Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

Sahibpreet Singh

The study investigates the juridico-technological architecture of international public health instruments, focusing on their implementation across India, the European Union, the United States and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. It addresses a research lacuna: the insufficient harmonisation between normative health law and algorithmic public health infrastructures in resource-constrained jurisdictions. The principal objective is to assess how artificial intelligence augments implementation of instruments grounded in IHR 2005 and the WHO FCTC while identifying doctrinal and infrastructural bottlenecks. Using comparative doctrinal analysis and legal-normative mapping, the study triangulates legislative instruments, WHO monitoring frameworks, AI systems including BlueDot, Aarogya Setu and EIOS, and compliance metrics. Preliminary results show that AI has improved early detection, surveillance precision and responsiveness in high-capacity jurisdictions, whereas LMICs face infrastructural deficits, data privacy gaps and fragmented legal scaffolding. The findings highlight the relevance of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and GDPR as regulatory prototypes for health-oriented algorithmic governance and contrast them with embryonic AI integration and limited internet penetration in many LMICs. The study argues for embedding AI within a rights-compliant, supranationally coordinated regulatory framework to secure equitable health outcomes and stronger compliance. It proposes a model for algorithmic treaty-making inspired by FCTC architecture and calls for WHO-led compliance mechanisms modelled on the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to enhance pandemic preparedness, surveillance equity and transnational governance resilience.

Makoto Nakamura

This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. The first project establishes structural interoperability by developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard, enabling Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases. Building on this foundation, the second project applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity techniques to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems. A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory comparative analysis.

Xuanyu Chen, Nan Yang, Shuai Wang et al.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) has sparked a growing interest in training large-scale models. As the model size continues to scale, concerns are growing about the depletion of high-quality, well-curated training data. This has led practitioners to explore training approaches like Federated Learning (FL), which can leverage the abundant data on edge devices while maintaining privacy. However, the decentralization of training datasets in FL introduces challenges to scaling large models, a topic that remains under-explored. This paper fills this gap and provides qualitative insights on generalizing the previous model scaling experience to federated learning scenarios. Specifically, we derive a PAC-Bayes (Probably Approximately Correct Bayesian) upper bound for the generalization error of models trained with stochastic algorithms in federated settings and quantify the impact of distributed training data on the optimal model size by finding the analytic solution of model size that minimizes this bound. Our theoretical results demonstrate that the optimal model size has a negative power law relationship with the number of clients if the total training compute is unchanged. Besides, we also find that switching to FL with the same training compute will inevitably reduce the upper bound of generalization performance that the model can achieve through training, and that estimating the optimal model size in federated scenarios should depend on the average training compute across clients. Furthermore, we also empirically validate the correctness of our results with extensive training runs on different models, network settings, and datasets.

Sahibpreet Singh, Pawan Kumar

This chapter explores the complexities of sports governance, taxation, dispute resolution, and the impact of digital transformation within the sports sector. This study identifies a critical research gap regarding the integration of innovative technologies to enhance governance and talent identification in sports law. The objective is to evaluate how data-driven approaches and AI can optimize recruitment processes; also ensuring compliance with existing regulations. A comprehensive analysis of current governance structures and taxation policies,(ie Income Tax Act and GST Act), reveals preliminary results indicating that reform is necessary to support sustainable growth in the sports economy. Key findings demonstrate that AI enhances player evaluation by minimizing biases and expanding access to diverse talent pools. While the Court of Arbitration for Sport provides an efficient mechanism for dispute resolution. The implications emphasize the need for regulatory reforms that align taxation policies with international best practices, promoting transparency and accountability in sports organizations. This research contributes valuable insights into the evolving dynamics of sports management, aiming to foster innovation and integrity in the industry.

Mohammad Bahadori Jahromi, Mohammad Sadiq Darivand

∴ Introduction ∴ ‌The significance of social security and insurance in modern legal frameworks cannot be overstated, as they are fundamental to ensuring the well-being and stability of societies. The right to social security, including insurance, is enshrined in the legal, political, and social governance ideologies of nations worldwide. This paper revisits the opinions of Dr. Sayyed Mohammad Beheshti (1928-1981), a prominent Iranian jurist, philosopher, and politician, who played a pivotal role in shaping the constitutional principles related to social insurance in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study aims to critically analyze Beheshti’s views on the jurisprudential nature, necessity, and state versus private nature of insurance within Islamic law and Iran's legal framework, highlighting his intellectual contributions to the field.‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌The primary research question guiding this study is: How does Martyr Sayyed Mohammad Beheshti assess the concept, jurisprudential nature, necessity, and Islamic as well as state or private nature of insurance within the context of Iran's legal framework? The study seeks to uncover the underlying principles in Beheshti's thought process, particularly in relation to the implementation and categorization of insurance in Iran, as outlined in the Constitution.‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌The study hypothesizes that Martyr Beheshti’s views on insurance are deeply rooted in Islamic jurisprudence, reflecting a unique synthesis of religious and legal principles. It posits that Beheshti advocates for the necessity of insurance as a state-run institution in Iran, with its foundation firmly anchored in Islamic teachings. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that Beheshti distinguishes between public and private forms of insurance, advocating for a balanced approach that aligns with the broader goals of social justice and security as envisioned in the Islamic Republic’s Constitution.‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌This research adopts an analytical approach, utilizing both qualitative and doctrinal research methodologies to explore Beheshti’s legal opinions on social insurance. The study is structured around a detailed examination of primary and secondary sources, including Beheshti’s writings, speeches, and constitutional debates. It also involves a comparative analysis of different juristic perspectives on the nature of insurance, contextualizing Beheshti’s views within the broader Islamic legal tradition. The framework of the study is designed to progressively build upon the analysis, beginning with a conceptual understanding of insurance, followed by a detailed exploration of its jurisprudential and constitutional implications as interpreted by Beheshti.‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌The analysis of Martyr Sayyed Mohammad Beheshti’s views on social insurance within Iran's legal framework reveals several critical insights into the jurisprudential and constitutional principles governing insurance in the Islamic Republic. Beheshti's contributions, as a key figure in the drafting of Iran’s Constitution, provide a nuanced understanding of how Islamic jurisprudence can be applied to contemporary issues like insurance.     One of the central findings is that Beheshti viewed insurance as a vital component of social security, which is necessary for ensuring the well-being and stability of society. His interpretation aligns with the broader Islamic principles of social justice, cooperation, and solidarity, which are essential in fostering a supportive community. He argued that insurance should be understood as an independent contract within Islamic jurisprudence, rather than trying to fit it into pre-existing categories of contracts. This perspective highlights the flexibility of Islamic legal principles in accommodating new and emerging issues, such as the modern concept of insurance.     Beheshti’s stance on the necessity of state involvement in insurance is particularly significant. He believed that the state has a crucial role in ensuring that all citizens have access to basic social protections, including insurance. This is reflected in the emphasis on social insurance within the Iranian Constitution, where it is mandated as a fundamental right. Beheshti's advocacy for mandatory public health insurance underscores his commitment to the idea that the state should not only regulate but also actively participate in providing social security to its citizens.     Moreover, Beheshti’s views on the Islamic roots of insurance emphasize the importance of collective responsibility and social cooperation. He argued that insurance is not merely a financial transaction but a moral and ethical obligation rooted in Islamic teachings. The principles of benevolence, social responsibility, and solidarity are central to his understanding of insurance, which he saw as a means of fulfilling the Islamic state's duty to care for all segments of society, especially the most vulnerable.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌The study concludes that Martyr Sayyed Mohammad Beheshti's views on social insurance are deeply rooted in both Islamic jurisprudence and the principles of social justice. His contributions to the drafting of the Iranian Constitution reflect a profound understanding of the need for social security mechanisms that are both equitable and in line with Islamic values. Beheshti’s advocacy for state involvement in insurance, particularly in the form of mandatory public health insurance, highlights his belief in the government's responsibility to protect its citizens through comprehensive social insurance policies.     Beheshti’s conceptualization of insurance as an independent contract within Islamic law underscores the adaptability of Islamic jurisprudence to contemporary issues. His emphasis on the moral and ethical dimensions of insurance further illustrates the depth of his commitment to creating a just and supportive society. Ultimately, Beheshti’s legacy in this area continues to influence the ongoing development of social insurance policies in Iran, providing a framework that balances legal, religious, and social considerations in the pursuit of social welfare.

A. M. Korzhenyak

INTRODUCTION. In the process of adapting to the changing realities of geopolitics and international law, collective legitimation has become one of the main political functions of the UN as a means of politically significant approval (or disapproval) of the behaviour and positions of states as consistent with international law and at the same time meeting the needs of the present, a means of recognising them as legitimate (or illegitimate). Awareness of the dynamic nature of such a phenomenon of contemporary international law as “international legal legitimation”, competent mastery of international legal argumentation skills, their constant improvement and updating, innovative approach to the formulation of international legal positions that could really claim to be dominant and progressive, development of an optimal mechanism for their articulation and legitimation will allow to ensure the competitiveness of Russia’s international legal policy among such rigid, wilful, but, it should be admitted, calculating and shrewd strategies of legitimation, which are applied primarily by the United States of America. Against the background of Washington’s generally successful and effective international legal legitimation of its interventions, as a result of which not a single resolution was adopted either by the UN Security Council or the UN General Assembly (UNGA) that would have qualified the American invasions of Iraq, Libya or Syria as “aggression”, the international legal support for the Russian Federation’s special military operation in the Ukraine (SVO) needs to be improved, since precisely this qualification was given to it by the UNGA. The relevance and significance of the issue increases in view of the need to enhance the quality of the international legal justification of the SVO, which should be aimed at the recognition, approval and acceptance by the majority of members of the international community of Russia’s international legal position on this issue, i. e. at its international legal legitimation, capable of reversing the currently prevailing pro-Western international legal consciousness. Therefore, this phenomenon encapsulates a tremendous applied value in the context of the increasing number of hybrid threats to the national security of our country and the emergence of new sources of such threats.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The theoretical and empirical basis of the research is constituted by domestic and mainly foreign international legal literature with an emphasis on the latest scientific developments and also with reference to the relevant to the topic law enforcement practice (practice of the International Court of Justice) and material of specialised dictionaries. On the basis of integrative (multidimensional) approach to scientific legal research, taking into account such principles of scientific cognition as theoretical novelty and scientific relevance, the study was guided, in particular, by hermeneutic, formal-legal, formallogical, structural-functional and systematic methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, legal modelling, legal construction and strategic planning.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article reviews relevant studies on the term “legitimation” in international law, outlines various approaches to the definition and interpretation of this notion, reveals the content and structural elements of the process of international legal legitimation aimed at achieving, recognising or confirming the legitimacy of an international legal position of a state. Forming her own vision of the notion of “international legal legitimation”, the author has devised a number of classifications (structural schemes): a typology of approaches to the definition of the term “legitimation” (nihilistic, idealistic and compromise), the structure of the process of international legal legitimation, the types of international legal legitimation according to the time and will criteria.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Amid the large-scale and powerful “legal aggression” of the West against Russia, the phenomenon of international legal legitimation of the state’s actions often raises the question of the need to be bold, inventive and even creative in formulating international legal positions in a particular area. Our hypothesis is that in the real world, in which international law is a “product of a game of powers and interests”, the direct and active involvement of the Russian Federation in the process of constructing a common model of international legal legitimation of states’ positions would help to increase the effectiveness of the protection of Russian interests. The first step on this path could be the development and approbation of an international legal mechanism of legitimation of Russia’s international legal position on the SVO. Besides, it is important to analyse the international legal legitimation practices of particular states not only in order to study and potentially absorb their experience, but also to learn how to predict and anticipate further international legal manoeuvres of a certain country so as to be able to respond to them in a timely and appropriate manner.

Zhang Hui, Aftab Haider, Asif Khan

Plastic waste pollution in oceans has emerged as a severe global crisis, exacerbated by international trade. The increased movement of goods, particularly plastic-based products, contributes significantly to marine plastic pollution. This study explores the intersection of international trade and plastic waste, focusing on legal and policy challenges. Using a qualitative research design, this paper reviews international legal frameworks such as the Basel Convention, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and regional trade agreements to assess their effectiveness in addressing plastic waste issues. The research highlights critical enforcement gaps, lack of standardized regulations, and insufficient international cooperation as major obstacles to effective plastic waste management. Key findings suggest strengthening international legal frameworks, enhancing monitoring and compliance mechanisms, and promoting sustainable trade practices are crucial for mitigating plastic pollution in oceans. The study underscores the necessity for binding agreements within trade policies to ensure a sustainable balance between economic growth and marine ecosystem preservation.

Caroline S. Wagner, Travis A. Whetsell

Public managers lack feedback on the effectiveness of public investments, policies, and programs instituted to build and use research capacity. Numerous reports rank countries on global performance on innovation and competitiveness, but the highly globalized data does not distinguish country contributions from global ones. We suggest improving upon global reports by removing globalized measures and combining a reliable set of national indicators into an index. We factor analyze 14 variables for 172 countries from 2013 to 2021. Two factors emerge, one for raw or core research capacity and the other indicating the wider context of governance. Analysis shows convergent validity within the two factors and divergent validity between them. Nations rank differently between capacity, governance context, and the product of the two. Ranks also vary as a function of the chosen aggregation method. Finally, as a test of the predictive validity of the capacity index, a regression analysis was implemented predicting national citation strength. Policymakers and analysts may find stronger feedback from this approach to quantifying national research strength.

Alejandro Gómez-Velásquez

Con la aparición del constitucionalismo transformador latinoamericano se hace necesario revisar las metáforas que le sirven de fundamento y que prescriben su debido funcionamiento. Para ello, se propone asimilar estas constituciones a un plan maestro orientado al cambio social. Esta analogía trae importantes implicaciones a partir de los recientes desarrollos de la ontología y la filosofía social. Para los órganos y ramas del Estado, como agentes vinculados al desarrollo del proyecto constitucional, les implica el cumplimiento de las máximas de mutua receptividad, compromiso con la actividad compartida y de apoyo mutuo. En esta última es donde radica el fundamento analítico del deber de colaboración entre los poderes públicos para el cumplimiento del plan constitucional. Adicional a ello, un número significativo de constituciones latinoamericanas prevén expresamente dicho mandato, junto con algunos dispositivos que lo desarrollan y prácticas como las sentencias estructurales que lo usan de fundamento. Por lo tanto, abordar el significado y alcance del principio de colaboración armónica entre poderes resulta no solo novedoso, sino prometedor de cara a mejorar la eficacia y cumplimiento de los textos constitucionales con vocación transformadora.

Amin Motamedi

1. IntroductionIn recent years, there has been a growing trend in the “North and South” dialectics in all fields. International law is no exception to this rule. Recently, in international law studies, in particular, in philosophical discourses and historical development research regarding the origin and the basis of international law obligations, efforts have been made by new scholars to spread the Eastern approach to international law. As these thoughts normally emerge from the less developed and colonial countries, it is called the “Third-World Approach to International Law (TWAIL)”. This approach is rooted in the critical legal studies movement in international law. By taking the Asian perspective into account and also, the evolution of the history of Asian civilizations, this approach attempts to address the inauspicious phenomenon of colonialism in undeveloped or less developed countries, and thereby, decenter Europe as the origin of international law.From 1996 to 2020, we have been facing a significant increase in studies related to this third-world approach to international law, which depicts the possible emergence of a renaissance period in this field of study.  Although its initial consistent rise happened between 1998 and 2012, the volume of scientific content production in this approach gradually increased. In fact, this approach points us to a re-examination of the historical evolution of international law. As mentioned, the researchers and experts of this approach are actively present in the world of international law and this approach will undoubtedly impact their opinions and activities. MethodologyFurthermore, the third-world approaches to international law have rooted in different areas, but naturally, they have become more prominent in some categories of international law, in terms of studying the methodology and the historical background of international law that were mentioned earlier.The third-world approach functions in two ways: first, it challenges the radicalized power and the hierarchy of international institutions and norms, and second, it examines the past and the present foundations of colonies and imperial structures of international law. Many of the insights created by the critical approach have been important and useful for the supporters of the third-world approach to international law. So, this approach will analyze the current issues of international law and human rights in a critical discourse. Although there is a fear of division and conflict in such approaches, they create more awareness and increase the debate between different nations on the subject which leads to the universality of international law. It is worth mentioning that Marty Koskenniemi and David Kennedy are among the most famous experts in this field of study and have written many articles about this approach.  ConclusionIn conclusion, it seems that the critical and bold approach to international law through the lens of the so-called third-world countries analyzes the deep-rooted inequalities in the international community. The synergy between the critical approach and the third-world approach has expanded the content of international law norms and has created new discourses in international law. Based on the writings of the experts with the third-world approach to international law, it seems that in the past and especially in recent centuries, through the flawed phenomenon of exploitation and colonialism (both in its traditional and modern forms), the powerful countries of the world have seriously damaged the trust of other countries regarding international decisions and regulations concerning third-world countries and especially Asian countries. Thus, actions should be taken to rebuild that trust. It is possible to change the view of third-world countries to powerful countries in international relations. But the emergence of other powerful governments and Asian actors, especially those countries that have a significant impact on the international economy and, as a result, are noticeably influential on politics and international relations, can lead to a redefinition of many concepts in the modern world.Finally, it seems that, regarding the true goals and ideals of international law, the presence of “North and South” views in all areas related to international law have led to different political sides and the current international order. challenges exist at all levels, but the examination and analysis of such multi-dimensional approaches will lead to the expansion of the discourse and exchange of opinions between different nations and will raise awareness and respect for different cultural systems among them, which finally, contributes to the universality of international law.

Rafid Mahmood, James Lucas, Jose M. Alvarez et al.

Modern deep learning systems require huge data sets to achieve impressive performance, but there is little guidance on how much or what kind of data to collect. Over-collecting data incurs unnecessary present costs, while under-collecting may incur future costs and delay workflows. We propose a new paradigm for modeling the data collection workflow as a formal optimal data collection problem that allows designers to specify performance targets, collection costs, a time horizon, and penalties for failing to meet the targets. Additionally, this formulation generalizes to tasks requiring multiple data sources, such as labeled and unlabeled data used in semi-supervised learning. To solve our problem, we develop Learn-Optimize-Collect (LOC), which minimizes expected future collection costs. Finally, we numerically compare our framework to the conventional baseline of estimating data requirements by extrapolating from neural scaling laws. We significantly reduce the risks of failing to meet desired performance targets on several classification, segmentation, and detection tasks, while maintaining low total collection costs.

Mahmood Khosrowjerdi

Information transparency is a major building block of responsible governments. We explored factors influencing the information transparency of 117 world nations. After controlling for the effects of confounding variables of wealth (GDP per capita), corruption rate, population density, human capital, and telecommunication infrastructure, we found that the good governance indices (democracy, economy, and management) were strong and stable predictors of information transparency of world nations.

Sadhon Saha, Md. Nazmus Sadekin, Sanjoy Kumar Saha

The intention of this study is to look into the effect of institutional quality on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in lower-middle income countries. To accomplish this goal, we use a panel data set of 28 lower-middle income countries in six different regions that span the period from 2002 to 2018. This analysis is conducted by using dynamic panel estimation (two-step system GMM). Later, we use threshold analysis to capture how the reaction of institutional quality varies in terms of GDP per capita. The empirical outcomes suggest that control of corruption and regulatory quality enhance FDI inflow while high rule of law and voice and accountability mitigate it in lower-middle income countries. On the contrary, government effectiveness, and political stability do not have any significant impact on FDI. Regulatory quality has the greatest impact on foreign investment inflows of all the metrics. Similarly, threshold analysis reveals that regulatory quality has a positive impact on FDI when per capita GDP of FDI recipient nations exceeds the threshold value of 7.197, while voice and accountability have a positive impact on FDI when per capita GDP exceeds the threshold value of 7.776. In terms of the size of the impact of institutional factors in attracting FDI, lower middle incoutries were quite different from that high and low income countries, though the outcome is largely similar in the three subgroups. According to the regional findings, each of the institutional quality measures is only effective in the East Asia and Pacific region. In addition, threshold analysis reveals how institutions respond to the impact of per capita GDP.

Monika Zalnieriute, L. B. Moses, G. Williams

Governments around the world are deploying automation tools in making decisions that affect rights and entitlements. The interests affected are very broad, ranging from time spent in detention to the receipt of social security benefits. This article focuses on the impact on rule of law values of automation using: (1) pre-programmed rules (for example, expert systems); and (2) predictive inferencing whereby rules are derived from historic data (such by applying supervised machine learning). The article examines the use of these systems across a range of nations. It explores the tension between the rule of law and rapid technological change and concludes with observations on how the automation of government decision-making can both enhance and detract from rule of law values.

Ulisses Barres de Almeida, Paolo Giommi, Andrew M. T. Pollock

The almost universal availability of electronic connectivity, portable devices, and the web is bringing about a major revolution: information of all kinds is rapidly becoming accessible to everyone, transforming social, economic and cultural life practically everywhere in the world. Internet technologies represent an unprecedented and extraordinary two-way channel of communication between producers and users of data. Open Universe is an initiative proposed to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and currently in implementation under the leadership of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN-OOSA). Its primary objective is to stimulate a dramatic increase in the availability and usability of space science data, extending the potential of scientific discovery to new participants in all parts of the world. This paper describes the initiative in general, some of the activities carried out to demonstrate its feasibility, and its use in the context of the BRICS Astronomy Programme.

maryam heydaripouri, sayyedfhqer mirabbasi, aboumohammad asgarkhani

In the Constitution and some ordinary laws of Iran, the issue of the absolute prohibition of all instances of torture has been raised. In addition to domestic law, international law has also focused on torture, andinternational human rights instruments, including the 1984 Convention against Torture, have made this actunethical Contrary to human dignity, it is emphasized that it is necessary to mention this issue that therelated domestic laws of Iran, in addition to the definition and explanation of cases of torture, have not beenmentioned, but the conflict or significant differences between Iranian law and international human rightsinstruments In particular, the Convention on the Prohibition of Torture, as the main instrument ofinternational law The United Nations Convention on the Prohibition of Torture The present study, which is adescriptive-analytical method written through scamming and using library resources, examines theimplementation of torture bans in Iran and compares them with international human rights instruments andtreaties and, in the end, The result is that my guarantees of torture in Iran are inadequate in comparisonwith international documents and treaties and is one of the main problems in the total prohibition of torturecases in Iran.

Giovanni Abramo, Ciriaco Andrea D'Angelo

National policies aimed at fostering the effectiveness of scientific systems should be based on reliable strategic analysis identifying strengths and weaknesses at field level. Approaches and indicators thus far proposed in the literature have not been completely satisfactory, since they fail to distinguish the effect of the size of production factors from that of their quality, particularly the quality of labor. The current work proposes an innovative "input-oriented" approach, which permits: i) estimation of national research performance in a field and comparison to that of other nations, independent of the size of their respective research staffs; and, for fields of comparable intensity of publication, ii) identification of the strong and weak research fields within a national research system on the basis of international comparison. In reference to the second objective, the proposed approach is applied to the Italian case, through the analysis of the 2006-2010 scientific production of the Italian academic system, in the 200 research fields where bibliometric analysis is meaningful.

Bohua Sun

This study considers the periodic orbital period of an n-body system from the perspective of dimension analysis. According to characteristics of the n-body system with point masses $(m_1,m_2,...,m_n)$, the gravitational field parameter, $α\sim Gm_im_j$, the n-body system reduction mass $M_n$, and the area, $A_n$, of the periodic orbit are selected as the basic parameters, while the period, $T_n$, and the system energy, $|E_n|$, are expressed as the three basic parameters. Using the Buckingham $π$ theorem, We obtained an epic result, by working with a reduced gravitation parameter $α_n$, then predicting a dimensionless relation $T_n|E_n|^{3/2}=\text{const} \times α_n \sqrt{μ_n}$ ($μ_n$ is reduced mass). The const$=\fracπ{\sqrt{2}}$ is derived by matching with the 2-body Kepler's third law, and then a surprisingly simple relation for Kepler's third law of an n-body system is derived by invoking a symmetry constraint inspired from Newton's gravitational law: $T_n|E_n|^{3/2}=\fracπ{\sqrt{2}} G\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=i+1}^n(m_im_j)^3}{\sum_{k=1}^n m_k}\right)^{1/2}$. This formulae is, of course, consistent with the Kepler's third law of 2-body system, but yields a non-trivial prediction of the Kepler's third law of 3-body: $T_3|E_3|^{3/2}= \fracπ{\sqrt{2}} G \left[\frac{(m_1m_2)^3+(m_1m_3)^3+(m_2m_3)^3}{m_1+m_2+m_3}\right]^{1/2}$. A numerical validation and comparison study was conducted. This study provides a shortcut in search of the periodic solutions of three-body and n-body problems and has valuable application prospects in space exploration.

Nilson Elias de Carvalho Junior

O sistema tributário brasileiro, estruturado nas últimas décadas sem mecanismos de planejamento do desenvolvimento econômico nacional, que contemple as peculiaridades de cada Estado, conjugado à ampliação da autonomia dos Estados, fez com que estes entes passassem a disputar a atração de investimentos para seus territórios através da concessão de incentivos fiscais. Isso gerou uma verdadeira guerra fiscal, que contribuiu para uma deterioração ainda maior das finanças dos Estados e à própria perda de atratividade desses benefícios para novos investimentos e até mesmo da capacidade de mantê-los. Diante dessa difícil realidade, este artigo apresenta uma proposta de aplicação do dever de proporcionalidade à concessão de incentivos fiscais, partindo do pressuposto de que uma rígida análise da real necessidade de conceder tais benefícios previamente à sua concessão, bem como uma avaliação sobre a possibilidade adoção de outros instrumentos de fomento à economia, pode proporcionar condições de desenvolvimento dos Estados e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a higidez das contas públicas no futuro, garantindo assim a existência de recursos mínimos para a aplicação em políticas públicas sociais para as futuras gerações.

Michael C. Abbott, Benjamin B. Machta

An analog communication channel typically achieves its full capacity when the distribution of inputs is discrete, composed of just K symbols, such as voltage levels or wavelengths. As the effective noise level goes to zero, for example by sending the same message multiple times, it is known that optimal codes become continuous. Here we derive a scaling law for the optimal number of symbols in this limit, finding a novel rational scaling exponent. The number of symbols in the optimal code grows as $\log K \sim I^{4/3}$, where the channel capacity I increases with decreasing noise. The same scaling applies to other problems equivalent to maximizing channel capacity over a continuous distribution.