Artykuł dotyczy skarbu wczesnośredniowiecznych grzywien srebrnych z miejscowości Bużyska, gm. Korczew, w pobliżu Drohiczyna. Przedmioty ukryte w 2 poł. XII lub 1 poł. XIII stulecia odnaleziono w 2005 r., podczas badań wykopaliskowych na terenie wielokulturowej osady (stan. 10/54, na obszarze AZP 53–81). Zespół składał się z 11 grzywien srebrnych, z których 10 należy do tzw. typu czernihowskiego, a jedenasta to sztabka litewska, zwana też zachodnioruską. W tekście zamieszczono opis okoliczności odkrycia oraz charakterystykę typologiczną i dane metryczne (wymiary i wagę) odnalezionych sztabek. Zaprezentowano również wyniki analiz składu pierwiastkowego metalu, z którego odlano przedmioty. Badania wykonane metodą SEM-EDS, ze względu na niewielką liczbę przeprowadzonych dotychczas analiz specjalistycznych, będą miały duże znaczenie dla przyszłych studiów nad grzywnami.
Auxiliary sciences of history, Prehistoric archaeology
The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.
This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"
Per introdurre una silloge di saggi che indagano i molteplici valori degli oggetti della moda fra i secoli XIII e XIV, questo contributo riprende le domande che sono state alla base dell’indagine collettiva proponendo alcuni ragionamenti sul processo di formazione del valore e dei valori riguardanti i capi di abbigliamento alla fine del Medioevo.
Philaretos Brachamios was a well-known personality who found himself at the center of Byzantine Middle Eastern politics after 1071. His anme appeared in the works of Armenian (Matt‘eos Urhayets‘i) and Syrian (Michael the Syrian) writers. Anna Komnena’s work preserved vague echoes of him. Philaretos’ cursus honorum is known primarily according to sigillography. This, however, concerns the last period of his activity from 1071 to 1093. When the Byzantine troops were crashed at Mantzikert, Emperor Romanos Diogenes lost the civil ware, he was taken captive and blinded in Adana, and a coup d’etat took place in Constantinople. The territories of the eastern themes of Byzantium were cut off from Constantinople by the Seljuks and acquired temporary autonomy. The contacts with Constantinople, which had lost control over these territories, were restored under Nikephoros Botaneiates (1077–1081) and were maintained under Alexios Komnenos, who overthrew the former. Philaretos became an autonomous, actually an independent ruler of the eastern themes, and the central government had to recognise it. This development reflected in the growth of the title. Philaretos’ cursus honorum prior to 1071 is known much worser, as only a small number of seals related to him survived. Recent publications of new seals allow the one to reconstruct his career more or less completely, with many of its periods still remaining poorly studied.
Vít Novotný, Kristýna Luger, Michal Štefánik
et al.
Although pre-trained named entity recognition (NER) models are highly accurate on modern corpora, they underperform on historical texts due to differences in language OCR errors. In this work, we develop a new NER corpus of 3.6M sentences from late medieval charters written mainly in Czech, Latin, and German. We show that we can start with a list of known historical figures and locations and an unannotated corpus of historical texts, and use information retrieval techniques to automatically bootstrap a NER-annotated corpus. Using our corpus, we train a NER model that achieves entity-level Precision of 72.81-93.98% with 58.14-81.77% Recall on a manually-annotated test dataset. Furthermore, we show that using a weighted loss function helps to combat class imbalance in token classification tasks. To make it easy for others to reproduce and build upon our work, we publicly release our corpus, models, and experimental code.
From the reign of King Yekuno-Amlak (r. 1270–85) to that of Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855–68), the army of Ethiopia, one of the East African counties, was divided into two major categories: The first category consisted of local militias under regional governors who had no special type of war combat training. In times of national crisis, they engaged in warfare only when the king called them. Immediately after battle, they were sent back to their regional base. The second category of the army was the royal army (chewa, from fourteenth to sixteenth centuries). Chewa was the regular army of the kings and many of its regiments were deployed in various regions of Ethiopia. It was established only for the purpose of military services, and the members of this army were not allowed to do any other work. This article examines the chewa military system and its dynamics in the medieval period of Ethiopia, roughly covering the period between fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The article investigates insufficiently researched issues related to A. I. Klibanov’s book collection. The review of the detected autographs, exlibris and ownership stamps provides an opportunity to determine custodial history of books from both state libraries and personal collections, as well as to reveal unique information about relationships and cooperation between medieval scholars in the second half of the 20th century. The dedicatory inscriptions on the books differ in their length and originality; therefore, their significance as a source is directly proportional to how close a sender and a receiver were. Identification and description of bookplates and stamps in the study of the “Klibanovskaya” collection, still unknown from available reference books, will help in the study of other memorial book collections where such provenance marks can be found. The article also details the features of the formation of the foreign part of the A. I. Klibanov’s book collection. The foreign part of the memorial book collection, which is relatively small compared with the entire collection, can be divided into several thematic blocks: books with autographs donated by researchers dealing with similar scientific problems as the owner of the collection; multi-temporal books on historical and religious subjects, acquired by the owner; instances not related to the previous two blocks. The article identifies, systematizes and describes the inscriptions and ownership marks on the books of the collection of A. I. Klibanov.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Metz was a laboratory for archaeology applied to buildings, a result of heritage emergencies since the mid-nineteenth century, and then thanks to the implementation and coordination of skills made available by the Regional Service of Archaeology (SRA). In the 1980s and 1990s, the city remained an almost unheard-of model for the archaeology of buildings in France. Since 2002, studies carried out by Inrap on buildings for civilian use have, thanks to reliable data, fed research on the architecture of medieval houses of Metz; from the great patrician construction groups to an isolated infilled beam socket, the scale of observation of remains is multiple. Archaeology applied to domestic architecture is also a history of conservation, reuse and reemployment. It is a thought process of latent continuities in know-how, manufacturing methods and modes, urban use and their effects on today’s city. By in situ study and preservation, discoveries are rehabilitated in a dimension that has become timeless, but that is always cultural and, in the future, will undoubtedly be environmental. Knowledge acquired via archaeology must also be reused locally, by creating and filling a data bank and designing a map of technical solutions for the players involved in renovation.
We continue our efforts to understand, within the framework of the quantum mechanics of the universe as a whole, the quasiclassical realm of familiar experience as a feature emergent from the Hamiltonian of the elementary particles and the initial condition of the universe. Quantum mechanics assigns probabilities to exhaustive sets of alternative decoherent histories of the universe. We introduce and define the notion of strong decoherence. We replace the notion of maximal sets of alternative decohering histories by defining the more useful concept of "full" sets of alternative strongly decohering histories. These full sets fall into equivalence classes each of which is characterized by a basis in Hilbert space. Finally we describe our continuing efforts to find measures of classicality --- measures that could be applied to such full sets of alternative strongly decohering so as to characterize a quasiclassical realm.
We outline the Minimalistic Measurement Scheme (MMS) compatible with regular unitary evolution of a closed quantum system. Within this approach, a part of the system becomes informationally isolated (restricted) which leads to a natural emergence of the classical domain. This measurement scenario is a simpler alternative to environment-induced decoherence. In its basic version, MMS involves two ancilla qubits, $A$ and $X$, entangled with each other and with the System $S$. Informational or thermodynamic cost of measurement is represented by $X$-qubit being isolated, i.e. becoming unavailable for future interactions with the rest of the system. Conditional upon this isolation, $A$-qubit, that plays the role of an Apparatus, becomes classical and records the outcome of the measurement. The procedure may be used to perform von Neumann-style projective measurements or generalized ones, that corresponds to Positive-Operator Value Measure (POVM). By repeating the same generalized measurement multiple times with different $A$- and $X$-qubits, one asymptotically approaches the wave function collapse in the basis determined by the premeasurement process. We present a simple result for the total information extracted after $N$ such weak measurements. Building upon MMS, we propose a construction that maps a history of a quantum system onto a set of $A$-qubits. It resembles the Consistent History (CH) formulation of Quantum Mechanics (QM), but is distinct from it, and is built entirely within the conventional QM. In particular, consistency postulate of CH formalism is not automatically satisfied, but rather is an emerging property. Namely, each measurement event corresponds to the branching of mutually exclusive classical realities whose probabilities are additive. In a general case, however, the superposition between different histories is determined by the history density matrix.
The article discusses the issues relating to the history of medieval Mongolian literature the basis of which was laid in translated written texts. The author performs a textual analysis of two Mongolian translations of the well-known Buddhist literary monument - “The Sutra of the Wise and the Fool” (Tib. ‘dzangs blun zhes-bya-ba theg-pa chen-po’i mdo). The translators of these texts are the famous Mongolian writers of the 17th-18th centuries - Širegetü-guši-čorǰi (the late 16th-early 17th cc.) and Toyin-guši (the early 17th c.). The translation of the sutra made by Širegetü-guši-čorǰi and known under the name “Silaγun onoltu” (“[The Sutra bestowing] the fastest acquisition of knowledge”) is most often mentioned in literature. The second translation - the one performed by Toyin-guši - is almost unknown to the general scholarly public. Its transliterated text was published by Ts. Šagdarsüren in 1989 in Budapest. In the preface, the Mongolian scholar expresses V. Heissig’s hypothesis according to which both the translations could have been made by the same translator. However, Šagdarsüren considers that the similarities could be caused by the rules of alliteration and the principles of Dandin’s composition on poetic theory - Kāvyādarša or “Mirror of poetry” (Mong. ǰokistu ayalγun-u toli) - medieval writers adhered to. The author of the article shares the opinion established in the Mongolian studies community according to which Širegetü-guši-čorǰi followed the principles of semantic translation (from Tibetan into Mongolian) and Toyin-guši adhered to the principles of literal translation. It is concluded that both the translators are distinguished erudites with perfect expertise in Buddhist dogmatic literature and Tibetan. The last mentioned was important for understanding of the Tibetan original text and its adequate translation into the native language. The language expertise of both the translators is approximately identical since they lived and worked at approximately the same period. The results of the analysis reveal prospects for further typological research of the history of origins and development of Buddhist literature among Mongolian peoples.
History (General), Oriental languages and literatures
Gene duplication is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated. Although numerous methods have been developed to differentiate the ortholog and paralogs, very few differentiate the "Parent-Daughter" relationship among paralogous pairs. As coined by the Mira et al, we refer the "Parent" copy as the paralogous copy that stays at the original genomic position of the "original copy" before the duplication event, while the "Daughter" copy occupies a new genomic locus. Here we present a novel method which combines the phylogenetic reconstruction of duplications at different evolutionary periods and the synteny evidence collected from the preserved homologous gene orders. We reconstructed for the first time a deep evolutionary history of "Parent-Daughter" relationships among genes that were descendants from 2 rounds of whole genome duplications (2R WGDs) at early vertebrates and were further duplicated in later ceancestors like early Mammalia and early Primates. Our analysis reveals that the "Parent" copy has significantly fewer accumulated mutations compared with the "Daughter" copy since their divergence after the duplication event. More strikingly, we found that the "Parent" copy in a duplication event continues to be the "Parent" of the younger successive duplication events which lead to "grand-daughters".
The amount of information available to the mathematics teacher is so enormous that the selection of desirable content is gradually becoming a huge task in itself. With respect to the inclusion of elements of history of mathematics in mathematics instruction, the era of Big Data introduces a high likelihood of Recency Bias, a hitherto unconnected challenge for stakeholders in mathematics education. This tendency to choose recent information at the expense of relevant older, composite, historical facts stands to defeat the aims and objectives of the epistemological and cultural approach to mathematics instructional delivery. This study is a didactic discourse with focus on this threat to the history and pedagogy of mathematics, particularly as it affects mathematics education in Nigeria. The implications for mathematics curriculum developers, teacher-training programmes, teacher lesson preparation, and publication of mathematics instructional materials were also deeply considered.
The present discussion concerning certain fundamental physical theories (such as string theory and multiverse cosmology) has reopened the demarcation problem between science and non-science. While parts of the physics community see the situation as a beginning epistemic shift in what defines science, others deny that the traditional criterion of empirical testability can or should be changed. As demonstrated by the history of physics, it is not the first time that drastic revisions of theory assessment have been proposed. Although historical reflection has little to offer modern physicists in a technical sense, it does offer a broader and more nuanced perspective on the present debate. This paper suggests that history of science is of some indirect value to modern physicists and philosophers dealing with string theory, multiverse scenarios, and related theoretical ideas.