Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Ridha Amaliyah

The expansion of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Indonesia, particularly in the nickel downstream sector, has reshaped local political and social dynamics in resource-rich regions. This article critically examines the relationship between Chinese companies and local actors through a case study of Indonesia Morowali Industrial Park (IMIP) in Central Sulawesi. Employing Alvin Camba’s concept of social embeddedness, the study analyzes how Chinese investment is sustained through interactions among firms, state elites, local governments, and civil society. Based on qualitative analysis of policy documents, media reports, and interviews, the findings reveal that IMIP’s operations are strongly embedded within Indonesia’s central government coalition elites, whose political support facilitates regulatory flexibility and minimizes local resistance. This elite alignment enables investment continuity but simultaneously weakens environmental governance and limits meaningful community participation. While IMIP contributes to local economic growth, it also generates social tensions related to labor practices, environmental degradation, and limited technology transfer. Corporate social responsibility and strategic communication are used to manage, rather than resolve, these structural issues. The article argues that Chinese investment in Indonesia is less driven by market efficiency alone than by political embeddedness within a strong regime. This dynamic highlights the asymmetric power relations between investors, the state, and local communities, raising critical questions about the long-term sustainability and social justice of resource-based development under the Belt and Road Initiative.

Nikolay M. Svetlov, Alexey V. Golubev

This study hypothesizes that the choice of state strategy for the development of Russia’s agricultural sector should take into account, among other factors, the potential of intermediate technologies. These technologies can serve as a source of demand for incremental innovations in agriculture and help achieve multiple objectives of agricultural policy: mitigating demographic challenges in rural areas, stimulating demand for agricultural land, preventing the depreciation of outdated machinery by extending its productive use, and engaging villagers, including pensioners and teenagers, in productive activities. To support this hypothesis, the study provides a mathematical definition of intermediate technologies, highlighting their key characteristics: low capital intensity and land productivity, high labor intensity, and sufficient competitiveness, which depends on the relative affordability of production factors alternative to capital. Such conditions can be found throughout Russia, in regions with either rural overpopulation or acute labor shortages in agriculture. In regions with labor shortages, dissemination potential is linked to the integration of households into value-added chains. The study identifies conditions under which regional and federal agricultural policy instruments can effectively support projects involving intermediate technologies. Specifically, projects should address urgent rural challenges, integrate into existing or create new value-added chains, establish adequate information and consulting infrastructure, and implement or disseminate incremental innovations.

Rohit Pradhan, Akbar Ghiasi, Ganisher Davlyatov et al.

This study investigated the trends in agency nursing staff utilization in United States nursing homes against the backdrop of longstanding staffing challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzed data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Payroll-Based Journal (PBJ), LTCFocus.org, Area Health Resources Files, and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes covering 80,244 nursing home-year observations (2017–2022). Joinpoint regression analysis revealed that agency labor utilization increased across all nursing staff categories (registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, certified nursing assistants), with a significant upward shift beginning in 2020, coinciding with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also noted an interesting pattern of increased agency nursing staff use during weekends, possibly due to reduced availability of full-time staff. Ownership analysis revealed that not-for-profit chain facilities had the highest use of agency labor. We also examined differences in agency nursing staff utilization by nursing home size and location (urban/rural). Additionally, state-level variations in agency staff utilization were noted, highlighting regional differences in reliance on agency labor. Additional research is needed to evaluate the policy and operational implications of agency nursing staff utilization in nursing homes.

Poznyak Sergii P. , Kolyada Yurii V.

It is found that the diversity of the economy’s market (perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition) serves as a key to endogenous adaptation in studying economic evolution through computer modeling. The research is based on a multivariate dynamic model created by the authors, which encompasses the influences of foreign trade, international capital and labor mobility, sectoral interconnections, and other factors of State regulation. The numerical results of this modeling were compared (for validation) with data obtained using orthodox one dimensional models of nonlinear economic dynamics. For the empirical field of the computer study, information on 150 countries worldwide was used, covering a wide range of socioeconomic indicators, which allowed the formation of statistically significant conclusions regarding the dependence of economic growth rates on the type of market and its structure. The evaluation of model accuracy was conducted using various metrics, including measures of absolute and relative forecast errors, coefficients of determination, and mean squared error. The inclusion of an expanded set of variables characterizing market structure and types of competition significantly improved the accuracy of digital modeling of economic growth. In particular, the obtained results indicate a substantial reduction in forecasting errors compared to traditional approaches, which not only highlights the importance of considering market structure in macroeconomic research and economic policy planning, but also demonstrates the appropriateness of adaptive modeling as a tool for strategy development. Thus, the research deepens the theoretical understanding of the relationship between market type and the trajectory of economic dynamics and lays the groundwork for developing tools capable of accounting for the structural characteristics of the economy when forecasting its growth.

Edson Serván-Mori, Sergio Meneses-Navarro, Rocío García-Díaz et al.

Abstract Background Ethnic and racial discrimination in maternal health care has been overlooked in academic literature and yet it is critical for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). There is a lack of empirical evidence on its impact on the effective coverage of maternal health interventions (ECMH) for Indigenous women in Mexico. Documenting progress in reducing maternal health inequities, particularly given the disproportionate impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on ethnic minorities, is essential to improving equity in health systems. Methods We conducted a population-based, pooled cross-sectional, and retrospective analysis for 2009–2023, using data from the last three waves (2014, 2018, and 2023) of a nationally representative demographic survey (ENADID). Our study included n = 72,873 (N = 23,245,468) Mexican women aged 12–54 with recent live births. We defined ECMH as adequate antenatal care (ANC), skilled and/or institutional delivery care, timely postpartum care, and complication-free postpartum/puerperium. After describing sociodemographic characteristics and maternal health coverage by Indigenous status, we estimated a pooled fixed-effects multivariable regression model to adjust ECMH for relevant covariates. We used the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for nonlinear regression models to quantify inequities in ECMH due to ethnic-racial discrimination, defined as differences in outcomes attributable to differential treatment. Findings Indigenous women had lower education, labor market participation, and socioeconomic position, higher parity, and more rural, poorer state residence than non-Indigenous women. They faced significant health coverage loss due to the dismantling of Seguro Popular, a public health insurance mechanism in place until the end of 2019, right before the start of the Covid pandemic. Adjusted ECMH was 25.3% for non-Indigenous women and 18.3% for Indigenous women, peaking at 28.8% and 21.2% in 2013–2018, declining to 25.7% and 18.7% pre-Covid (January 2019 to March 2020), and further declining to 24.0% and 17.4% during Covid, with an increase to 26.6% for non-Indigenous women post-Covid, while remaining similar for Indigenous women. Decomposition analyses revealed that during the analyzed period, 30.8% of the gap in ECMH was due to individual characteristics, 51.7% to ethnic-racial discrimination, and 17.5% to their interaction. From 2009 to 2012, 42.2% of the gap stemmed from observable differences, while 40.4% was due to discrimination. In the pre-Covid-19 phase, less than 1% was from observable characteristics, with 75.3% attributed to discrimination, which remained in the post-Covid-19 stage (78.7%). Conclusions Despite modest health policy successes, the ethnic gap in ECMH remains unchanged, indicating insufficient action against inequity-producing structures. Ethnic and racial discrimination persists, exacerbated during the pandemic and coinciding with the government’s cancellation of targeted social programs and public health insurance focused on the poorest populations, including Indigenous peoples. Thus, prioritizing maternal and child health underscores the need for comprehensive policies, including specific anti-racist interventions. Addressing these inequities requires the recognition of both observable and unobservable factors driven by discriminatory ideologies and the implementation of targeted measures to confront the complex interactions driving discrimination in maternal health care services for Indigenous women.

Zhang Hailun, L. A. Lebedintseva

Introduction. Under the backdrop of market economy and social transformation in China, the class structure of society has undergone profound changes, and the traditional class division is no longer relevant. However, there are still some unresolved problems in the study of social strata in China. The lack of diversity and comparability of research methods limits the depth and scope of research. Relatively few studies have been conducted on some emerging classes. Research on the relationship between social class and other social issues is insufficient, such as the relationship between class and education, class and income distribution, etc., are still limited.   Methodology and sources. At present, a social classification model has been proposed to study social stratification in China, taking into account the characteristics of China's national conditions. A large number of empirical studies have revealed the evolution and characteristics of China's social class structure. The mechanism of social class formation and the factors influencing them have been studied, which has provided theoretical support for social development. Modern stratification models of Chinese authors have been used for the analysis in comparison with traditional models.   Results and discussion. The study of social stratification in China inherited the theoretical framework and empirical research methods of Western social scientists, and there are also attempts to develop its own model of social stratification in combination with the actual situation in China. The structure of social stratification in China is characterized by the need to take into account the state redistribution system and the market economy model. However, there is a consensus that government officials are at the top of the social hierarchy, and the class of peasants and unemployed are at the bottom of society; mental workers (white collars) are higher than manual workers (blue collars). The results of studies on the impact of human capital on social stratification show that gender and educational level have universal significance in society; household registration system and housing type are special independent variables that affect social stratification in China more than in other countries, etc. However, there is a lack of relevant empirical studies that could provide specific quantitative data showing how independent variables affect social stratification in China. Many new social and professional groups have emerged in Chinese society. In recent years, some Chinese scholars have studied such specific social and professional groups, the most widespread and in demand in the labor market in China, taking into account the digitalization processes.   Conclusion. It is necessary to further explore the methods and models of social stratification suitable for China's national conditions so as to cover the characteristics of social class diversity. It is necessary to strengthen the research on the relationship between social class and other social issues so as to provide more effective policy recommendations for social development. It is also necessary to strengthen the research on emerging classes, pay attention to their social status, mobility and responsibilities, and provide more effective support and guidance for their development.

Rosana de Fátima Silveira Jammal Padilha

A síntese aqui apresentada é resultado da trajetória de pesquisa realizada no Doutorado em Tecnologia e Sociedade, na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, sob orientação do professor Domingos Leite Lima Filho. O trabalho de investigação junto a um Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia nasce a partir da minha inserção como docente do ensino Básico, Técnico e Tecnológico, acompanhamento dos processos de desenvolvimento do Projeto Político Pedagógico, e das dinâmicas vivenciadas no espaço do campus, no qual fui inserida como docente.

François Chesnais

A finalidade do texto é apresentar um esboço do que pode ser – reformulado, enriquecido e desenvolvido coletivamente – a base de um “projeto de investigação e elaboração políticas iluminado pelo objetivo de transformação socialista da sociedade”. Esse projeto seria levado adiante conjuntamente com aqueles que, dentro e fora de Carré Rouge, reconheçam sua necessidade e compartilhem (em linhas gerais, é claro) da problemática da partida. As revistas que desejarem colaborar no projeto poderiam contribuir no trabalho de publicação. O texto tenta dar elementos que também poderiam estimular a que militantes sindicais não-organizados politicamente se unam ao trabalho.

Marcia Alvarenga, Sonia Maria Rummert

A Professora Brígida Singo discorre sobre vários temas relativos à educação em Moçambique, proporcionando aos leitores um panorama da complexidade e da amplitude dos desafios que vêm sendo enfrentados pelo país, após o processo revolucionário de libertação da sujeição imposta pelo colonialismo português. Inicialmente, nos é apresentado o atual Sistema Nacional de Educação em Moçambique (SNE), tal como entrou em vigor em 1983, seguindo-se considerações acerca da Educação de adultos, sobretudo compreendida como o processo de implementação de programas destinados a jovens e adultos, com realce à questão da alfabetização. A seguir, a entrevistada sublinha a importância atribuída à educação pela Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Frelimo), que conduziu o processo revolucionário, até a nacionalização da educação ocorrida a partir de 24 de julho de 1975. Ao abordar esse processo, ressalta a importância de Paulo Freire e de Samora Machel (primeiro presidente após a independência, de 1975) para a educação popular, compreendida como educação para todos, tal como empreendida no âmbito dos espaços escolares e nos espaços não-formais, esses últimos valorizados no país. Também poderemos compreender a importância da educação, cujos princípios foram formulados com grande contribuição de Machel, no processo revolucionário, desde a ação nas Frentes Libertas, bem como sobre o papel do professor/educador até a atualidade.

Miguel Gutiérrez Bengoechea

Como consecuencia del Estado de Bienestar Social del que goza España la esperanza de vida. Este hecho ha provocado un problema demográfico de carácter estructural que afecta en mayor o menor medida a todos los Estados de la Unión Europea. En España, este problema se agudizará dentro de diez años con la jubilación de la generación conocida como el baby-boom lo que ha puesto en duda la viabilidad del sistema de reparto de la seguridad social diseñado en los años 1963 a 1966 cuando la situación social de España y las necesidades de protección eran muy distintas a las que imperan actualmente. Además con carácter coyuntural, desde el año 2006 España ha estado inmersa en una crisis económica como consecuencia de los efectos de la globalización económica en el ámbito financiero y por la caída del sector inmobiliario. Este hecho ha provocado un descenso de cotizantes lo que se agravado aún mucho más con la pandemia del Covid19 que ha supuesto una caída del PIB en más del 9 por ciento y, por ende, en un descenso significativo del número de cotizantes lo que ha suscitado que los partidos políticos se conciencien en la necesidad de que el sistema de reparto de la Seguridad Social se modifique para que sea sostenible en lo que respecta al pago de las pensiones públicas. A partir del año 2011, se han introducido reformas en relación a las pensiones públicas; así, el retraso en la edad de jubilación, el envejecimiento activo, la regulación del factor de sostenibilidad, el índice de revalorización y una recomendación hacia los instrumentos de previsión social privados como complemento de las pensiones públicas pretenden asegurar el principio constitucional de la suficiencia económica de los ciudadanos.

G. M. Galeeva, L Kh. Ishtiryakova

The article examines topical issues related to structural changes in employment in the Russian economy, due to the intensive development of the sharing economy. The aim of the study is to systematize disparate knowledge in assessing the impact of investments in the sharing economy on the employment structure, providing an understanding of the labor market, which is influenced by transformation processes in consumption patterns and factors of digitalization of the economy, as well as to develop recommendations for improving state policy in the field of employment. Based on the methods of theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, generalization), the authors reviewed scientific literature and information from various sources, identified the main elements characterizing the model of collaborative consumption, considered by various researchers and online platforms. The study highlights the scientific concepts and approaches to the definition of the sharing economy, including the concept of a shared economy; collaborative economy as well as access-based consumption (to resources); network interaction; commercial exchange systems. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors show how investments in the further development of the infrastructure of the sharing economy, including the development of digital online platforms, lead to an increase in the number of employers and workers by removing barriers and reducing transaction costs. The authors propose recommendations for solving employment issues: to form a system for measuring the sharing economy and accounting for it in official statistics; provide a regulatory framework for the functioning of digital platforms; ensure the privacy of personal data and the safety of citizens participating in the sharing economy. It was concluded that the implementation of the proposed measures will have a positive impact on the Russian labor market and increase the investment attractiveness of the most important sectors of the sharing economy

Antonio Nascimento da Silva, Deribaldo Santos, George Amaral

O artigo surgiu da necessidade de compreender a educação no contexto de crise estrutural do capital, brotando daí o interesse de discutir a proposta de educação presente na Crítica ao programa de Gotha. O relevante esforço aponta possíveis caminhos para subtrair a educação do domínio do capital. Nosso objetivo é entender a crítica de Marx à pretensão de Lassalle de construir o comunismo amparado pelo Estado e aclarar o equívoco de esperar que a burguesia eduque a classe trabalhadora.

Inna Irtyshcheva, Antonina Trushlyakova

The features of investment in the development of human capital in Ukraine at the regional level, in the private sector and at the household level have been investigated. It is noted that the state acts as the main investor in the formation and development of human capital, financing the main expenses in the field of education, medicine, cultural and physical development and social security. However, state policy in the context of limited financial resources and their irrational use does not contribute to the effective development and reproduction of human potential in accordance with the needs of the digital economy. Despite the nominal increase in social spending, their structure is irrational, and the spending itself do not consider as investment. An insufficient level of investment activity in the field of investment in human capital observe at the corporate and individual levels. It has been determined that the main incentive for the development of human capital affects the formation of a motivational basis at all levels is the purposeful, consistent and pragmatic activity of state authorities aimed at implementing a certain development strategy for the country, ensuring its security and macroeconomic stability. An important condition is also the creation of a regulatory framework that is adapted to the specifics and realities of economic and social transformations in the context of digitalization, the regulation of labor relations, and the preservation of social and investment guarantees. To regulate and intensify investment activities, a model of investment support for the human capital development is proposed. It involves the redistribution of investment resources in accordance with the subjects of investment and the expected results of the investment process, forms and criteria for assessing individual components of human capital at different stages of the life cycle, together form a general model of financing it development and reproduction at all levels.

Maria Marimpi, Pierre Koning

AbstractThis paper performs a cross-country level analysis on the impact of the level of specific youth minimum wages on the labor market performance of young individuals. We use information on the use and level of youth minimum wages, as compared to the level of adult minimum wages as well as to the median wage (i.e., the Kaitz index). We complement these data with variables on the employment, labor force participation, and unemployment rates of 5-year age interval categories—all derived from the official OECD database. We distinguish between countries without minimum wages, countries with uniform minimum wages for all age groups, and countries with separate youth and adult minimum wages. Our results indicate that the relative employment rates of young individuals below the age of 25—as compared to the older workers—in countries with youth minimum wages are close to those in countries without minimum wages at all. Turning to the smaller sample of countries with minimum wages, increases in the level of (youth) minimum wages exert a substantial negative impact on the employment rate for young individuals.JEL Classification:J21, J23, J31

Jelle Visser

AbstractCollective bargaining over labour conditions between unions and employers is a key labour market institution in democratic societies, guaranteed by international and national law. Its coverage, organization and impact have varied over time and across countries. Inclusive bargaining, conducted by employers’ associations with a mandate to bargain, and supported by the state, received a strong impulse during the interwar Depression. In the Great Recession a more exclusive version based on enterprise bargaining appears to have been favoured by governments and international agencies. How this relates to changes in bargaining coverage, multi-employer and multi-level bargaining, rules on extension and opening clauses is the subject of this paper, which surveys developments in 38 OECD and EU countries. A distinction is made between long-term and crisis-related changes, and between regulatory and non-regulatory changes during the Great Recession.

Abelardo Bento Araújo

Com base na economia política, este artigo traz uma discussão teórica sobre as especificidades do trabalho educativo, tendo em vista os problemas de compreensão do que seja seu produto. Colocam-se em pauta as consequências do monitoramento da qualidade da educação, quando esse conjunto de políticas pretende tornar avaliável o trabalho educativo por meio de escores de rendimento em testes em larga escala.

Mariana Vieira

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a configuração do trabalho docente no âmbito da política de expansão de educação superior, por meio da Educação a Distância (EaD), com a institucionalização do Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB). A política de expansão do ensino superior a partir da UAB, baseado nos pressupostos do modelo de Estado gerencial, vem redefinindo a configuração do trabalho do professor por meio da intensificação e precarização de seu trabalho, revelando que a opção ideológica do bloco no poder em assegurar o direito de acesso à educação superior se processa pelo comprometimento das condições de trabalho/vida dos trabalhadores docentes.

Loren B. Landau

As a relatively well-defined subset of global migration law, refugee law and policy present important sites for contestation, agenda setting, normative pronouncements, and symbolic action. They are also an effective test of whether formal state obligations—in this case those outlined in the 1951 UN Refugee Convention—translate to protection in the weakly legalized environments in which most of the world's refugees reside. This essay asserts that they do not. Building on research and public engagement across African cities, this short contribution makes a three-part argument to that end. First, it considers categories by highlighting the narrow practical and analytical value of focusing on legal reforms and formal “refugee” policy as determinants of protection; given that legal status and documentation have only limited practical protection effects. Moreover, it points to the potential dangers and dysfunctions of a protection regime premised on people “performing” or “representing” refugeeness. Second, in considering areas for intervention in improving the protection of migrants, it calls for rescaling the legal approaches to migrant and refugee protection. Given the micro and translocal (often transnational or diasporic) processes informing refugees’ experiences, approaches need to be both more and less geographically targeted. Lastly, it calls for an intersectional approach to law and advocacy that more holistically and politically situates refugees and migrants within their social and regulatory environments. If nothing else, it asks analysts and advocates to take more seriously subnational political formations—formal and informal—as sites of policy formation and practice. In doing so it suggests that the most effective tools for addressing migrant and refugee vulnerability are often more political than legal. Moreover, within the realm of international and domestic law, jurisprudence in fields other than migration and asylum (e.g. environment, labor, or trade) may offer the most effective inroads into processes producing displacement or imperiling people on the move or on arrival. Given the confines of space, data is sparingly used for illustrative purposes.

Tony Fang, Carl Lin

AbstractSince China promulgated new minimum wage regulations in 2004, the frequency and magnitude of changes in minimum wages have been substantial. This paper uses county-level minimum wage data combined with urban household survey micro-dataset from 16 representative provinces as a merged county-level panel to estimate the employment effects of minimum wage changes in China over the 2002–2009 period. In contrast to the mixed results reported by previous studies using provincial-level data, we present evidence that minimum wage changes led to significant adverse effects on employment in the Eastern and Central regions of China, and resulted in disemployment for females, young adults, and low-skilled workers.JEL classifications:J38

Luciana Ferreira, João Júnior

O artigo apresenta, de forma sintética, o estudo de tese sobre o ‘trabalho de professores jovens doutores’, analisado a partir do discurso sobre as práticas cotidianas na universidade e a produção de conhecimento. A empiria sobre o trabalho de professores permanentes da pós-graduação, com bolsa produtividade em Pesquisa e com menos de dez anos de doutoramento, no contexto de trabalho na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP. O processo de investigação se constituiu de três momentos interligados: estudo teórico e análise documental; coleta de dados, em bases estatísticas oficiais e Currículo Lattes dos professores; e trabalho empírico. Concentrou-se, ao final, no exercício de reflexão acerca de duas dimensões contraditórias reveladas no discurso dos professores: a paixão pelo trabalho docente e a pressão e estranhamento por ele causados. Constatouse que, no contexto de uma cooperação internacional, como estratégia para promover a formação de quadros de pesquisadores nas universidades e a alta produção de conhecimento se tornaram metas nas regulações de agências de fomento, claramente pautadas na velocidade necessária para acompanhar as mudanças tecnológicas mundiais, pelas quais o Brasil teria que, num enorme esforço, avançar, criando capacidades e competências em áreas estratégicas, por meio de pesquisas e pesquisadores, especialmente pelos jovens-doutores no âmbito da pós-graduação.