выставки И.И. Севрюгин смог выразить научные представления в художественной форме об этническом многообразии населения России и других стран.

Jinwei Hu, Zezhi Tang, Xin Jin et al.

This paper presents HERO (Hierarchical Testing with Rabbit Optimization), a novel black-box adversarial testing framework for evaluating the robustness of deep learning-based Prognostics and Health Management systems in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems. Leveraging Artificial Rabbit Optimization, HERO generates physically constrained adversarial examples that align with real-world data distributions via global and local perspective. Its generalizability ensures applicability across diverse ICPS scenarios. This study specifically focuses on the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell system, chosen for its highly dynamic operational conditions, complex degradation mechanisms, and increasing integration into ICPS as a sustainable and efficient energy solution. Experimental results highlight HERO's ability to uncover vulnerabilities in even state-of-the-art PHM models, underscoring the critical need for enhanced robustness in real-world applications. By addressing these challenges, HERO demonstrates its potential to advance more resilient PHM systems across a wide range of ICPS domains.

Julio Arrechea, Stefano Liberati, Hooman Neshat et al.

Black hole spacetimes that exhibit integrable singularities have gained considerable interest as alternatives to both regular and singular black holes. Unlike most known regular black hole solutions, these models evade the formation of an inner horizon, thereby circumventing the well-known instability issues associated with such structures. Moreover, it has been suggested that the finite tidal forces near integrable singularities, may allow for a traversable extension beyond them. In this work, we present a set of arguments -- both theoretical, concerning test-field perturbations and the accumulation of matter at the singularity, and practical, related to the behavior of physical probes and extended objects -- with the aim of assessing the validity of the proposed integrability condition, and the feasibility of traversing such singularities. Our analysis highlights key subtleties that challenge the viability of said extensions as alternatives to regular black holes, and underscores the need for a more rigorous investigation of their physical implications.

Octavian M. Machidon

This paper examines the ethical and anthropological challenges posed by AI-driven recommender systems (RSs), which increasingly shape digital environments and social interactions. By curating personalized content, RSs do not merely reflect user preferences but actively construct experiences across social media, entertainment platforms, and e-commerce. Their influence raises concerns over privacy, autonomy, and mental well-being, while existing approaches such as "algorethics" - the effort to embed ethical principles into algorithmic design - remain insufficient. RSs inherently reduce human complexity to quantifiable profiles, exploit user vulnerabilities, and prioritize engagement over well-being. The paper advances a three-dimensional framework for human-centered RSs, integrating policies and regulation, interdisciplinary research, and education. These strategies are mutually reinforcing: research provides evidence for policy, policy enables safeguards and standards, and education equips users to engage critically. By connecting ethical reflection with governance and digital literacy, the paper argues that RSs can be reoriented to enhance autonomy and dignity rather than undermine them.

Jun Zhou, Chi Xu, Kaifeng Tang et al.

Estimating the 3D poses of hands and objects from a single RGB image is a fundamental yet challenging problem, with broad applications in augmented reality and human-computer interaction. Existing methods largely rely on visual cues alone, often producing results that violate physical constraints such as interpenetration or non-contact. Recent efforts to incorporate physics reasoning typically depend on post-optimization or non-differentiable physics engines, which compromise visual consistency and end-to-end trainability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel framework that jointly integrates visual and physical cues for hand-object pose estimation. This integration is achieved through two key ideas: 1) joint visual-physical cue learning: The model is trained to extract 2D visual cues and 3D physical cues, thereby enabling more comprehensive representation learning for hand-object interactions; 2) candidate pose aggregation: A novel refinement process that aggregates multiple diffusion-generated candidate poses by leveraging both visual and physical predictions, yielding a final estimate that is visually consistent and physically plausible. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches in both pose accuracy and physical plausibility.

Tara P. A. Tahseen, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Luís F. Simões et al.

Complex physical simulations often require trade-offs between model fidelity and computational feasibility. We introduce Adaptive Online Emulation (AOE), which dynamically learns neural network surrogates during simulation execution to accelerate expensive components. Unlike existing methods requiring extensive offline training, AOE uses Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machines (OS-ELMs) to continuously adapt emulators along the actual simulation trajectory. We employ a numerically stable variant of the OS-ELM using cumulative sufficient statistics to avoid matrix inversion instabilities. AOE integrates with time-stepping frameworks through a three-phase strategy balancing data collection, updates, and surrogate usage, while requiring orders of magnitude less training data than conventional surrogate approaches. Demonstrated on a 1D atmospheric model of exoplanet GJ1214b, AOE achieves 11.1 times speedup (91% time reduction) across 200,000 timesteps while maintaining accuracy, potentially making previously intractable high-fidelity time-stepping simulations computationally feasible.

Бужилова А.П.

Статья посвящена краткому обзору достижений антропологов Московского государственного университета за последние четверть века в честь юбилея МГУ (270-летия со дня основания). Обзор делится на несколько подразделов, посвященных основной научной деятельности сотрудников Института антропологии, в которой обсуждаются актуальные научные направления. Представлена работа антропологов в научных фондах Музея антропологии, а также достижения и результаты, полученные в ходе исследования материалов из антропологических и археологических экспедиций Института антропологии МГУ. Рассказывается о работе еженедельного научного семинара «Антропологическая среда». С 2020 года он транслируется в системе он-лайн, что позволило значительно расширить аудиторию для участия не только специалистов из Москвы, но для антропологов и ученых смежных специальностей из других регионов. На платформе семинара проводятся тематические мастер-классы, апробации докладов молодых соискателей, заседания секции «Антропология» ежегодной Международной научной конференции студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых «Ломоносов». Единению антропологов способствует профессиональный журнал. Свои научные исследования антропологи могут защищать в тематическом диссертационном Совете МГУ, который функционирует с 1958 года. В обзоре обсуждаются особенности образовательного процесса на кафедре антропологии биологического факультета МГУ – единственной в РФ, дающей профессиональное образование в области биологии человека. В статье представлен перечень тематических выставок, организованных на базе Музея антропологии МГУ за последние 5 лет, обсуждаются мероприятия по пропаганде антропологии на площадке Музея.

Denis A. Ponce, Ignacio A. Cerda, Julia B. Desojo

Pseudosuchians were the dominant group of archosaurs on continental ecosystems during the Triassic. However, studies that report palaeopathologies based on osteohistological evidence in this group are scarce. Here, two cases of palaeopathologies found in appendicular bones of two clades of pseudosuchians are presented: Aetosauria, a distal fragment of the fibula of Aetosauroides scagliai and Erpetosuchidae, the distal half of the tibia of Tarjadia ruthae from the Ischigualasto and Chañares formations, respectively (province of La Rioja, Argentina). The cortex in both specimens is composed of woven-fibred bone in the deepest part and by parallel-fibred bone in the subperiosteum. Towards the outermost portion of the cortex, a thin layer of periosteal bone with an irregular margin is recorded, mainly formed by a fibrolamellar bone vascularized with relatively wide and anastomosed radial canals. These features are compatible with a specific tissue recognized in pathological conditions, the radial fibrolamellar bone (RFB), generated by periosteal reactive bone. Additionally, a thin layer of parallel-fibred/lamellar bone crossed this structure in A. scagliai and surrounding the outermost portion in both specimens. The presence of RFB shows an abnormally accelerated bony overgrowth. However, due to the short thickness of this layer and the subsequent formation of parallel-fibred bone, it indicates a slowdown in its development and a possible recovery of the pathological condition. The configuration of the injury is compatible with periostitis and it constitutes the first record of this type of pathologies in non-crocodylomorph pseudosuchians. As the causes for this benign injury, it is inferred a non-traumatic stress followed by a pyogenic infection.

Aleksey Sidorchuk

The rates of incision and aggradation in the channels in the Terek River basin (North Caucasus) for the last 50–85 years were estimated at 18 gauging stations. The stage–discharge method (annual low water stages at the same discharges) was applied. The stability of the Terek River channel was recorded on the tectonically subsiding Tersko–Kuma Lowland. On the subsiding Kabardian Plain, channel aggradation up to 14 mm a⁻¹ was registered. The rapid (~32 mm a⁻¹) incision of the Terek River occurs within the antecedent valley of the rising Sunzha Ridge, causing regressive erosion and incision (~25 mm a⁻¹) of rivers on the Ossetian Plain, despite its tectonic subsiding. The rivers in the uplifting mountains of the North Caucasus transport the sediments delivered from slopes as climatically controlled debris flows. Aggradation and incision here alternate without a visible overall trend. The rates of modern channel bed deformations are 10 to 100 times higher than the mean rates of tectonic movements. The main effect of tectonics is the changes in river channel slopes, which cause changes in the bed load transport budget and channel bed deformation. Human-made constructions induce rapid deformations in the channels but have a local effect.

Reza Akbarian Bafghi, Maziar Raissi

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have gained prominence for their capability to tackle supervised learning tasks that conform to physical laws, notably nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). This paper presents "PINNs-TF2", a Python package built on the TensorFlow V2 framework. It not only accelerates PINNs implementation but also simplifies user interactions by abstracting complex PDE challenges. We underscore the pivotal role of compilers in PINNs, highlighting their ability to boost performance by up to 119x. Across eight diverse examples, our package, integrated with XLA compilers, demonstrated its flexibility and achieved an average speed-up of 18.12 times over TensorFlow V1. Moreover, a real-world case study is implemented to underscore the compilers' potential to handle many trainable parameters and large batch sizes. For community engagement and future enhancements, our package's source code is openly available at: https://github.com/rezaakb/pinns-tf2.

Ujjal Kr Dutta, Aldo Lipani, Chuan Wang et al.

Foundation Industries (FIs) constitute glass, metals, cement, ceramics, bulk chemicals, paper, steel, etc. and provide crucial, foundational materials for a diverse set of economically relevant industries: automobiles, machinery, construction, household appliances, chemicals, etc. Reheating furnaces within the manufacturing chain of FIs are energy-intensive. Accurate and real-time prediction of underlying temperatures in reheating furnaces has the potential to reduce the overall heating time, thereby controlling the energy consumption for achieving the Net-Zero goals in FIs. In this paper, we cast this prediction as a regression task and explore neural networks due to their inherent capability of being effective and efficient, given adequate data. However, due to the infeasibility of achieving good-quality real data in scenarios like reheating furnaces, classical Hottel's zone method based computational model has been used to generate data for model training. To further enhance the Out-Of-Distribution generalization capability of the trained model, we propose a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) by incorporating prior physical knowledge using a set of novel Energy-Balance regularizers.

Siwan Anderson, Chris Bidner

We outline the potential for integrating economic and evolutionary approaches to marriage and the family. Our broad argument is that the approaches share a concern for competition. Evolutionary scholars are concerned with the fitness consequences of competition and economists are centrally concerned with the nature of competition: how the allocation of scarce resources is mediated by potentially complex forms of social interaction and conflicts of interest. We illustrate our argument by focusing on conceptual and empirical approaches to a topic of interest to economists and evolutionary scholars: polygynous marriage. In comparing conceptual approaches, we distinguish between those that emphasise the physical environment and those that emphasise the social environment. We discuss some advantages of analysing marriage through the lens of competitive markets, and outline some of the ways that economists analyse the emergence of rules governing the family. In discussing empirical approaches to polygynous marriage, we describe how a concern for informing contemporary policy leads economists to focus on the consequences of polygyny, and in particular we describe some of the ways in which economists attempt to distinguish causal effects from selection effects.

Eduardo Martínez, Javier Montaño-Domínguez, Héctor Novales-Sánchez et al.

Current experimental data guarantees the presence of physics beyond the Standard Model in the neutrino sector. The responsible physical description might show itself through virtual effects on low-energy observables. In particular, massive neutrinos are able to produce contributions to the triple gauge coupling $WWγ$. The present paper deals with the calculation, estimation and analysis of one-loop contributions from Majorana neutrinos to the Lorentz-covariant $WWγ$ parametrization. Our calculations show that CP-odd effects vanish exactly, whereas CP-even contributions, $Δκ$ and $ΔQ$, remain. According to our estimations, the effects from heavy neutrinos with masses in the range of hundreds of GeVs dominate over those from light neutrinos. This investigation shows that contributions from heavy Majorana neutrinos to the anomaly $Δκ$ could be as large as $\sim{\cal O}(10^{-3})$, one order of magnitude below the Standard-Model contribution. We find that the International Linear Collider, sensitive to triple gauge couplings participating in $WW$ production, might measure these effects in electron-positron collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $800\,{\rm GeV}$, as long as heavy-neutrino masses are $\gtrsim300\,{\rm GeV}$ and below $\sim1500\,{\rm GeV}$.

Shingo Sakai, Ruako Takatori, Mika Nomura et al.

Abstract Background Facial skin care (FSC) is an important routine for Japanese women. Hand motions during FSC physically affect psychological state. However, it is very difficult to evaluate hand motions during personal and complex FSC. The objective of this study was to find out objective and quantitative parameters for hand motions during facial skin care (FSC). Women who enjoy and soothe during FSC (Enjoyment group (E group), n = 20) or not (non-enjoyment group (NE group), n = 19) were recruited by an advance questionnaire. The same lotion, emulsion, and cream were provided to all subjects, and they used sequentially in the same way as the women’s daily FSC. The motion of the marker on the back side of the right middle finger during FSC was tracked by a motion capture system. The heart rate variability (HRV) was also measured before and after FSC for evaluating psychological effect. Results The averaged acceleration (Avg. ACC), approximate entropy (ApEn), and power law scaling exponent (Rest γ) of the cumulative duration of slow motion from the sequential data of acceleration were evaluated. Compared to the NE group, the E group showed a lower Avg. ACC when using emulsion (p = 0.005) and cream (p = 0.007), a lower ApEn when using emulsion (p = 0.003), and a lower Rest γ (p = 0.024) when using all items, suggesting that compared to the NE group, the E group had more tender and regular motion, and sustainable slow motions, especially in the use of emulsion. In the E group, the low/high-frequency component of HRV decreased significantly after FSC, suggesting suppression of sympathetic activity (p = 0.045). NE group did not. For all subjects, ApEn and Rest γ showed significantly positive correlation with the increase in the low/high-frequency component of HRV after FSC (p < 0.01). ApEn showed significantly negative correlation with the increase in the high-frequency component of HRV after FSC (p < 0.05). Avg. ACC did not show significant correlation with them. These results suggested that the behavior of FSC influences the autonomic nerve system. Conclusions ApEn and Rest γ are useful parameters for evaluating quality of hand motions during FSC.

Claudia Fracchiolla, Brean Prefontaine, Kathleen Hinko

Studies on physics identity have shown that it is one of the main factors that can predict a person's persistence in the field; therefore, studying physics identity is critical to increase diversity within the field of physics and to understand what changes can allow more women and minorities to identify with the field. In this study, we investigate informal physics programs as spaces for physics identity exploration. These programs provide unique conditions under which to study physics identity development along with other identities. Informal physics spaces allow for voluntary engagement, as well as elements of agency and autonomy within the exploration of physics. Thus these spaces allow an identity to form outside of the constraints traditionally found in academic settings. In this work, we operationalized the Community of Practice (CoP) framework to study the development of physics identities within university students who facilitate informal physics programs. We present the stories from two physics graduate students out of our sample to provide a context for testing the feasibility of the extended framework and to identify how experiences within an informal physics program can shape physics identity development. This paper presents the operationalized constructs within the Community of Practice framework, how these constructs are applied to the narrated experiences of our participants, and highlights how we can use this framework to understand the nuances of physics identity development as well as the factors that can influence that development.

Noëlie Cherrier, Maxime Defurne, Jean-Philippe Poli et al.

Before any publication, data analysis of high-energy physics experiments must be validated. This validation is granted only if a perfect understanding of the data and the analysis process is demonstrated. Therefore, physicists prefer using transparent machine learning algorithms whose performances highly rely on the suitability of the provided input features. To transform the feature space, feature construction aims at automatically generating new relevant features. Whereas most of previous works in this area perform the feature construction prior to the model training, we propose here a general framework to embed a feature construction technique adapted to the constraints of high-energy physics in the induction of tree-based models. Experiments on two high-energy physics datasets confirm that a significant gain is obtained on the classification scores, while limiting the number of built features. Since the features are built to be interpretable, the whole model is transparent and readable.

Linda E. Strubbe, Adrian M. Madsen, Sarah B. McKagan et al.

Much work in physics education research (PER) characterizes faculty teaching practice in terms of whether faculty use specific named PER-based teaching methods, either with fidelity or with adaptation; we call this research paradigm the "teaching-method-centered paradigm." However, most faculty do not frame their teaching in terms of which particular named methods they use, but rather in terms of their own ideas and values, suggesting that the teaching-method-centered paradigm misses key features of faculty teaching. These key features include the productive ideas that faculty have about student learning and faculty agency around teaching. We present three case studies of faculty talking about their teaching, and analyze them in terms of two theoretical frameworks: a framework of teaching principles (How Learning Works) and a framework of faculty agency (Self-Determination Theory). We show that these frameworks well characterize key features of faculty teaching practices and agency, and can be combined in a new paradigm for modeling faculty teaching which we call an "asset-based agentic paradigm." We therefore encourage physics education researchers to move beyond the teaching-method-centered paradigm and think about faculty teaching using an asset-based agentic paradigm.