This book is a philosopher's introduction to the idea that our universe is just one of many universes. I present and assess three versions of the idea: one version from philosophy, and two from physics. In short, they are: all the logically possible worlds; all the branches of the quantum state, in an Everettian interpretation of quantum theory; and all the bubbles of inflationary cosmology. For each proposal, I choose one main philosophical question to discuss in depth. They are, respectively: what is a possible world; what is chance; and what is explanation. But before treating these proposals and their associated questions, I set the stage by reviewing physics and philosophy from about 1600 to about 1900; and a final Chapter compares and contrasts the proposals.
This article supports the epistemological claim that sound human reasoning about ultimate knowledge is either foundational or circularly justified. In particular, questions which naturally arise in theology, philosophy, and related disciplines, to the extent that they rationally treat ultimate knowledge, are necessarily supported in one of these ways. Comparisons with, contrasts to, and analogies from mathematics are given to illustrate and enhance this central claim.
Importance. CEFR Companion Volume 2018 pays special attention to the development of four modes of communication (including mediation) along with the formation of communicative competence. The purpose of this research is to conduct an interdisciplinary analysis of the term “mediation” as well as to clarify this term in the Russian language.Materials and Methods. Research methods include analysis and interpretation of literature. The research materials are literature review of foreign and Russian scientists in the field of jurisprudence and law, philosophy, philosophy of religion, social philosophy, sociology, management, psychology, reflexive psychology, cultural-historical psychology, conflictology, linguistics, pedagogy, translation and translation studies, as well as linguodidactics.Result and Discussion. The concept of “mediation” is analyzed in various fields. The terminology in Russian for three types of mediation activities is clarified according to the CEFR Companion Volume 2018.Conclusion. In most scientific fields, mediation is viewed as a procedure involving three parties: two parties in conflict and one party acting as a neutral intermediary (mediator). However, in methodology of teaching foreign languages, the emphasis shifts to the fact that any student while developing his/her communicative competence, mastering four modes of communication, including mediation, can independently act as a mediator with any interlocutor or group of interlocutors.
This contribution is founded on a forty-year friendship between two university psychology professors, for whom dialogue on science and religion has been a perennial theme. At a previous conference they collaborated on a paper on the psychology of religion. The present paper attempts to further this conversation with a dialogue on truth, science, pseudoscience, and faith. The dialogue is structured around a theme from Denis Diderot that the basis of philosophy is incredulity. The ensuing conversation, which interrogates the meaning of science and truth, includes various questions and answers
Abstract:This paper defends a rigorous reading of Hume’s critiques of arguments for the existence of God and of the belief in God against interpretations that endorse Humean theism, deism, and fideism. The latter include Donald Livingston’s theist reading, J. C. A. Gaskin’s “attenuated deism” reading, and Edward Kanterian’s “humble fideism” reading. I also examine whether Hume’s rejections of a positive theology commit him to agnosticism or atheism. My innovative challenge to such conclusions maintains that, while elements of both agnosticism and atheism are found in Hume, these denote, respectively, a methodology and an incidental implication of his philosophy. But neither sufficiently captures his constructive vision for a society, individual psychology, and system of knowledge guided by naturalist principles and aims. For this, an alternate conception is needed that describes Hume’s philosophy of religion beyond mere atheism.
Only the incurious and philosophically challenged doubt the significance of dignity as a central issue in human interactions. Human dignity is much debated in religion, law, moral philosophy, anthropology, psychiatry, bioethics, sociology, philosophical anthropology, psychology, communication studies, and elsewhere. It is subject to competing discourses of ontology, epistemology, axiology, and logic. It appears in intercultural and international discussions of rights, autonomy, race, ethnicity, economics, war, and peace. It is contrasted with guilt, shame, and humiliation, both ordinary and extreme. However, the dynamic roots of dignity are usually presupposed or ignored in favor of reductionist typologies and antinomies. Returning us to lived experience and with post-humanist animal studies and the medical model of psychiatry as exemplary cases of reductionism, I interpret H. Plessner’s semiotic phenomenology as a communicative philosophy of the humane in dignity.
No religion is more deserving of philosophical attention than all others, and philosophy of religion should reflect a broad understanding of the religious experience of humanity. The field should also include within its purview these topics: future directions religion might and should take; whether religion can make progress; what this progress might consist in and how it might be facilitated; whether we human beings may be at an early stage in our religious development; and whether there may be skills or capacities or dispositions or the like we do not possess now but could possess in the future, and that might help us to make religious progress. So part of the focus of this essay is on expanding the scope of the field. However, as we pursue religious progress we should narrow our focus somewhat and pay special attention to traditions that are above a certain normative threshold, some elements of which I introduce. Drawing on recent work by John Bishop, I propose that a religion merits special attention in this context when moral progress is reflected in its metaphysical posits. Avoiding excessive confidence in our assertions about religious matters and avoiding denigrating attitudes to religious outsiders are also elements that may reasonably be considered essential for being above this threshold. Being above the relevant threshold and therefore qualifying for special attention as we pursue religious progress will be a matter of scoring highly in terms of all relevant elements.
This study aims to explore the effects of forest travel activities on university students’ stress affection. Forty volunteer university students participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete physiological (Heart Rate Variability) and psychological (Brief Profile of Mood State and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory) tests before and after the travel activities. The results reported that students’ heart rates were significantly lower after the forest travel activities than before. All domains of negative mood and anxiety decreased from the pre-test to the post-test. This study found that university students could feel less stressed if they went on forest travel activities.
Andrew Austin McDonnell, Andrea Page, Stephanie Bews-Pugh
et al.
BackgroundParents and carers supporting a family member presenting with behaviors of concern experience heightened stress. The Low Arousal Approach is a crisis management strategy which recognizes that stress, or physiological arousal, can be expressed through behaviors of concern. This approach aims to equip parents and carers to manage behaviors in a person-centered and non-confrontational way. There is a paucity of published research exploring the experiences of families applying this approach.MethodsSeventeen parents who had received training in the Low Arousal Approach were interviewed to gain their perspectives on supporting their family members using this approach.ResultsThematic analysis revealed themes relating to parental stress, which was related to external pressures, isolation, family stress, and challenges in their caring role. They described encountering negative narratives relating to self-criticism and negative judgments from others. Training in the Low Arousal Approach was related to being empowered through access to evidence, increased confidence, and increased ability to advocate for their family member’s needs. Low Arousal was described as a “lifestyle” that enabled increased coping for the family unit as a whole.Discussion/conclusionFindings indicate that it is vitally important to recognize the views of parents and carers, and these are equally as important as the views of professionals. We must understand parents’ and carers’ needs in order to provide adequate support.
Ulema ve münevver bu çalışmada Osmanlı klasik çağı ile Tanzimat sonrası modernleşme sürecini temsil eden iki aydın tipidir. Bu iki tip aynı zamanda dönemlerinin düşünce yapısını, olaylara bakış açısını ve Osmanlı tasavvurunu da temsil etmektedir. Doğası gereği bu iki aydın tipi arasında bir farklılıktan ve çekişmeden söz edilebilir. Bu durum pek çok konuda kendini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada bu düşünce ve bakış açısı farkının merkezine Kürt dili özelinde yerel dilleri koyacağız: Osmanlı’nın klasik döneminde geleneksel tarzda eğitim almış uleması ile modern dönemde Batılı tarzda eğitim almış münevverinin başta Kürtçe olmak üzere Osmanlı’da konuşulan yerel dillere bakış açısını inceleyeceğiz. “Bu iki eğitimli grup Osmanlı’nın mevcut durumunda ve gelecek planlamasında Kürtleri ve Kürt dilini nereye koyuyordu?” sorusuna cevap arayacağız. Osmanlı klasik çağında imparatorluk atmosferi içinde sıradan bir olgu olan çok dilliliğin Tanzimat sonrası dönemde nasıl çözülmesi gereken bir “sorun” hâline geldiğini örneklerle inceleyeceğiz. Bu bağlamda Gelibolulu Âli, Evliya Çelebi, Namık Kemal, Şemseddin Sâmi, Babanzade İsmail Hakkı, Said-i Meşhûr, Abdullah Cevdet, Ziya Gökalp gibi şahsiyetler ile İstanbul’da yayımlanan Kürd Teavün ve Terakki Gazetesi, Rojî Kurd dergisi, Serbestî gazetesi ve Diyarbekir’de neşredilen Peymân gazetesi başlıca araştırma kaynaklarımız olacak.
Hanna Tania Dwi Crisanti, Rosatyani Puspita Adiati
Perubahan komitmen karyawan saat ini mengarah pada karier mereka daripada organisasi tempat mereka bekerja. Komitmen karier adalah sikap individu terhadap pekerjaan yang meliputi tujuan karier pribadi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan grit dan persepsi dukungan supervisor dengan komitmen karier karyawan. Partisipan penelitian ini sebanyak 87 partisipan merupakan karyawan/i berusia 24-35 tahun dan sedang bekerja penuh waktu di suatu perusahaan/organisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 skala, yakni skala Grit yang disusun oleh Duckworth, skala persepsi dukungan supervisor oleh Burns, dan skala komitmen karier oleh Carson dan Bedeian. Analisis data menggunakan bantuan software Jamovi 2.3.28. Hasil penelitian memperoleh terdapat hubungan grit dan persepsi dukungan supervisor dengan komitmen karier pada karyawan milenial. Dengan demikian, organisasi perlu mempertimbangkan pendekatan yang memfokuskan pada pengembangan personal grit karyawan serta memperkuat kualitas hubungan antara supervisor dan karyawan untuk memastikan komitmen jangka panjang karyawan terhadap karier mereka dan kesuksesan organisasi.
F. Kamalova, N. Baitenova, J. Dosmagambetova
et al.
This article from the position of philosophy of religion is devoted to showing the psychological and social significance of the phenomenon of pilgrimage, relevant both at the world level and in Kazakhstan society. In particular, it aims to reveal the nature of pilgrims' prayers and wishes, pilgrimage rituals and the level of religious knowledge. The aim of the article is to analyze empirical data on traditions and practices of pilgrimage to holy places in Kazakhstan to go to the study of mutual influence of pilgrims and holy places from the point of view of psychology and philosophy of religion, determination of feelings, thoughts and expectations of pilgrims. Comparative analysis is conducted and religious, phenomenological, psychosocial research methods are used as methodology. The work is important from a scientific and practical point of view, because the results obtained allow us to determine the philosophy of psychosocial meaning of the tradition of pilgrimage to holy places. As the main result of the research work, it was determined that pilgrimage is carried out based on three principles: performing pilgrimage and paying respect to the spirits of ancestors by consecrating the Qur'an; esoteric pilgrimage based on faith in the mystical power and mystical value of the holy place; sacred pilgrimage for physical and spiritual purification, acceptance of holy places as erophanic space, erotopic place, feeling of the holiness of this place.
This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.
By conducting a bibliometric analysis on 4,869 publications in Current Psychology from 2013 to 2022, this paper examined the annual publications and annual citations, as well as the leading institutions, countries, and keywords. CiteSpace, VOSviewer and SCImago Graphica were utilized for visualization analysis. On one hand, this paper analyzed the academic influence of Current Psychology over the past decade. On the other hand, it explored the research hotspots and future development trends within the field of international psychology. The results revealed that the three main research areas covered in the publications of Current Psychology were: the psychological well-being of young people, the negative emotions of adults, and self-awareness and management. The latest research hotspots highlighted in the journal include negative emotions, personality, and mental health. The three main development trends of Current Psychology are: 1) exploring the personality psychology of both adolescents and adults, 2) promoting the interdisciplinary research to study social psychological issues through the use of diversified research methods, and 3) emphasizing the emotional psychology of individuals and their interaction with social reality, from a people-oriented perspective.
In this paper, we introduce a novel psychological benchmark, CPsyExam, constructed from questions sourced from Chinese language examinations. CPsyExam is designed to prioritize psychological knowledge and case analysis separately, recognizing the significance of applying psychological knowledge to real-world scenarios. From the pool of 22k questions, we utilize 4k to create the benchmark that offers balanced coverage of subjects and incorporates a diverse range of case analysis techniques.Furthermore, we evaluate a range of existing large language models~(LLMs), spanning from open-sourced to API-based models. Our experiments and analysis demonstrate that CPsyExam serves as an effective benchmark for enhancing the understanding of psychology within LLMs and enables the comparison of LLMs across various granularities.
Self-awareness, the ability to take oneself as the object of awareness, has been an enigma for our species, with different answers to this question being provided by religion, philosophy, and, more recently, science. The current review aims to discuss the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying self-awareness. The multidimensional nature of self-awareness will be explored, suggesting how it can be thought of as an emergent property observed in different cognitive complexity levels, within a predictive coding approach. A presentation of alterations of self-awareness in neuropsychiatric conditions will ground a discussion on alternative frameworks to understand this phenomenon, in health and psychopathology, with future research directions being indicated to fill current gaps in the literature. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Consciousness Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Neuroscience > Cognition.
Indonesia has a diversity of cultures, hospitality, and people with good ethics. Moral problems still occur, namely corruption, collusion, nepotism, promiscuity and drug abuse, sexual harassment, theft, and murder. The Indonesian nation experienced moral degradation. Moral Education refers to the concept of Moral Behavior. Ethical behavior is grouped into three parts: Moral Attitudes, Moral Feelings, and Moral Thoughts. Moral education is very dependent on how to educate parents, associations, and the community environment. This study aims to analyze moral education from the perspective of religion, philosophy, psychology, and sociology. This study uses the literature review method. The process is carried out by analyzing statements, opinions, and arguments in various literature. The results of the analysis are mapped to the theme of moral education, study aspects include religion, philosophy, psychology, and sociology, as well as discussions in the form of attitudes, feelings, and thoughts. The research results show that moral education from a religious perspective plays a role in the formation of individual moral feelings. The philosophical perspective plays a role in the way of thinking that puts forward moral values. The psychological perspective plays a role in the aspects of feeling and thinking. The sociological perspective interacts with moral behavior.
Sifatkaur Dhingra, Manmeet Singh, Vaisakh SB
et al.
Cognitive psychology delves on understanding perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, decision-making, and reasoning. Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as potent tools increasingly capable of performing human-level tasks. The recent development in the form of GPT-4 and its demonstrated success in tasks complex to humans exam and complex problems has led to an increased confidence in the LLMs to become perfect instruments of intelligence. Although GPT-4 report has shown performance on some cognitive psychology tasks, a comprehensive assessment of GPT-4, via the existing well-established datasets is required. In this study, we focus on the evaluation of GPT-4's performance on a set of cognitive psychology datasets such as CommonsenseQA, SuperGLUE, MATH and HANS. In doing so, we understand how GPT-4 processes and integrates cognitive psychology with contextual information, providing insight into the underlying cognitive processes that enable its ability to generate the responses. We show that GPT-4 exhibits a high level of accuracy in cognitive psychology tasks relative to the prior state-of-the-art models. Our results strengthen the already available assessments and confidence on GPT-4's cognitive psychology abilities. It has significant potential to revolutionize the field of AI, by enabling machines to bridge the gap between human and machine reasoning.
We apply recent ideas about complexity and randomness to the philosophy of laws and chances. We develop two ways to use algorithmic randomness to characterize probabilistic laws of nature. The first, a generative chance* law, employs a nonstandard notion of chance. The second, a probabilistic* constraining law, impose relative frequency and randomness constraints that every physically possible world must satisfy. The constraining notion removes a major obstacle to a unified governing account of non-Humean laws, on which laws govern by constraining physical possibilities; it also provides independently motivated solutions to familiar problems for the Humean best-system account (the Big Bad Bug and the zero-fit problem). On either approach, probabilistic laws are tied more tightly to corresponding sets of possible worlds: some histories permitted by traditional probabilistic laws are now ruled out as physically impossible. Consequently, the framework avoids one variety of empirical underdetermination while bringing to light others that are typically overlooked.
Despite its apparent complexity, our world seems to be governed by simple laws of physics. This volume provides a philosophical introduction to such laws. I explain how they are connected to some of the central issues in philosophy, such as ontology, possibility, explanation, induction, counterfactuals, time, determinism, and fundamentality. I suggest that laws are fundamental facts that govern the world by constraining its physical possibilities. I examine three hallmarks of laws--simplicity, exactness, and objectivity--and discuss whether and how they may be associated with laws of physics.