While literature on mass incarceration has focused primarily on incarcerated men, their children, and their romantic partners, this article builds on a smaller body of work that highlights the harms to mothers under the constraints of the neoliberal carceral state. In this study, I examine how mothers with incarcerated adult children have been conscripted to perform extractive caring labor. Drawing on data from 21 in-depth interviews, I find that mothers often travel long and costly distances, drain their savings, and work multiple jobs to ensure the survival of their incarcerated children. I argue that the cumulative impact of financialized policies and time-draining bureaucracy results in the extraction of precious time and money from working-class Black and Latine women on the outside. I introduce the term carceral care economy to conceptualize the neoliberal commodification of incarceration and the labor imperative it creates for mothers with children who are imprisoned.
Monica Pinilla-Roncancio, Nicolas Rodriguez Caicedo
Disability Certification is an instrument that can contribute to the identification of persons with disabilities who are potential beneficiaries of social protection programmes. In Colombia, the disability certification process was changed in 2020 to include a human rights perspective. However, little information exists on how far the process aligns with the recommendations made by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities or to what extent it provides useful information for the operation of the country’s social protection system. This study aims to analyse how the changes implemented in 2020 have contributed to the identification and determination of persons with disabilities in social protection programmes in Colombia. This research uses an analytical-descriptive design, in which legal documents related to the social protection programme and disability certification were analysed. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews in Colombia with people with disabilities, professionals conducting the certification, and with key stakeholders, and we analysed the information using thematic analysis. Colombia changed its certification process in 2020, moving from a capacity-to-work assessment to a process of assessing functioning capacity and participation limitations following the International Classification of Functional Disability and Health. However, the new certification process has not provided an instrument to contribute to determining persons with disabilities who should be prioritised or receive social benefits in Colombia. The certification does not establish the support needs of people with disabilities, does not recommend reasonable adjustments to support their participation in society, and has not been used systematically in social protection programmes. Finally, individuals with disabilities commented that the disability certification is a process that does not open up opportunities to receive social benefits and social transfers, and in most cases, it is an expensive and lengthy process. Disability certification in Colombia is not an instrument that determines the needs of people with disabilities, nor the reasonable accommodations that they require in order to participate in society.
Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
Caroline Carlé, Delphine Boucher, Luisa Morelli
et al.
Abstract Background Perinatal exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2), as a foodborne particle, may influence the intestinal barrier function and the susceptibility to develop inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) later in life. Here, we investigate the impact of perinatal foodborne TiO2 exposure on the intestinal mucosal function and the susceptibility to develop IBD-associated colitis. Pregnant and lactating mother mice were exposed to TiO2 until pups weaning and the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function of their offspring was assessed at day 30 post-birth (weaning) and at adult age (50 days). Epigenetic marks was studied by DNA methylation profile measuring the level of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine (5-Me-dC) in DNA from colic epithelial cells. The susceptibility to develop IBD has been monitored using dextran-sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Germ-free mice were used to define whether microbial transfer influence the mucosal homeostasis and subsequent exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis. Results In pregnant and lactating mice, foodborne TiO2 was able to translocate across the host barriers including gut, placenta and mammary gland to reach embryos and pups, respectively. This passage modified the chemical element composition of foetus, and spleen and liver of mothers and their offspring. We showed that perinatal exposure to TiO2 early in life alters the gut microbiota composition, increases the intestinal epithelial permeability and enhances the colonic cytokines and myosin light chain kinase expression. Moreover, perinatal exposure to TiO2 also modifies the abilities of intestinal stem cells to survive, grow and generate a functional epithelium. Maternal TiO2 exposure increases the susceptibility of offspring mice to develop severe DSS-induced colitis later in life. Finally, transfer of TiO2-induced microbiota dysbiosis to pregnant germ-free mice affects the homeostasis of the intestinal mucosal barrier early in life and confers an increased susceptibility to develop colitis in adult offspring. Conclusions Our findings indicate that foodborne TiO2 consumption during the perinatal period has negative long-lasting consequences on the development of the intestinal mucosal barrier toward higher colitis susceptibility. This demonstrates to which extent environmental factors influence the microbial-host interplay and impact the long-term mucosal homeostasis.
Fatemeh Hassanati, Salime Jafari, Reza Nilipour
et al.
Objectives: Lexical access problems are one of the limitations observed in children with developmental language disorders during the initial years of schooling. Semantic context has a powerful influence on lexical access. The cross-modal visual-auditory picture-word interference paradigm is a method for studying adults and children's lexical access. Because few studies have examined lexical access in Persian-speaking children, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of different semantic contexts on lexical access in children with and without developmental language disorder.
Methods: In this experimental study, 20 children aged 7-9 years with developmental language disorders and 20 age-matched peers were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. At first, the picture-word interference paradigm was prepared. In so doing, 16 common pictures of objects paired with four auditory interfering words (related verb, related noun, unrelated verb, and unrelated noun) were presented to the children in a silent condition to determine their naming accuracy and latency. The DMDX software calculated the naming latency. The percentage of correct names also calculated naming accuracy.
Results: Naming latencies were significantly faster in children without language disorders (P≤0.05). In addition, a reliable interference effect was found. According to the results, naming latencies were significantly faster for related verb distractors than unrelated verbs and related noun distractors (P<0.05). In addition, a significant difference was observed between the silent and interference conditions regarding the naming accuracy. However, accuracy was not affected by distractors.
Discussion: Different semantic contexts affect lexical access differently in children. These differences cause semantic relatedness between verbs and nouns in lexical networks. The present study findings indicate that lexical knowledge and semantic relatedness are lower in children with developmental language disorders than in those with typical language development. These results can be useful for future studies and interventions on lexical access in children with and without language disorders.
Medicine, Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities
This article focuses on the restructurings that took place within the hospitality sector during the economic downturn caused by the pandemic. The aim of this article is to examine how STW (short-time work) schemes and redundancies affected the psychosocial work environment. The data material consists primarily of 36 interviews with employees and managers from three hotels in Sweden that implemented STW schemes, where some employees were also made redundant. The results show that during the rather long period of government restrictions, radical shifts in hotel occupancy rates, and implemented STW schemes, the work environment changed in terms of employees’ perceptions of job (in)security; workload and work extension; time and financial structures; and workplace relations. Further, the results illustrate how hotel employees’ perceptions of the psychosocial work environment shifted over the course of the pandemic.
Oleh Semenenko, Victoriia Koverga, Oleksandr Ostapenko
et al.
Мета роботи: є аналіз обсягів воєнних витрат Росії та їх структури у період 2010-2022 років з метою виявлення тенденцій підготовки РФ до війни з Україною, а також з метою розкриття воєнних втрат РФ у російсько-українській війні та формування рекомендацій щодо економічній протидії країни світу та України.
Метод: основними методами досліджень є методи системного аналізу та синтезу економічних процесів, регресійного та кореляційного аналізу, методи економічної теорії та економічної логіки.
Результати дослідження: розкрито структуру воєнних витрат Росії за досліджуваний період, визначені основні тенденції її зміни за роками, за обсягами воєнних витрат сформовано прогноз на наступний 2023 рік, зроблені висновки щодо дій Росії у війні та визначені практичні рекомендації щодо економічної та організаційної протидії Росії країнами світу та Україною.
Теоретична цінність дослідження: основними результатами досліджень за тематикою статті є: результати аналізу воєнних витрат Росії та їх структури за досліджуваний період, а також сформовані рекомендації щодо економічної та організаційної протидії Росії в умовах війни.
Abstract:In the past decade, a wave of municipal ordinances has swept through North America seeking to police Asian massage work in the name of combating human trafficking. These municipal ordinances have led to sensationalist sting operations that nearly universally subject massage workers to policing and, for those who are undocumented, deportation. This paper thinks through the enduring virility of the trafficking-deportation pipeline by considering forms of auxiliary policing that anti-trafficking responses have enacted on working-class immigrant communities. They justify increasingly diverse modes of criminalization while upholding notions of legitimate and illegitimate labor organized within racial capitalism. This paper extends Bill Ong Hing’s concept of “vigilante racism” (Hing 2002) to understand how the neoliberal policing of poverty has collided with the anti-trafficking movement. This paper focuses on new municipal license regimes for Asian massage workers to reveal how these mechanisms configure hierarchies of labor predicated on markers of race, gender, poverty, and citizenship.
Abstract This paper exploits micro data on the joint distribution of consumption and wages to measure the Frisch labor supply elasticity at the extensive margin. The approach is based on a derived reservation property of the working decision that holds in a class of models where the labor choice is intratemporal: given consumption, there exists a unique wage level above which individuals work and below which they do not. It is shown that this property is robust to heterogeneity in borrowing constraints, discount factors, and wage processes within the class of models. Applying it directly to the observed joint distribution of consumption and wages, I find that the aggregate Frisch elasticity at the extensive margin is 0.4 and that across various demographic groups, the elasticity ranges from 0.2 to 0.6. However, the elasticity variation is more pronounced across consumption groups and the elasticity is decreasing in consumption within demographic groups. The latter findings imply that the measured elasticity critically depends on the composition of consumption groups in the sample.
How does educational research inform understanding of the current labor activism among U.S. teachers and illuminate teachers’ capacity when they are organized as workers to challenge neoliberal educational policies? To address these questions we examine critical research on teachers’ work and teachers unions from 2000-2019, scrutinizing knowledge production about teachers’ work and the role of teachers unions in contesting and conceding to reform, and analyzing how ideological assumptions about capitalism, labor, race, class, and gender configure the amount and nature of scholarship on teachers unions. We explain why scholarship on school reform should include attention to teacher unionism, re-conceptualizing tensions between what are understood as “social justice” struggles and defense of teachers’ professional interests, livelihoods, and working conditions.
T. Strashnikova, A. Oleshchenko, D. Surzhikov
et al.
The article gives a hygienic characteristic of the factors of the labor process of employees of the main professions of the mining enterprise: severity and tension. Classes of working conditions are defined. Found that the priority factor of the labor process of workers in major industrial and occupational groups mining companies is the burden of work. The working conditions of the drilling rig operator, the sinker on the section of rifling work No. 6, the sinker on the section of mining and preparatory work No. 10, and the electrical mechanic on duty and for repairing equipment are classified as thirddegree hazardous (3.3). According to the criterion of labor intensity, the studied industrial and professional groups have an acceptable (2) and harmful class of working conditions of the first degree (3.1).
Danielle Marcia Hachmann de Lacerda da Gama, Diogo Linhares Fernandes
Partindo da compreensão sobre o papel que uma educação emancipadora pode cumprir para a juventude, ao ter na sua formação os próprios atores sociais envolvidos e atuando de forma crítica, e considerando os limites que a educação formal pode apresentar à formação de jovens estudantes, buscamos neste artigo fazer uma reflexão sobre a atuação dos jovens, em sua maioria moradores das periferias urbanas, que vêm construindo espaços expressivos como as batalhas de poesia conhecidas como slams. Nelas, seus atores veiculam poemas que falam sobre as experiências vividas e que, em geral, dizem respeito a diversas formas de marginalização e opressão a que estão sujeitos por suas origens territoriais ou identitárias. Há nas batalhas uma intenção de promover o debate e conscientização dos sujeitos participantes a respeito de questões sociais, em um modo de aprender sobre si, sobre seu espaço, seus direitos. Apoiamos nossa reflexão em revisão bibliográfica, ilustrando-a com o caso dos Slams das Minas, circuito de batalhas promovidas por jovens mulheres. Consideramos que os slams podem ser pensados como espaços de educação popular, não formal, capazes de contribuir na formação social e humana dos sujeitos que deles participam.
Social Sciences, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
The rise of the “gig economy” has enabled Internet users to find new work previously unavailable to them. For this purpose, “online labor platforms” have been set up, which constitute a global remote gig economy and enable clients to access world-wide labor power. This chapter discusses how these platforms work and to this end 250 remote gig economy workers across ten countries and four continents have been interviewed along with platform CEOs and government and trade union officials. Moreover, a survey encompassing 679 Asian and African workers has been conducted in addition to an analysis of transaction data and observation studies. The authors conclude by cautioning against having online gig work function as an unregulated labor market and propose some suggestions to improve relationships and conditions between the employing class, the governing class, and the working class.
Abstract During the US military occupation of Haiti, domestic workers performed the crucial labor that allowed Marine households, the city of Port-au-Prince, and the entire country to function. In this sense, they represented a human infrastructure for the entire occupation. Their experiences show that the debates over labor, race, and sovereignty that defined the high politics of the occupation actually reached into private spaces where face-to-face interactions between occupier and occupied occurred. Domestic work, like other types of labor in the occupation, ran the gamut from highly coerced forms of unpaid child labor and convict work to various configurations of wage labor. Domestic sites influenced mutual processes of race-making, including the US exoticist obsession with Haitian Vodou. Servants’ conflicts with their Marine employers included—but ultimately went beyond—daily struggles over labor. Their proximity to marines influenced domestics’ participation in acts of anti-imperial activism, such as the Caco rebellion, and explains why servants were invoked by radical journalists and cultural nationalist writers who opposed US rule. Domestics’ activities also highlight under-explored areas of Haitian activism, such as their use of formal state institutions to seek redress and their participation in emerging forms of urban protest that included other members of the urban working class. Although novel and relatively small during the occupation, such urban protests have become a staple of Haitian politics in the present day.