Abstract The study investigates the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and Pacific salmon species (pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ; coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch ; and chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta ) to the parasitic salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ). The research had two main objectives: to characterize the morphology of the scaly skin in four salmonid species and to compare the cellular response at the louse attachment site in coho salmon and Atlantic salmon. Three consecutive challenge trials were conducted, with successful louse infestation only achieved across all four species in the third trial using mild anesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate. Skin and fin samples were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 168 h post-infestation (hpi) for histological, proteomic, and spatial transcriptomic analyses. Results showed that chum salmon had significantly higher mucous cell coverage (30–40%) in the epithelium of scaly skin compared to Atlantic salmon (10%). At the louse attachment site in coho salmon, there was a greater influx of inflammatory cells at 36–48 hpi compared to Atlantic salmon. Proteomic analysis at 12 hpi and 36 hpi in coho salmon showed upregulation of neutrophil degranulation and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine signaling. Additionally, spatial transcriptomics at the attachment site showed local upregulation of inflammatory gene markers. These findings suggest that coho salmon mount a rapid and large-scale inflammatory response driven by neutrophils to louse attachment within the first 48 hpi. Overall, the study emphasizes the significance of local changes at the host-parasite interface for resistance mechanisms against salmon lice.
Marie M. Bjøntegaard, Mari Mohn Paulsen, Bob van Oort
et al.
Background: Public food procurement has the potential to play a significant role in transforming the food system. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the nutritional quality and environmental impacts of food procurement in public upper secondary schools within a large county in Norway. Design: A cross-sectional study with food procurement data from 35 upper secondary school canteens, analysed using a food-and-nutrient calculation system at the University of Oslo, which also includes a life cycle assessment (LCA) food database. Results: Food procurement amongst school canteens did not align with guidelines for food and meals in upper secondary schools and recommendations for nutritional considerations in public food procurement. There was considerable variability between the schools’ food procurement regarding nutritional quality and environmental impacts. However, on average, high levels of saturated fat and added sugar, as well as inadequate levels of folate, vitamin D, iron and iodine, were observed. Red meat and dairy products exhibited the most significant environmental impacts between the food groups. Discussion: Few studies have utilised food procurement data to evaluate nutritional quality and environmental impacts of school meals. Using food procurement instead of actual consumption data introduces some uncertainties, including limited knowledge about the amount of food waste, quantities actually consumed and demographics of the canteen users. Identifying key nutrients of concern can be invaluable in guiding meal planning and food procurement, especially in a school setting. Our environmental analysis supported current literature by illustrating the high impact of animal-based foods relative to plant-based foods. Conclusions: The present study found both nutritional and environmental limitations in food procurement in public upper secondary schools in a large Norwegian county. Encouraging procurement of plant-based proteins and sustainably sourced fish whilst reducing purchases of full-fat dairy products would better align with the guidelines for food and meals in schools and reduce the environmental impact. Moreover, significant variability in procurement practices that do not comply with the guidelines suggests a need for clearer guidance and follow-up.
ABSTRACT The present study analyzes several aspects of the relationship between citizen participation and trust employing data from Norwegian municipalities: first, the impact of local government efforts to increase participation on trust in local politicians, and second, the impact of these efforts on actual participation, which is a missing piece in the literature. The findings show that local government initiatives have a very limited effect on trust, and no effect on actual participation. A strong negative relationship between actual participation and trust suggests that participation is mainly protest-related, and not the result of local government initiatives to include citizens in decision making.
The present book is a collection of articles which summarises the doctoral papers conducted by Sanda Tomescu Baciu at the Doctoral School of Linguistic and Literary Studies of the Faculty of Letters and the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature during the ten years which preceded the book’s release (the period between 2010 and 2020). The expressed intention of this compendium was “to reunite [...] the Norwegian academic community established in Romania, in Cluj-Napoca: both doctoral students and the present team of teaching staff at the department” (7). The compendium shows how much the interest in Norwegian philology has increased in the Romanian humanities’ sphere in a relatively short period of time and, also, what a wide range of subjects it did manage to discuss in the process.
Published in 2021 with a trilingual title, the collective volume 30 Years of Norwegian Language and Literature in Romania at Babeș-Bolyai University serves as a celebration of three decades of Norwegian studies at BBU’s Faculty of Letters. It incorporates official anniversary greetings from several Norwegian and Romanian institutions, personal messages from collaborators and alumni, as well as academic papers on a variety of topics revolving around Scandinavian linguistic and literary studies.
Relevance. Understanding the need to «reset» human relations with the natural world as a result of the global environmental crisis has caused the idea of environmentalism to become actual in modern humanitarian thought. Objective of the research is analysis of the philosophical foundation of the idea of environmentalism, as well as personalistic ecology as its variety. Methods: analysis and generalization of scientific literature, problem-focused comparison of theoretical concepts. Results. The study showed that the ideological foundation of ecologism is deep ecology as a project of the Norwegian philosopher and ecologist Arne Ness to transform society through a change in individual worldview. Spiritual, personalistic and transpersonal ecology can be considered as peculiar varieties of ecologism. Conclusions. Environmentalism is focused on solving global environmental problems through the internal, spiritual efforts of each person to change the basic principles of the modern industrial-information society and develop an internal need for a careful and respectful attitude towards the world.
Das Werk „Demonstratio“ („Beweis, dass die Sprache der Ungarn und Lappen dieselbe ist“) des ungarischen Jesuiten Joannes (János) Sajnovics ist ein Klassiker der finno-ugrischen Sprachwissenschaft. Sajnovics war ein Astronom ohne Erfahrung in vergleichenden Sprachstudien, als er in den Jahren 1768–69 an einer astronomischen Expedition in der Finnmark teilnahm. Erst als er in Nordnorwegen ankam, begann er scheinbar unvorbereitet mit seiner Untersuchung. Im Winter 1769/70 war er in Kopenhagen. Während dieses Aufenthalts hatte Sajnovics Kontakt zu Mitgliedern der Königlich Dänischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, wo er seine Theorie vorstellte. Seine bahnbrechende „Demonstratio“ wurde in zwei Ausgaben gedruckt, die erste 1770 in Kopenhagen und die nächste im folgenden Jahr in Trnava. Eine genaue Lektüre der ersten Ausgabe zeigt, dass die innovative Methodik von Sajnovics fast ausschließlich auf skandinavischer Forschungsliteratur basierte. Hinweise auf mitteleuropäische Gelehrte und ihre Theorien durchziehen die zweite überarbeitete Auflage der Demonstratio, die jedoch erst nach der Rückkehr von Sajnovics und seinem Mentor Maximilian Hell in das Habsburgerreich gemacht wurde.
The article adresses the literary theoretical issue of unreliable narration in first-person fictional narratives. The theoretical discussion is prefaced by an interpretation of T.S. Eliot’s narrative poem “Journey of the Magi”. The interpretation conludes that the narrator, contrary to critical consensus, qualifies as unreliable according to Wayne Booth’s original definition. Having thus opened up the issue of unreliable narration, the article goes on to argue that Booth’s classical definition is misleading, especially when applied to first-person narrators like the one in “Journey of the Magi”. The broader context for the discussion is the question of how narrative fictions communicate and the roles taken by respectively the (real) author and (the fictive) narrator in acts of narrative communication.
Flyen Anne-Cathrine, Flyen Cecilie, Mattsson Johan
This paper emphasises on degradation of wood in cultural heritage structures at Svalbard. Nowhere else does global heating occur faster. Negative impacts of climate change will increase the strain on wooden structures and can daily be observed at Svalbard. The severe changes affect the degradation rate of wooden constructions, including cultural heritage. Certain microclimates, also in Polar areas, are favourable to fungal growth and decay. The probable enhancing effects climate change have on fungal degradation in wooden structures are however alarming. The paper displays findings of measurements from four different case study projects at Svalbard between 2009 and 2019. The results have been analysed separately, compiled and discussed in context, and towards relevant literature. We claim that impacts of climate change may not be generalized in order to predict effects in building materials. Further, that with extended knowledge on how climate change affects natural development of fungal decay, negative impacts may be reduced. Lessons learned from high Arctic areas might add longevity and sustainability to wooden cultural heritage constructions, also in different areas and environments. The paper is part of two of the authors' PhD work at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Thomas Skaugen, Deborah Lawrence, Rengifo Zenon Ortega
Increased urbanization and increased observed precipitation intensity and -frequency due to climate change call for urban hydrological models capable of describing urban flow dynamics in data-scarce areas. A parameter parsimonious rainfall-runoff model, DDDUrban, forced by precipitation and temperature in which most model parameters are estimated from a detailed digital elevation model using GIS or taken from the literature is presented. Snowmelt and evapotranspiration are calculated using an energy balance approach, with proxy models for the energy balance elements driven by temperature and precipitation. The model focusses on subsurface and surface flow processes using an analysis of travel time distributions which indicates that the shape of the urban hydrograph is largely independent of the comparatively very rapid process of water transport in conduits. The model uses an estimate of the distribution of subsurface velocities as a function of saturation. The study shows that the calibrated mean of this distribution agrees with the saturated hydraulic conductivity estimated from infiltration measurements. The model has been calibrated and validated on observed runoff data at a 10 min temporal resolution for two Norwegian catchments in Oslo and Trondheim with acceptable validation results measured by the Kling-Gupta Efficiency criterion (KGE = 0.56–0.69). Simulations show that precipitation infiltrated on permeable areas contributes, on average, to the total flow at a fraction corresponding to the areal fraction of permeable areas. In addition, simulations show that for saturated conditions, a significant part (~30–60%) of the flood peak is derived from saturation excess overland flow. Simulation of snowmelt indicates that a more detailed model for the spatial distribution of snow accounting for snow removal, is needed. The catchment-scale effects of Low Impact Developments in the form of 10 m2 raingardens are simulated. In a residential area with 500 houses, 60 raingardens can reduce the flood peaks about 10%. A higher number of raingardens further reduce the flood peaks, but raingardens of too low capacity may increase secondary flood peaks for episodes of multiple heavy precipitation events.
The idea of rounding up our special issue in this way came to us while harmonizing all the bibliographical entries into one pattern. We have tried as best as we could to double-check each single source. Sometimes, names that we have never heard before appeared over and over again, in multiple contributions. Somewhere on this planet, different scholars had come across the same readings. We simply wanted to underline this complex, interwoven net of border-crossing–border-creating literature. As editors from different fields, we have learned of many intriguing discourses that were unknown to us before. Quite often, shared literature lists make visible certain symptoms of academic echo chambers, copy-paste works, or self-referencing networks. Shared foundational texts serve as sense-making tool kits to the members of so-called ‘fields’, and give a hint at somehow negotiated vocabulary within them. Yet, what we have in front of us is an example of an interdisciplinary collaboration of writers. Since our special issue had an ‘open call’, many of our collaborators do not even know each other personally. Yet, in the end, it was possible to build bibliographical bridges between all of them—every single contribution has at least one theoretical link to another article. This way, it is possible to theoretically unite our work, and consider it as (part of) a whole.
A Meta Bibliography of Some Sort—Bridging MaMo’s Bibliographies
In short, we consider as a bibliographical bridge the shared bibliographical reference to a particular work or to a particular person by at least two of our issue’s authors. If some of our authors refer to ‘writer A’, an imaginary bridge is being created between their contributions—oftentimes unconsciously. These bridges become even more intriguing when noticing that numerous authors independently investigated the identical ‘work B’, without even knowing that another contributor did so as well. Our overview is based on a close examination of all roughly 1000 bibliographical entries in this special issue. It may not be free from errors. For the detailed references, see each contributor’s bibliography individually.
Ingrid Nyborg, Lars Johan Danbolt, Marit Kirkevold
Abstract Background The drive towards patient involvement in health services has been increasingly promoted. The World Health Organisation emphasizes the family’s perspective in comprehensive care. Internationally there is an increased emphasis on what patients and their family tell about the hospital experiences. However, current literature does not adequately address the question of participation experiences among relatives of older hospitalized family members. There is a paucity of research with a generational perspective on relatives’ opportunities to exert influence. The aim of the study was to explore relatives’ experiences of opportunities to participate in decisions about the care and treatment of older hospitalized family members and whether there are different experiences of influence to the relatives’ age. Methods This was an explorative study applying individual qualitative interviews. The interviews were analysed following hermeneutic methodological principles. Two Norwegian geriatric wards participated: one at a university hospital and one at a local hospital. Twelve participants, six women and six men, were purposively selected. The relatives were aged from 36 to 88 (mean age 62) and were spouses, children and/or children-in-law of patients. Results The relatives’ experienced opportunities to exert influence were distributed along a continuum ranging from older relatives being reactive waiting for an initiative from health professionals, to younger adults being proactive securing influence. Older “invisible” carers appeared to go unnoticed by the health professionals, establishing few opportunities to influence decisions. The middle-aged relatives also experienced limited influence, but participated when the hospital needed it. However, limited participation seemed to have less impact on their lives than in the older relatives. Middle-aged relatives and younger adults identified strategies in which visibility was the key to increasing the odds of gaining participation. The exceptional case seemed to be some older carers’ experiences of influencing decisions with the help of professionals. Conclusions Our findings suggest that experiences of influence were limited regardless of age. However, the results indicated that participation among relatives decrease with age while vulnerability for not having influence seemed to increase with age. The problem of patient choice most clearly manifested among the older carers, which might indicate that the relatives’ age sets terms for opportunities to participate.
Ibsen has created Ellida Wangel in The Lady from the Sea as a “mermaid” stranded on land, feeling trapped in her marriage with Dr Wangel and suffocated by her restrictive gender roles as wife and step-mother. The play focuses on Ellida the dying mermaid’s process of individuation as she struggles to seek happiness, freedom and self-fulfilment in life. Through Ellida’s entangled relationship with the Stranger and her husband, Ibsen has created a living “mermaid”, who enables him to explore gender relations, individual freedom and choice, as well as the liberation of the self.
However, when The Lady from the Sea was transposed from Norway to China and adapted for the traditional Chinese theatre, the Chinese Yue theatre in this case, Ellida had undergone drastic changes in order to suit the traditional Yue theatregoers’ expectations and taste, as well as to fit the socio-cultural norm of traditional Yue opera.
Instead of examining those technical alterations such as rearrangement of scenes (Ye, 2011, 20), the use of symbols (Wu, 2011, 80), the setting (Wu, 2011, 78), or theatrical performance and devices (Qing Yun, 2010, 32) adopted in the Chinese operatic adaptation of The Lady from the Sea, this article focuses on the cultural re-presentation of Ellida and the re-constitution of her character, the purpose of which is to make her plausible as a Chinese woman on the traditional Yue stage. A close study of the cultural transformation of Ellida and her re-orientation on the traditional Yue stage adaptation will enable the reader to better understand the Chinese cultural emphasis on didacticism, Confucian morality and propriety in traditional drama and theatre, as well as the difficulties involved in transporting Ibsen’s mermaid to the Chinese traditional Yue stage.
Throughout the long nineteenth century and beyond, outside representations of the Arctic on stage have circulated a stereotypical image of the region. The two most long-standing emblems are ice and indigenous culture, and as commodity, the Arctic is identified as mystical, authentic, natural and pre-modern. These images are circulated in popular, cultural events like theatre performances, panoramic displays, music hall shows, and musical comedy but their presence in a popular cultural context also contributes to destabilise the signifiers. At the best, theatre productions about the Arctic may produce a kind of history from below, including a cautious critique of the colonial project and the ideal of heroic masculinity. Their radical potential should not be overstated, however, since the historical meanings of the stereotypes even when they are being debunked. At least on stage, conventional images of the Arctic continue to dominate.
This article gives a brief overview of research on architecture by art historians at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and addresses some challenges for research on buildings within the discipline of Art history generally, and in the northernmost parts of Scandinavia particularly. Art history’s history of monuments has during the last four to five decades been expanded by new theoretical and aesthetic perspectives on architecture, and is questioned by a more comprehensive and socially distinguished research on the built environment. Researchers on architecture in the northern areas experience these tensions more directly, which thus provides an opportunity to question methods of writing architectural history.