Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

David Ferré Gispets

Jaume Torró Torrent, Albert Lloret

La caduta di Costantinopoli nel maggio del 1453 ebbe un impatto significativo sulla scrittura di romanzi cavallereschi. La figura del cavaliere errante che difende Costantinopoli come capitano dell’esercito imperiale diventa allora un motivo ampiamente diffuso. Martorell visse a Napoli dal 1450 fino alla morte di Alfonso il Magnanimo nel 1458. In quell’ambiente di corte, Martorell venne a conoscenza del progetto di crociata di Alfonso nel 1455 e 1456. In quel periodo, Martorell deve aver modificato la sua idea originaria di comporre un trattato di educazione cavalleresca, come Guillem de Varoic, e inizia a progettare il suo romanzo. Col Tirant lo Blanc, Joanot Martorell lancia una chiamata alle armi contro i Turchi per la riconquista cristiana della città. In quello stesso ambiente deve aver conosciuto la tradizione antica che definisce la storiografia come opus oratorium maxime, attraverso la quale trasforma il suo scritto iniziale in un’opera di ambizione assai maggiore. Questa concezione oratoria del Tirant è ciò che lo distingue dagli altri romanzi cavallereschi.

Patrice Poujade

Almodóvar del Pinar, a mediados del siglo XVIII, fue uno de los principales pueblos carreteros castellanos, actividad que aparece en esos momentos como casi exclusiva de sus habitantes. Estudiando específicamente los protocolos notariales de manera serial, se observa la constitución progresiva de la carretería a partir de finales del siglo XVI y su desarrollo rápido durante los primeros años de la centuria siguiente. A pesar de las dificultades económicas y demográficas del siglo XVII y de unos altibajos más o menos duraderos, el acarreo se mantuvo a un nivel alto aprovechando la coyuntura, en especial las guerras que ofrecieron a los carreteros oportunidades importantes. Esto es una de las razones que podrían explicar por qué un lugar como Almodóvar del Pinar se convirtió en pueblo carretero. La demanda monárquica durante los conflictos militares consolidó la carretería que se mantuvo gracias al servicio real.

Andrea Anderlini

The essay analyzes the two different burials of Francisco Franco: that of 1975 and that of 2019. Both symbolize political meanings and represent fundamental moments in the recent history of Spain, engaged in the tortuous process of transition to democracy. The treatment of the leader’s body records two symbolic passages of great importance. In the first funeral ceremony, the Caudillo was placed in the significant monument of the Valle de los Caídos together with the fallen of the civil war of 1936. In the second, the dictator was expelled and delivered to a smaller, private, and almost secret location. Between the two burials, there was a complex repositioning of the country’s ruling class and the reworking of the national memory.

Per Pippin Aspaas

I. Teslenko, L. Myronenko

The 120-year history of the study of medieval ceramics from Bilhorod (other names Akja-Kermen, Asprokastron, Maurokastro, Moncastro, Mokastro) — one of the largest trade centres of the North-Western Black Sea coast in the late Byzantine and Ottoman Ages is analysed in the paper. The site is located in the modern city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odessa region, Ukraine. This urban center was formed on the ruins of ancient Tyras in the late 13th — early 14th centuries. There are two stages in its history: the «Golden Horde» — the 1290s — 1370s, when the city was under the protectorate of Ulus Jochi, and «Moldavian» — the last quarter of the 14th century — 1484 when it passed into the possession of the Moldavian rulers, who has erected the large fortress there. In 1484 the site was captured by Ottomans and was renamed as Akkerman. Despite the long terms of archaeological excavations and the significant researched area at the site (more than 4000 m2), the precise dating of pre-Ottoman medieval deposits and ceramics from them, as well as the origin of some groups of the pottery, are still discussed (Teslenko, Myronenko 2022). Therefore, a critical ana­ly­sis of current stratigraphic schemes of the medieval layers together with existing concepts of chronology and classification of medieval ceramic materials were among the aims of this work. As a result, we outline the several main issues in the archaeological study of Bilhorod. Firstly, until recently archaeologists have used a very simplified stratigraphic scheme of cultural layers proposed in the 1970s (S. Kryzhytskyi, A. Kravchenko, G. Boguslavskyi, and others). According to it, the thickest cultural stratum containing three building horizons was associated with the «Golden Horde» period of Bilhorod history, despite finding of Moldavian coins in some contexts. The detailed chronology of these horizons as well as the specifics of ceramic assemblages each of them still are not understandable. «Moldavian» contexts, with some rare exceptions, were not clearly defined also. It was deemed that they mostly have been damaged or destroyed during the fortification works around the middle of the 15th century, as well as during the Ottoman period. So, most of the medieval ceramic finds were dated to the «Golden Horde» times which is not always the case, and the specifics of the material culture of the «Moldavian» city still have remained unclear (A. Kravchenko, G. Boguslavskyi). Secondly, the information about the ceramics assemblages of the site was predominantly incomplete. Ceramic finds are represented in publications mainly without connection to their precise archaeological contexts (A. Kravchenko, G. Boguslavskyi). So despite the abundance of published materials, it is rather difficult to obtain information about the composition of the certain ceramic assemblages. Therefore, it is also difficult to clarify the chronology of the archaeological context based on ceramic data. Thirdly, a detailed description of the technological features of the local wares still has not been represented despite the discovery of the workshops with kilns and wasters in 1960—1970ss. Thus, till recently, mass ceramics ware the origins of which were not clearly defined a priori associated with the products of local workshops. Fourthly, the dating of most ceramic finds was quite wide, for example, within the «Golden Hordes period» or the 14th—15th centuries, without a more detailed chronological gradation (A. Kravchenko, G. Boguslavskyi, I. Karashevich, etc.). This was largely due to the problems with the precise chronology of the cultural layers in general. To summarize it should be mentioned that the work of the previous researchers and archeological materials accumulated for 120 years of excavations are certainly very important and have a rich information potential. Nevertheless, the proposed methods of study and interpretation of these data need a great deal of improvement. At the same time, thanks to our research in collaboration with the «Archeology & Archaeometry» Laboratory (CNRS UMR5138) in Lyon (France), and Dr.HdR. S. Y. Waksman, we have advanced in the study of some mentioned points in the last years. Firstly, one of the authors excavated the archaeological complex of Moldavian period (early 15th century — 1480s) on the territory of the Civil yard inside the fortress in 2017. So, we obtained the possibility to analyze in detail the ceramics materials of this period and clarify the origin of some pottery groups thanks to their archaeometric study in France. We found out, for example, that the most numerous groups of glazed ceramics from the assemblage are not local, as thought before, but come from Crimea. This fact indicates very close trade links between Bilhorod and Crimea during the 15th century. It also turned out that all samples of Byzantine wares originated from the Constantinople workshop Sirkeci (Teslenko, Waksman forthcoming). Thus, we have got the new data on the distribution of its products in the North-western Black Sea Region during the 15th century as well as get evidence of the activity of this workshop probably as far as at least the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Another insight we have got during the revision of the ceramics collections from the previous excavations of one local ceramic workshop. It specialized in the manufacture of glazed pottery and stove tiles. On the basis of the comparative analysis of these finds with the materials from Central and Eastern Europe, we could realize that the products of this workshop, and hence the kilns that served it, can not be dated earlier than the 15th century. So, it worked in the Moldavian time, and not in the «earliest stage of the Golden Horde period», as declared before. This provides the background for reviewing the chronology of the medieval cultural stratums of Bilhorod, which has existed so far. In addition, the samples of finished wares and wasters help to specify the composition of raw materials of one of the subgroups of local ceramics production. Consequently, the further research of both old and current collections of medieval ceramics from Bilhorod will help to clarify the attribution and chronology of ceramic assemblages and archaeological contexts of the site, as well as will contribute to the more fruitful study of the trade and intercultural relations in the region during the late Byzantine — early Ottoman Age.

Z. Biedermann

This article queries the politics of writing about early modern connectivity today. Set against the combined backdrop of the global history boom of the past two decades and the recently emerging criticisms of its overemphasis on connectivity, it encourages political, cultural, and literary historians to ask questions about how we frame stories of cross-cultural encounter. The first part of the article calls for a vigorous enquiry into how exactly connections worked and failed to work, suggesting an explicit engagement with the notion of (dis)connectivity. Understanding and theorizing the breakdown of communications and the multiple ways in which cross-cultural communication could lead to conquest and colonial domination is central to this endeavor. In the second part of the article, I suggest that we sharpen our awareness of the methodological and ethical challenges inherent to our selecting of stories of (dis)connectivity from the historical record. Touching upon the current debate about sources and voices in Native American and Indigenous studies, I advocate for a hospitable accommodation of multiple narratives about early modern (dis)connections as historians of global early modernity seek not only to be heard by audiences across the globe, but engage with them in ethically sustainable intellectual exchanges. This article thus offers a constructive critique of the “connected history” paradigm in an attempt to improve its productivity and potential for debate.

G. Cohen

John Connelly, a member of the history faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, for the last quarter century, has produced what will surely stand as a landmark among grand syntheses on the modern history of Eastern Europe. The book title uses the geographical designation favored during the Cold War, but the subject is more precisely East Central Europe, a term that Connelly uses interchangeably with Eastern Europe to designate the lands lying between Germany and Austria in the west and the former components of the Soviet Union to the east.

A. Rudokvas, A. Novikov

The article describes the application of Byzantine law in the region of Bessarabia which formed part of the Russian Empire from the early 19th century until 1917. The empire allowed the local population to apply their local laws for the regulation of their civil law relations. Due to historical reasons, these local laws were identified with the law of the Byzantine Empire which had already disappeared in 1453. The authors of the article provide a general description of the sources of Bessarabian law and then turn to case study research regarding the jurisprudence of courts on the issues of the Law of Succession in Bessarabia. They demonstrate that in interpreting the provisions of the law applicable, Russian lawyers often referred to Roman law as a doctrinal background of Byzantine law. Furthermore, they did not hesitate to identify Roman law with Pandect law. Even though the doctrine of the Law of Pandects had been created in Germany on the basis of Roman law texts, it was far from the content of the original law of the Ancient Roman Empire. The fate of the practical application of Byzantine law in Bessarabia reflects some general problems of the ‘legal transplants’ in the history of law and therefore provides additional materials for the theoretical study of the issues of ‘legal transfer’ in history and nowadays.

Luís Manuel Brás Bernardino

Tão importante como caracterizar umas Forças Armadas de um Estado no presente, e projetar o seu futuro, tendo com base a sua liderança, capacidades militares, valências técnicas, táticas e tecnologia, e obviamente a sua condição de operacionalidade, importa olhar para o seu passado e ver que influencias tiveram, donde deriva a sua ideologia política, que História está na sua génese e que representam no seu íntimo nacionalista. Este artigo resume e procura identificar, de uma forma cronológica e matricial, todos os possíveis fatores que contribuíram ao longo da História de Angola, centrada nos Movimentos de Libertação para a criação das Forças Armadas Angolanas e como constituem para a matriz identitária do Estado Angolano e do Povo de Angola. Palavras-chave: Angola; movimentos de libertação; Forças Armadas Angolanas; segurança e defesa.

Augusto Piemonte

Reseña de Magalí Andrea Devés, Guillermo Facio Hebequer. Entre el campo artístico y la cultura de izquierdas, Buenos Aires, Prometeo Libros, 2020, 302 pp.

А. D. Rudokvas, A. Novikov

V. Seth

This essay has two objectives. First, it seeks to engage critically with contemporary scholarship on the origins of racism through the lens of an older debate centered around the history of ideas. Specifically, it argues that Quentin Skinner’s influential critique of the history of ideas can help identify the pitfalls of our current fascination with the origins of racism—most particularly when such origins are traced back to antiquity and the European preand early modern periods. In pursuing its second objective, the essay turns from histories cataloguing ancient, medieval, and early modern racisms to objections leveled, in these same literatures, against scholarship defending the modernity of race. The defense of a premodern origin to race is, I argue, not just a historical argument but a contemporary politics embedded in a narrative of continuity that insists on the relevance of the medieval past to the racial configurations of our current moment. Rather than demonstrating continuity and sameness, this essay seeks to draw attention to alternative modes of historicizing that are more attentive to the alterity of the past.

Rossana Barragán Romano, Leda Papastefanaki

Abstract The role of women as mineworkers and as household workers has been erased. Here, we challenge the masculinity associated with the mines, taking a longer-term and a global labour history perspective. We foreground the importance of women as mineworkers in different parts of the world since the early modern period and analyse the changes introduced in coal mining in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the masculinization and mechanization, and the growing importance of women in contemporary artisanal and small-scale mining. The effect of protective laws and the exclusion of women from underground tasks was to restrict women's work more to the household, which played a pivotal role in mining communities but is insufficiently recognized. This process of “de-labourization” of women's work was closely connected with the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. This introductory article therefore centres on the important work carried out in the household by women and children. Finally, we present the three articles in this Special Theme and discuss how each of them is in dialogue with the topics addressed here. Many thanks also to Marie-José Spreeuwenberg for her invaluable engagement.

Jan Rybak

John Connelly undertook a grand endeavour in writing A History of Eastern Europe, portraying a 200-year-long development of supposedly a priori existing Slavic peoples into modern nations in their ...

F. Trivellato

From the 1940s to the 1970s, the commercial revolution of the Middle Ages was a historiographical concept with considerable traction. This article revisits the literature that brought about and engaged with that concept, with specific reference to Florence. In so doing, it draws attention to the place once held by business history in the study of Europe's takeoff. It also discusses the preliminary results of an ongoing project on limited partnerships in early modern Tuscany, which reaffirms the relevance of business history for understanding preindustrial economies but steers away from a teleological search for the origins of modern capitalism.

Merve Kardelen Bilir, Fatih Artvinli

This article offers a brief history and the evolution of mental health policy in Turkey. It aims to analyse how mental health policies were transformed and why certain policies were introduced at specific times. The modern history of mental health policy is divided into three periods: the institutionalization of psychiatry and hospital-based mental health services; the introduction of community-based mental healthcare services; and lastly, the policy of deinstitutionalization after the 1980s. These periods have been categorized in a way that basically coincides with Turkey’s modern political history.

Nicolás Dip

Este trabajo busca analizar los posicionamientos de los sectores estudiantiles, docentes e intelectuales porteños de la izquierda peronista ante la sanción de la Ley Universitaria 20.654 durante la última presidencia de Juan Domingo Perón. Agrupaciones como la Juventud Universitaria Peronista y la Agrupación Docente Universitaria Peronista, ligadas a la Juventud Peronista Regionales y Montoneros, formaron parte de un debate controvertido que terminó en la aprobación de la normativa el 14 de marzo de 1974. Ésta incorporaba parte de sus demandas sobre cómo organizar la universidad e incluso aceptaba la propuesta de la Unión Cívica Radical para que los rectores fueran elegidos por la misma comunidad académica. Pero, a la vez, otorgaba herramientas legales que permitían combatir al activismo político universitario y creaba un terreno fértil para el fortalecimiento de los sectores más reaccionarios y represivos. En todo este proceso no estuvieron ausentes las internas políticas más amplias del escenario nacional y distintas lecturas de los legados de la Reforma Universitaria de 1918. En este marco, el estudio espera demostrar que la sanción de la Ley Taiana puede entenderse como el ocaso de la izquierda peronista en la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Palabras clave: Argentina - Historia. Izquierda (Política) - Argentina. Universidades - Argentina. Estudiantes Actividad política

Hernán Camarero

Presentación

J. Pocock

ABSTRACT This essay takes shape as a review of a review: Rosario Lopez’s admirable ‘The Quest for the Global: Remapping Intellectual History’, itself a review of Samuel Moyn and Andrew Sartori, Global Intellectual History. Lopez proposes that ‘the quest for the global’ entails a critique if not an abandonment of the concept of ‘context.’ The attack upon context entails questions about both ‘political thought’ (or ‘theory’) and ‘intellectual history’ (if not ‘history’ itself). This is because, as Lopez, Moyn and Sartori apparently agree, it extends as far as an attack on the notion of context as formed in spatial-temporal frameworks. The beginnings of the ‘global’ critique are well known and may as well be accepted as common ground. They reduce to the assertion that ‘Cambridge’ scholarship in this field is ‘Eurocentric’; that is, that it has dealt exclusively with the ‘political thought’ generated in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean, transmitted to medieval and modern Europe, and taken up in the Euro-colonized Americas and a world (or ‘globe’) subjected to European or ‘western’ domination. This is obviously true, and calls for reformation. We recognize, but are not afraid to accept, that ‘political thought’ in a society distant from the European may be different in deep-seated ways from that we have learned to study, and that the meanings of the basic terms we shall apply to learning it may require restatement so drastic that we will find it hard to comprehend them. At this point the authority by which we ascribe meaning to both ‘their’ terms as we learn them, and to ‘ours’ as we employ them in seeking to understand ‘them,’ will require investigation and defence; on what disciplines of enquiry does it rest? But at this point the meaning of ‘global’ is no more than ‘multicultural,’ the transition from one ‘context’ to another; and we already know from Lopez that the ‘global turn’ may require us to go much further than that.