Hasil untuk "Mathematical geography. Cartography"

Matteo Proto

This article explores the development of Italian popular and educational cartography following the national unification of 1861. While Italy had a long‐standing cartographic tradition dating back to the Renaissance, this tradition had rapidly declined in the late modern age due to political fragmentation. The late 19th century saw a revival of map production, particularly through figures like Guido Cora and Giovanni De Agostini, who aimed to establish a national cartographic industry and make Italy's map production independent from foreign, especially German, publishing houses. Beyond the dissemination of geographical knowledge for scientific and educational purposes, the revival of cartography proved crucial in fostering the consolidation of the nation‐state and constructing an imperial imagination that supported the establishment of a colonial domain.

Jana Moser

Qun Yan, Linfu Xue, Yongsheng Li et al.

Data-driven MPM often overlooks expert knowledge, leading to poor interpretability and overly broad predictions. We convert the semantic information of geological maps into a semantic knowledge graph(Geo-mapSKG). By embedding the Geo-mapSKG using the TransG model and integrating with geochemical data to enhance the knowledge constraints. Given the spatial variability of geological features, we use a window sampling method for data collection to ensure the completeness of geospatial structural features. To improve the model’s ability to learn the complex variations in geospatial features, we employ the Conformer deep learning model for gold prospectivity prediction. This approach combines the local geological feature extraction capability of CNN with the Transformer’s overall geological dependencies. To validate the method effectiveness, a gold prospective exercise was conducted at Ankang in Shaanxi Province (North China). Results show Geo-mapSKG embedding effectively constrains predicted area distribution, yielding a smaller predicted area, and that the geological semantic features of the predicted areas show strong consistency with the ore geological features of known deposits. Compared with the prediction results of the CNN and Transformer models, the accuracy of the Conformer model is 1.38% higher than the CNN model and 2.92% higher than the Transformer model.

Jinyang Han, Jie Zhang, Shiming Zhong et al.

In the processing of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) data, the receiver clock is approached with nearly infinite uncertainty, rendering it difficult to fulfill the requirements of high-precision time frequency applications. Therefore, a receiver clock model is essential. In this study, we first analyze the “over-constraint” problem in the existing clock model and subsequently propose a new clock model, called the Adaptive Clock Constraint (ACC) model, which relies on a sliding window to update covariance and frequency characteristics parameters in real-time. To verify the robustness of the ACC model, three experiments were conducted, and the results show that the ACC model not only is suitable for different types of atomic clock stations but also has superior frequency stability and time transfer precision in contrast to the BIPM PPP, the IGS products and White Noise (WN) model results. Using the optical fiber results as a time reference, the STD of the time difference between the ACC model and optical fiber results is 0.13 ns and the frequency stability is 1.28 × 10−16 on average for one week, representing improvements of more than 10% and 15% compared with the BIPM PPP results.

Timothy M. Kiser

Abstract The Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT) thesaurus includes a robust set of headings for cartographic resources, which were among the earliest areas of focus during LCGFT’s development. The first cartographic headings were approved for the thesaurus in 2010, as part of a cartography-specific project undertaken in consultation with the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. Following that initial burst of activity, the suite of available terms for describing cartographic resources has been largely stable until recently, with the addition of a small number of new cartographic headings beginning circa 2023. In this report, I will share some observations on the application of LCGFT in my library’s catalog, including discussion of successes and challenges, drawn from my first ten years as a map cataloger at Michigan State University.

Steven Seegel

The transnational study of the wartime and postwar history of Ukrainian maps and cartography poses quite a challenge. It is not the simple linear knowledge of one single national intelligentsia and its development into a modern nation-state, but the overall entangled history of all the regions, confessions and people which constitute the European and Eurasian cultures of sovereign Ukraine. Ukrainian independence did not start in 1991 with the end of the Soviet Union. Prominent modern advocates of Ukrainian sovereignty were the highly regarded founder of Ukrainian geography and cartography Stepan Rudnyts’kyi (1877–1937), who was born in Austria-Hungary and later migrated to Kharkiv/Kharkov in the 1920s, and the historian and politician Mykhailo Hrushevs’kyi (1866– 1934), who in the 1890s-1900s elaborated a scheme for early Ukraine-Rus’ that contested both Rus-socentric dominance and Muscovite primordial hegemony. Both these map-minded men became victims of Stalin’s purges in the 1930s. In fact, it is hard to find a moment in Ukrainian history when historical claiming and ethnic mapping did not serve as a main default for the study of Ukraine’s shifting and contested borders, or when the lives of multilingual Ukrainian academics were not endangered. I chose this idea of ‘occupations and the occupied’ as a major theme of the Vega 2024 symposium, to map out Ukraine’s past and present history during Russia’s brutal war since 2014 and full-scale invasion since 2022, across Central and Eastern Europe and in search of solidarities within the larger world. One may regard human geography as a profession and an avocation. It is also a matter of studying how patterns of colonial settlement are structured, and how peoples are framed and erased. For Ukraine, the ‘normal science’ is a talking-over and a superimposition, when modern maps of nationalities were drawn by imperial actors (Polish, Habsburg, Romanov, Ottoman), or geopolitical outsiders looking in. Agency is hard to find and harder to achieve,

E. Grishin

The article is devoted to the issues of determining the level of cartographic exploration and its connection with the historical development of the territory under consideration. The theoretical part considers the concept of cartographic exploration, provides examples of the practice of maintaining catalogs and cartograms of exploration in modern cartography. The article also describes the specifics of the historical assessment of the growth in survey topographic works and the possibilities of taking into account various indicators of exploration, which are relevant for its retrospective assessment: the total number of survey maps for a certain region, the duration of topographic works, the instrumental and methodological base. A description of the methodology for maintaining retrospective cartographic exploration is given: indicators of accounting for growth, a template of the registration card and other methodological standards. The features of the main groups of sources on the history of cartographic exploration are considered. The author’s periodization of the development of exploration of the European part of the Russian Empire from 1720 to the First World War is given, and four stages are characterized with identifying dominant characteristics and the most priority regions for survey work. The article provides a description of individual groups of survey cartographic works, including land maps of the Petrine geodesists, maps of the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences, general survey plans, military topographic maps, and others. The significance of thematic and object-oriented mapping is described in relation to the growth of the total array of survey cartography. The article is accompanied by several tables, which compactly present the main factual material of the article: the progress of cartographic works at different stages, indicating the chronological framework and performers. General observations on the article are presented in the form of the two author’s maps indicating the predominant cartographic works for individual periods, which are considered in the article.

M. Orlov, L. Zinchuk

The article is devoted to the study of publishing and cartographic activities of Ivan Petrovich Poddubny, a well-known tutor, member of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society, State Councilor, founder of the first specialized lithography for printing atlases and maps. Having extensive experience in teaching, I. P. Poddubny became the author of several textbooks on geography, including the 'Educational Geographical Atlas for Parish Schools'. He also prepared this historical atlas for publication. For the first time, archival materials describing these works are presented. To meet the needs of teachers in high-quality school products, in 1898 the 'Map-printing House of Poddubny' was opened, the stockroom for the ready products of which was the publisher`s own apartment. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the maps and atlases issued by lithography, the most famous of them are the pocket atlas 'Continuous Steam Road through Asia to the Great Ocean' and 'Administrative Map of Russia by the Beginning of the 20th Century. Administrative and judicial structure. Military Districts'. As a result of the research, conclusions are made on the significant contribution of I. P. Poddubny and his mapping to the educational cartography of Russia. Further study of the publisher`s activities and his works will lead to new interesting discoveries in the national cartography

Latafat Jafarova

The purpose of this article is to study the issues of optimization of the use of natural landscapes of the north-eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. It is noted that at present, sustainable development, efficient use, protection and assessment of natural landscapes are among the most important problems of landscape science and, at the same time, physical geography. It is indicated that a number of aspects of these problems are also observed in Azerbaijan. Since research on this issue is being conducted by a number of Azerbaijani ecologists, biologists, soil scientists and geographers, however, the study of a number of ecogeographical problems is still at an insufficient level. The methodology and methods of the study include cartographic methods, field research methods, methods of geographical forecasting, mathematical and statistical methods. Scientific works on the topic, maps, Internet resources, statistical indicators were used. The main novelty of the article is that it studies anthropogenic processes occurring in the natural landscape of the selected geographical unit and the issue of its optimization based on the latest data, which will allow further use of new scientific information and analyses in the field of studying landscape changes occurring on the north-eastern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus. Result of the study. Summing up, it is noted that the nature of quantitative and qualitative changes in the studied natural complexes should be determined in advance in the process of nature management. If the trends in the development and dynamics of natural complexes, their resistance to anthropogenic impacts, etc. are not sufficiently studied, this leads to disruption of the landscape-ecological balance and normal functioning of the geosystem. That is why, in order to determine the development trends of modern landscapes, it is necessary to forecast and optimize a number of parameters of various landscape complexes of the studied territory. Given the great recreational and tourist potential of the studied territory, it is important to carry out thorough melioration measures and use environmentally friendly industrial technologies in this group of anthropogenic landscapes.

Anatoly Kornus, Olesia H. Kornus

The article presents the results of a study on the transport accessibility of district centers in the Sumy region using mathematical modeling and geoinformation analysis methods. Based on graph theory, a model of the region's transport network was developed, where settlements were considered as nodes and road connections as weighted edges of the graph. Dijkstra’s algorithm was used to calculate the shortest paths and travel time accessibility. The obtained travel time values from district centers to peripheral settlements were interpolated to construct isochrone maps, allowing for an assessment of the spatial heterogeneity of transport provision in the region. The analysis revealed significant geographical differences in transport accessibility levels across the districts. The best accessibility indicators are observed in areas close to the regional center, while peripheral communities, particularly in the Konotop and Shostka districts, are characterized by substantial travel time costs to reach district centers. Special attention is given to territorial contrasts in transport accessibility, which are determined by the spatial structure of the road network and the administrative-territorial features of the region. The use of Python and Google Colab for calculations and visualization enabled efficient modeling and analysis of the region's transport system. The research findings may be useful for spatial planning, optimizing road infrastructure, and improving population mobility within administrative districts.

N.S. Imamverdiyev

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of using the wind resources of the Khizi region in energy production. The study emphasizes territorial geographic characteristics and resource availability as primary determinants for power plant siting. The research database is based on the analysis of information obtained from various sources, such as measure-ments of meteorological stations, the Global Wind Atlas, and NASA Power data. The wind energy potential of the region was assessed based on meteorological indicators, and prospective areas were identified using GIS, taking into account factors such as land use, environmental impact, and energy demand. The collected data was processed using mathematical models, GIS analyses, economic analyses, and cartographic methods. Op-timal areas for the construction of wind power plants (WPP) were identified based on the main wind parameters, including average wind speed, wind direction, and seasonal wind regime, which reflects long-term va-riability and intra-annual fluctuations. As a result, the wind energy potential of the Khizi region was assessed using GIS-based microzoning and 1981–2022 of meteorological data. The selected location covers an area of 250 km², and 20 deployment zones with 40 turbines can be built in this field. The potential wind energy production in the area is possible to be 295.7 GWh, which could contribute 12% to Azerbaijan’s 2030 renewable energy targets.

A. Hudzevych, H. Korobkova, Maryna Shmahelska et al.

Problem statement. The article examines the structural organization of the Southern Bug basin, operating under urban conditions. This involves obtaining detailed objective information about its condition, which is determined by the need to harmonize this process with European standards in the field of hydrography and with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this study is to inventory the watercourses of the Southern Bug basin within the Vinnytsia city catchment area, assess their ecological state and functional problems, and provide a basis for management decisions. Methods. Classical and modern methods of hydrological, structural-geographical, structural-functional, analytical, remote sensing, instrumental, cartographic, mathematical, and comparative-geographical analyses were applied. The central part of the materials was collected by the authors of the publication during field etymological studies of water bodies of Vinnytsia city, when performing scientific research work in 2023-2024. Results of the study. The study clarified the location and nature of the discharge capabilities of previously identified watercourses. At the same time, an assessment of the elements of the hydrological regime and morphometric features within the basins was conducted. An inventory of the current state of watercourses in Vinnytsia city enabled us to identify technogenic violations in some of them that developed during the urban development of the territory. It has been established that intensive anthropogenic loading of small-river basins leads to significant transformation of the original natural valley-river landscape, up to its complete disappearance. Focusing research on local needs helps structure efforts in responsible consumption (SDG 12), combating climate change (SDG 13), and preserving ecosystems (SDG 15), which is important for restoring the environment transformed by unsustainable consumer practices. Conclusions. The results of the study on the structural organization of the Southern Bug basin in the conditions of Vinnytsia city can significantly expand and activate areas of rational water resource management, ensuring their balanced functioning. They have a decisive influence on the planning of optimal water-use scenarios in urban environments, not only at the local but also at the regional and state levels. The results of the study are the basis for developing a strategy for the urban community and achieving the Goals of balanced development and effective management of territorial resources, as well as for scientific and educational purposes.

Serhii M. Kyryliuk

A little-used term in geomorphology, «relief energy», is examined here along with the author’s efficient sphereological concept, proposed as an alternative to classical approaches. The efficient sphereological concept is based on mathematical modeling and the introduction of abstract notions of virtual planes, which include maximum and minimum surfaces. These planes are used to define the effective layer of relief formation, which is divided into three key components: passive, active, and potential. This approach enables a comprehensive assessment of relief-forming processes and their influence on shaping the surfaces of the Earth and other celestial bodies. The relief energy index, in the context of the proposed concept, serves as an indicator of the surface’s denudation potential – an important parameter for evaluating its evolutionary state. Moreover, this index can act as a marker of the relative age of the relief, as it reflects changes that have occurred due to denudation processes. To test the effectiveness of the concept, preliminary calculations and cartographic interpretations of the relief’s accumulated energy were conducted using small lunar impact craters – Menelaus, Picard, Yerkes, and Pomortsev – as case studies. These craters vary in age but are similar in size, allowing for the analysis of the relationship between denudation potential and the age of morphostructures. The study’s results show that as the age of the craters increases, their denudation potential significantly decreases. This indicates a gradual approach of the surface toward equilibrium, where material movement becomes minimal and denudation processes nearly cease. In addition, the volumes of material required to relocate in order to achieve a conditionally complete cessation of denudation processes were calculated, providing new per- spectives for modeling relief evolution. The proposed efficient sphereological concept has significant potential for further development, especially in the context of studying planetary and satellite surfaces. It may prove useful not only in theoretical exploration but also in practical applications, particularly in planetology, geomorphology, and geography.

Tingting Li, Haipeng Chen, Chao Ma

ABSTRACTChina’s massive urbanisation development will undoubtedly serve as a global reference. Due to the uncertainty of statistical data, nighttime light (NTL) data have emerged as alternative data for urbanisation evaluation. Here, the application of the Prolonged Artificial NTL Dataset of China (1984–2020) has been newly expanded. Total-value statistical, complex NTL index (CNLI), NTL concentration degree, rank-size rule, and Markov transfer matrix were used to systematically mine information about urban change from multiple perspectives. China’s urbanisation exhibited rapid growth and outwards expansion. The total percentage increase in NTL brightness and NTL area was 409.38% and 302.58%, respectively. The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of East China had the fastest urbanisation (CNLI Trend = 0.0057/a, p < 0.01). Low NTL areas transitioned to medium NTL areas, and high and extremely-high NTL areas diffused to medium NTL areas. The cities in Eastern China and Southern China typically exhibited extremely-high type NTL areas, whereas other cities primarily exhibited medium NTL areas. The gaps between city sizes decreased over time (q Trend =  – 0.0200/a, p < 0.01). Lowest-ranked cities exhibited the highest stability (>95%) in city size type transition. The spatiotemporal changes in NTL obtained were of great significance for monitoring urban expansion patterns, making government decisions, and quantifying China’s sustainable development.

P. J. Harris, B. Bodmann

The SIR (susceptible-infectious-recovered) model is a well known method for predicting the number of people (or animals) in a population who become infected by and then recover from a disease. Modifications can include categories such people who have been exposed to the disease but are not yet infectious or those who die from the disease. However, the model has nearly always been applied to the entire population of a country or state but there is considerable observational evidence that diseases can spread at different rates in densely populated urban regions and sparsely populated rural areas. This work presents a new approach that applies a SIR type model to a country or state that has been divided into a number of geographical regions, and uses different infection rates in each region which depend on the population density in that region. Further, the model contains a simple matrix based method for simulating the movement of people between different regions. The model is applied to the spread of disease in the United Kingdom and the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.

Amani Michael Uisso, Aliefendioğlu (Tanrıvermiş) Yeşim, Md Moynul Ahsan et al.

context and background Despite the robustness of various land instruments and legal and institutional regulations on various sectors, Tanzania’s land distribution-related policy implementation and practice is facing numerous challenges. Tanzania is not only experiencing poor land conditions, but also poor land management and ineffective policy implementation. Areas of concern includes public policy actions on land conflicts; settlements and housing problems; and conflicting demand for land for mining, large scale agriculture, conservation, tourism, ranching and pastoral nomadism. This study highlights that the land sector in Tanzania is in a state of instability due to inability to secure rights to land, issues around transparency and ongoing disputes and misunderstanding within society as demand for land increases. Goal and Objectives: The study tries to find out the potential of land and available related policies incongruent with the future land distribution and land use for sustainable land use in Tanzania by recommending the proper land distribution policy directions for feasible outcomes. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was applied to support the existing scenario in land policies regarding land use and the land distribution paradox. A review of land use, distribution, ownership in Tanzania has been conducted by focusing on land use and land cover distribution, size of public land, land claims by major sectors, and land ownership in Tanzania. Results: The study recommends that the government should go beyond land reforms and new legal regulations, but rather concentrate on innovative, participatory, and sustainable land development policy approaches. More emphasis on the operational land market, land information system, land rights, and security of tenure should instead be heightened. Again, effective coordination with relevant sectoral agencies can enhance the implementation of existing policies toward achieving sustainable land and resource management.. 

Jiaxin Dong, Siwei Li, Lina Huang et al.

As a special branch of global trade, the trade of agricultural products has an important impact on food security and the environment. In this paper, we studied international trade network of agricultural products from 2000 to 2016 as a whole and in part. We explored the overall characteristics of the network, analyzed the evolution of communities and identified core countries of the communities. The results show that the structure of the trade network became increasingly complex and the trade relations became closer over time. There were four major communities in the network, whose primary core countries were Germany, the United States, Brazil, and China. Since 2007, the community represented by China has disappeared, and the community pattern of the network has been in a three-pillar state and basically stable. We discuss the actual roles of certain trading countries, the formation of communities and the impact of economic events on agricultural products trade. This paper reveals the underlying patterns of the agricultural products trade and provides a way to track its evolution over time.

Mahat Hanifah, Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib, S. B. Norkhaidi et al.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects refer to school education policies and curriculum options to increase competitiveness in science and technology for students. Geography connects STEM disciplines with the application of geographical technology and tools, which can better understand cross-disciplinary phenomena to address critical problems. This study was carried out to validate the construct of the knowledge and skills in a geography STEM education instrument among prospective teachers in Malaysia. The respondents consisted of 400 students of semesters one to eight from the Bachelor of Education in Geography program, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak, Malaysia, who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The constructs studied were the knowledge and skills in geography STEM education. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for item component grouping. The analysis results showed that the reliability value of Cronbach's alpha was at a high classification, which exceeded 0.70. The result of the EFA showed two components generated from the knowledge construct: STEM Knowledge and Applied Knowledge, and one component from the skill construct known as STEM Skill. Regarding the measurement model, CFA results showed that the solution was suitable and acceptable based on the suggested indicators. Therefore, the 25-item measurement model developed is suitable to measure the knowledge and skills in geography STEM education among prospective teachers in Malaysia.

S. Klosterkamp

<p>Based on an ethnographic study of anti-terror trials at higher regional appeal courts in Germany, conducted in 2015–2020, this article examines the interrelation between the German penal system and criminal trials as mutually constitutive, governmentally guided, and highly secured elements of a state-induced and Islam-centred terrorism prevention. This includes the physical nature of the courthouses, as well as discourses of risk inscribed within them, which are linked to corresponding racialized and gender-rendered readings of the ‚need for custody‘. Under the auspices of a ‚new penology‘ and legitimized as an elimination of ‚state-endangering actions‘, two logics emerge in the course of these proceedings that emphasize either a ‚rectification of the reformable‘ or a ‚confinement of the incorrigible‘, illustrating how a reshaped field of crime control and criminal justice can currently be observed that makes permanent incarceration the guarantor of a promise of security.</p>

M. Mießner, M. Naumann

<p>Not only since the Covid-19 pandemic, rural areas have received new attention as supposedly healthier and attractive places of residence. Regions previously characterized as shrinking are experiencing a highly selective influx of urban middle-class households and an increase in real estate and rental prices. These influxes and housing market developments raise the question of value increase and displacement. English-speaking, and especially British, human geographers have been studying the phenomenon of ”rural gentrification” for several decades. This article therefore aims to systematize this state of the art in terms of its conceptual framework and empirical objects. Based on this, the article explains possible connections for German research on rural gentrification and discusses starting points for future research.</p>