Hasil untuk "North Germanic. Scandinavian"

Johan Schalin

Abstract This article welcomes the recent proposal of Michael Schulte (2024) for a periodisation of early North Germanic, while pointing out problematic premises and criteria for the delimitation of the proposed subperiods. It is argued that in delimiting linguistic periods there is more to gain than lose for the clarity of scholarly argument if preference is given to linguistic rather than graphemic or socio-cultural criteria, even if it means that reconstructed, rather than ambiguously attested features, are given preference. The relevant chapter of a recent book by Nelson Goering (2023) is also reviewed to cast light on the syncope era. Elements and insights are proposed for a periodisation and labelling of early North Germanic suited for discussion on diachronic structural change.

Christine Lundberg, T. Furunes

ABSTRACT This paper is an introductory paper to the Special Issue marking the 20th Anniversary of the Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. The aim of this paper is threefold: First, it briefly presents and give thanks to the persons involved in establishing and developing the journal to what it is today. Second is a presentation of the journal’s current standing. Third, it presents an overview of the ten main areas of research featured in the journal since its start. For each of the 10 areas, expert researchers within each field have been invited to review the SJHT publications related to their topic and propose a future research agenda. They are included as separate short papers in this issue (SJHT, Vol. 21, No. 1). Thus, this anniversary issue looks to the past and forward, aiming to inspire future event, hospitality, and tourism research relevant to the Nordic, as well as the North Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic regions.

David W. Kim, Heung-Sook Yang

The Korean War (1950–1953) was one of the most calamitous and brutal wars in modern history. It was fought by the post-colonial people of the peninsula, and it culminated in the creation of two ideologically opposed states, but the three years’ military clash in East Asia (or the Far East) is often labelled simply as a “Forgotten War” in the West including North America. The ensuing ethnic division has been interpreted through the various geopolitical lenses of military strategy, politics, international relations, and power games. What about the situation of casualties? Which particular nations in the United Nations (UN) dispatched medical aid for the treatment of war victims? How did the Scandinavian allies participate the non-European war? What were their unique characteristics among non-military supporting nations? What legacy they left for the post-war Koreans? This paper explores the military-historical backgrounds by which each of the following Northern European nation, namely, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, decided to send unarmed skilled personnel to aid South Korea. The paper argues the social voluntarism of the neutral group in the critical insight that the field activities of Swedish Seojeon Byungwon, Danish Jutlandia, and Norwegian NORMASH individually promoted the Red Cross spirit of advanced humanitarianism on the top of mandatory duty, in giving special attention on children (orphans), women, civilians, POWs, and medical education, as well as the post-war collaboration for the initial Korean public health system in the 1960s.

S. G. Pedersen, O. Friborg, G. Heiberg et al.

Abstract Purpose To compare stroke-specific health related quality of life in two country-regions with organisational differences in subacute rehabilitation services, and to reveal whether organisational factors or individual factors impact outcome. Materials and methods A prospective multicentre study with one-year follow-up of 369 first-ever stroke survivors with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, recruited from stroke units in North Norway (n = 208) and Central Denmark (n = 161). The 12-domain Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale was the primary outcome-measure. Results The Norwegian participants were older than the Danish (M age= 69.8 vs. 66.7 years, respectively), had higher initial stroke severity, and longer stroke unit stays. Both cohorts reported more problems with cognitive, social, and emotional functioning compared to physical functioning. Two scale components were revealed. Between-country differences in the cognitive-social-mental component showed slightly better function in the Norwegian participants. Depression, anxiety, pre-stroke dependency, initial stroke severity, and older age were substantially associated to scale scores. Conclusions Successful improvements in one-year functioning in both country-regions may result from optimising long-term rehabilitation services to address cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. Stroke-Specific Quality of Life one-year post-stroke could be explained by individual factors, such as pre-stroke dependency and mental health, rather than differences in the organisation of subacute rehabilitation services. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The stroke-specific health related quality of life (SS-QOL) assessment tool captures multidimensional effects of a stroke from the perspective of the patient, which is clinically important information for the rehabilitation services. The cognitive-social-mental component and the physical health component, indicate specific functional problems which may vary across and within countries and regions with different organisation of rehabilitation services. For persons with mild to moderate stroke, longer-term functional improvements may be better optimised if the rehabilitation services particularly address cognitive, emotional, and social functioning.

Dominika Skrzypek, Alicja Piotrowska, Rafał Jaworski

Dominika Skrzypek, Alicja Piotrowska, Rafał Jaworski

Ole Risbøl, Daniel Langhammer, E. S. Mauritsen et al.

This paper gives a presentation of how airborne laser scanning (ALS) has been adopted in archaeology in the North over the period 2005–2019. Almost two decades have passed since ALS first emerged as a potential tool to add to the archaeologist’s toolbox. Soon after, it attracted the attention of researchers within archaeological communities engaged with remote sensing in the Fenno-Scandinavian region. The first archaeological ALS projects gave immediate good results and led to further use, research, and development through new projects that followed various tracks. The bulk of the research and development focused on studying how well-suited ALS is for identifying, mapping, and documenting archaeological features in outfield land, mainly in forested areas. The poor situation in terms of lack of information on archaeological records in outfield areas has been challenging for research and especially for cultural heritage management for a long period of time. Consequently, an obvious direction was to study how ALS-based mapping of cultural features in forests could help to improve the survey situation. This led to various statistical analyses and studies covering research questions related to for instance effects on detection success of laser pulse density, and the size and shape of the targeted features. Substantial research has also been devoted to the development and assessment of semi-automatic detection of archaeological features based on the use of algorithms. This has been studied as an alternative approach to human desk-based visual analyses and interpretations of ALS data. This approach has considerable potential for detecting sites over large regions such as the vast roadless and unbuilt wilderness regions of northern Fennoscandia, and has proven highly successful. In addition, the current review presents how ALS has been employed for monitoring purposes and for landscape studies, including how it can influence landscape understanding. Finally, the most recent advance within ALS research and development has been discussed: testing of the use of drones for data acquisition. In conclusion, aspects related to the utilization of ALS in archaeological research and cultural heritage management are summarized and discussed, together with thoughts about future perspectives.

L. Hedenäs

ABSTRACT Introduction. Within Racomitrium Sect. Racomitrium, several species are distinguished in the Southern Hemisphere, but only the variable R. lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. exists in the north. Plants deviating from the common R. lanuginosum phenotype in leaf orientation and in almost entire or weakly dentate hair-point margins suggest that more than one species may exist in this region. Methods. Sixty-five specimens of R. lanuginosum, including eleven deviating ones (four growing intermixed with ‘normal’ plants), and two of each of the Southern Hemisphere R. geronticum Müll.Hal. and R. pruinosum (Wilson) Müll.Hal. were studied, based on the nuclear ITS and the plastid rpl16 and trnG. Relationships among specimens were explored with NeighborNet split networks, maximum parsimony, and Jacknife analyses. Key results. The molecular analyses revealed one grade and four distinct lineages, two of which correspond with the Southern Hemisphere species. Two of the three R. lanuginosum entities are widespread in Scandinavia, whereas the third occurs only in the mountains. Morphologically deviating plants do not form their own lineage but appeared in all three R. lanuginosum entities. Conclusions. The three entities within R. lanuginosum do not form a monophyletic group, good support exists for their recognition, and they are molecularly as distinct as the two morphologically recognisable Southern Hemisphere species. They should therefore be recognised as cryptic species. The morphologically deviating plants represent genotypic differentiation, which was further confirmed by molecular evidence in three out of four occurrences where they grew intermixed with ‘normal’ plants. Since deviating plants occur in all three cryptic species they should not be taxonomically recognised.

J. Lunkka, J. Palmu, Anu Seppänen

Deglaciation patterns of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Salpausselkä zone, southern Finland were studied. Digital elevation models (DEM/LiDAR‐imageries) were used to map and categorize glacifluvial formations of the study area, and evidence for ice re‐advance and retreat phases and their extent across the Younger Dryas Salpausselkä zone was collected. The results suggest that the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe, located in SE Finland, retreated a minimum of 60 km north of the proximal side of the present First Salpausselkä ridge prior to the Younger Dryas, most probably during the Allerød interstadial (c. 13 900–12 700 years ago). This retreat phase was followed by a re‐advance after which the First Salpausselkä was formed (maximum age 13 300±900 years ago) in front of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe’s ice margin. Subsequently, ice retreated further north and the Second Salpausselkä in front of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe margin was formed, according to OSL‐age determinations between 11 500 and 12 000 years ago. Previous research indicates that a similar retreat and re‐advance event to that of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe did not take place in the area covered by the Baltic Sea Ice Lobe to the southwest. Overall, the results suggest that the ice retreat of the Finnish Lake District Ice Lobe was of the same magnitude as the contemporary Allerød interstadial ice retreat event along the western flank of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Norway and minor ice‐sheet oscillations in central Sweden.

J. Höglund, L. Burnett

While a number of european area studies have long discussed colonial pasts and postcolonial presents, postWorld War ii historical research on the european north has not until recently begun to consider the ways in which this region contributed to, benefitted from, and now inhabit colonial histories. as observed by Keskinen et al. (2009), this is arguably because the nations of the region have often been imagined, internally and externally, as champions of global equality and minority rights. in the light of this selfimage, the nordic nations’ pursuit of colonial dominion, and their contribution to the colonial efforts of other nations, were routinely written out of the national histories of the nordic countries, or, as described by Fur and ipsen (Fur 2009) imagined as a marginal and altruistic project. indeed, as Fur has noted elsewhere, nordic history and colonialism were, for a long period of time, “unthinkable” (2013, 17) to the historian.2

Lutz Gunkel, J. Hartmann

This paper analyses the variation we find in the realization of finite prepositional object clauses in the Germanic languages. While in North Germanic a preposition can directly select a clause, Continental West Germanic languages dominantly employ a pronominal adverb as a prepositional proform that is syntagmatically related to the clause. The type of relation gives rise to further differences with respect to constituent structure. Within the Continental West Germanic languages we find variation along the following lines. First, whether or not they allow for structures where the preposition plus the clause occurs in restricted context: in Frisian and Dutch, P+CP is possible with factive clauses, in German P+CP is generally excluded. Second, whether or not the pronominal adverb can form a constituent with the clause, which is possible in German with a subset of pronominal adverbs, but generally excluded in Dutch and Frisian. Third, all Germanic languages under consideration except English share that the prepositional element can be covert, except in English. We propose an analysis that sets apart three structures, and the languages under discussion make use of one or two of these pattterns. This investigation is a first step towards a broader study of the nature of clauses in prepositional object positions and the implications for the syntax of clausal complementation.

Mark L. Louden

34.1.1 Identifying Minority Germanic Languages This chapter examines the sociolinguistic situation of Germanic languages that are spoken by a minority of residents of a given nation. While the definitionsof thedescriptors “minority” and“Germanic” areuncontroversial, theproblemofdistinguishingbetween“languages”and“dialects” is a familiar one. It is well-known that there are no absolute scientific criteria according to which linguistic systemsmay be labeled languages or dialects, rather it is the external, often political, situation of speaker groups that determineswhether varieties sharing a common linguistic ancestor are sufficiently autonomous from one another as to be viewed as distinct languages or not. The language-dialect question is a relevant one in this chapter. The standard reference work on the documentation of linguistic diversity worldwide, Ethnologue (Simons and Fennig 2017), lists 47 languages as belonging to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family, 6 of which are part of the North subgroup; the remaining 41 are in the West subgroup. These are listed below.

M. Eriksen

K. Fassmer, I. Klonowska, K. Walczak et al.

Marit Julien

Nana Yaw Agyei-Dwarko, L. Augland, A. Andresen

Kristine Horner

R. Bremmer

C. Northrup