Accurate estimation of the State of Charge (SOC) for lithium-ion batteries is a core function of the Battery Management System (BMS). However, LiFePO<sub>4</sub> batteries present specific challenges for SOC estimation due to the characteristic plateau in their open-circuit voltage (OCV) versus SOC relationship. Moreover, data-driven estimation approaches often face significant difficulties stemming from measurement noise and interference, the highly nonlinear internal dynamics of the battery, and the time-varying nature of key battery parameters. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model integrated with feature engineering, physical constraints, and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). First, the model’s temporal perception of the historical charge–discharge states of the battery is enhanced through the fusion of temporal voltage information. Second, a post-processing strategy based on physical laws is designed, utilizing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to search for optimal correction factors. Finally, the SOC obtained from the previous steps serves as the observation input to EKF filtering, enabling a probabilistically weighted fusion of the data-driven model output and the EKF to improve the model’s dynamic tracking performance. When applied to SOC estimation of LiFePO<sub>4</sub> batteries under various operating conditions and temperatures ranging from 0 °C to 50 °C, the proposed model achieves average Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 0.46% and 0.56%, respectively. These results demonstrate the model’s excellent robustness, adaptability, and dynamic tracking capability. Additionally, the proposed approach only requires derived features from existing input data without the need for additional sensors, and the model exhibits low memory usage, showing considerable potential for practical BMS implementation. Furthermore, this study offers an effective technical pathway for state estimation under a “physical information–data-driven–filter fusion” framework, enabling accurate SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries across multiple operating scenarios.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
In this study, using a sensing membrane composed of p-type reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-decorated hydrothermally synthesized n-type gallium oxide (Ga2O3) nanorods, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensors were successfully fabricated. The characteristics of the rGO-decorated Ga2O3 nanorods were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results indicated that the rGO decoration on the surface of the Ga2O3 nanorods increased the amount of gas adsorption sites and oxygen vacancies, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity. Consequently, compared to NO2 gas sensors utilizing only Ga2O3 nanorods, the NO2 gas sensors using rGO-decorated Ga2O3 nanorod sensing membrane exhibited lower resistance, reduced activation energy, and higher response. Optimal response, reaching 51.14, was achieved by decorating with 15 mg of rGO. Additionally, the response and recovery times of the NO2 gas sensors were shortened with an increase in the amount of rGO decoration on the Ga2O3 nanorods. This improvement could be attributed to the trend of lower activation energy associated with an increased amount of rGO decoration. This study demonstrates the efficacy of rGO decoration in improving the performance of Ga2O3 nanorod-based NO2 gas sensors.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Industrial electrochemistry
New-generation batteries are attracting increasing interest in response to today’s energy storage challenges, as evidenced by the steady rise in scientific publications on the topic. However, their industrial deployment remains limited due to the complexity of aging mechanisms, which are still poorly understood and difficult to control. While several promising developments have emerged in laboratory settings, they remain too immature to be scaled up. These aging processes, which directly affect the performance, safety, and lifespan of battery systems, also determine their technical and economic viability. This review offers a comparative analysis of aging phenomena—both specific to individual technologies and common across systems—drawing on findings from accelerated testing, post-mortem analyses, and modeling. It highlights critical failures such as interface instability, loss of active material, and mechanical stress, while also identifying shared patterns and the unique features of each technology. By combining experimental data with theoretical approaches, the article proposes an integrated framework for understanding and prioritizing aging mechanisms by technology type. It underscores the limitations of current characterization techniques, the urgent need for harmonized testing protocols, and the importance of standardized data sharing. Finally, it outlines possible avenues for improving the understanding and mitigation of aging phenomena.
Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, Industrial electrochemistry
The search for active, stable, and durable materials for electrochemical energy technologies requires increasing levels of precision to establish true structure-function relationships and guide materials design from atomic and molecular scale. This increases the level of control required over the experimental system for proper materials evaluation. The choice of counter electrode material become crucial, as Pt dissolution at high voltages may cause contamination to the working electrode, especially when studying reductive processes in reactions such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), H2 evolution reaction (HER), and the CO2 reduction reaction. The learnings from “old school” electrochemistry groups lead us to leverage H2 reactions over Pt to construct a counter electrode system with controlled potential that eliminates Pt ion contamination concerns. In here we discuss the construction of such Pt|H2 counter electrode where key experimental aspects such as the H2 flow rate and effective distribution determines the maximum current this counter electrode can accommodate before switching to high voltage and triggering Pt dissolution. Lastly, we demonstrate the use of the Pt|H2 counter electrode in aqueous electrolytes during HER occurring on the working electrode at varying currents, showing that the Pt content in the cell remains below parts per trillion (ppt) up to 10 mA, and below 50 ppt at 100 mA up to 1 h of constant current hold. This work provides a guide to the implementation of Pt|H2 counter electrodes to improve the precision of electrochemical experiments in search of highly active, selective, and durable materials for energy technologies.
Developing efficient micro-/nano-enabled sensing platforms based on the 5th and 6th generation is an escalating field where the data can be collected, transferred, and analyzed using AI and IoT systems in point-of-care (POC) situations. For personalized health, detecting low-concentration biomarkers requires highly efficient sensing electrodes. Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs)-based biosensors show promise due to their integration with microelectronics and ability for health monitoring. Systematic exploration of innovative designs, fabrication techniques, and surface chemistry is key to overcoming challenges and enabling efficient biosensing. This article explores IDEs’ potential in the early detection of diseases like cancer, COVID-19, and diabetes and discusses future directions.
Industrial electrochemistry, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials
Since its inception, the work of the Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division has encompassed a broad range of technologies and applications, including mathematical modeling of electrochemical systems, development and optimization of small- and large-scale industrial processes, environmental remediation and electrochemical conversion to produce value-added chemicals. A recent focus has been the creation of innovative technologies that will help to alleviate the climate and environmental crises, to improve sustainability and decarbonize existing technologies.
Gabriel J. Mattos, Nikolai Yu. Tiuftiakov, Eric Bakker
This study successfully demonstrates the use of a lipophilic derivative of TEMPO, 1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl stearate, as a redox mediator for ion transfer processes at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. The results prove that TEMPO exhibits outstanding performance for mediating anion and cation transfer across polymeric ion-selective membranes doped with lipophilic ion-exchangers. The redox reaction at the inner interface of the electrode was controlled by cyclic voltammetry and allowed to modulate the flux of different ions according to the Hofmeister selectivity series. The behavior of this system was shown to agree well with the theory combining redox and phase-boundary potentials by comparing experimental and calculated cyclic voltammograms. Model ions were used to show the ideal Nernstian shift of the peak position while changing the phase-boundary potential at the outer interface when ion activity is varied in the aqueous phase. We also showcase that limitations from electrochemical instabilities in anion transfer observed using other redox probes are now overcome.
Li-ion battery health assessment has been widely used in electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicle and other fields. In this paper, a new linear prediction method is proposed. By weakening the sensitivity of the Rainflow algorithm to the peak data, it can be applied to the field of battery, and can accurately count the number of Li-ion battery cycles, and skip the cumbersome link of parameter identification. Then, a linear criterion is proposed based on the idea of proportion, which makes the life prediction of Li-ion battery linear. Under the verification of multiple sets of data, the prediction error of this method is kept within 2.53%. This method has the advantages of high operation efficiency and simple operation, which provides a new idea for battery life prediction in the field of electric vehicles and aerospace.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Abstract Achieving lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with ultrahigh rate at ambient‐temperature and excellent low temperature‐tolerant performances is still a tremendous challenge. In this paper, we design a binder‐free Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode to achieve an excellent rate performance (∼75 % of its theoretical capacity at 200 C), in which, aligned CNT nanosheets were used to load LTO nanosheets decorated with silver nanocrystals. With combination of 1,3‐Dioxlane‐based electrolyte, there is nearly no initial voltage drop happen, and the capacity can be greater than 140 mAh g−1 (∼85 % of its specific capacity at room temperature) at −60 °C and 0.2 C. This study provides a practical guidance of the design of LIBs with outstanding rate performances and low temperature resistance.
LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material was successfully modified by using a wet-chemical route to coat WO3. The microstructures, morphologies, crystal structures, elemental distributions and ionic valence of the prepared cathode materials were carefully analyzed by SEM, EDS, TEM, HRTEM, XRD and XPS. The results indicated that the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 was uniformly covered by WO3 particles, and a small amount of W6+ could enter to the lattice of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. The WO3 coating could prohibit the corrosion of HF and some side reactions for the cathode material during long cycles, thus greatly improving the electrochemical performance and the structural stability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. Among the examined LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2cathode materials, 1.0 wt% WO3-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 has the best initial discharge capacity (185.1 mAh g-1) and an excellent capacity retention (93.2%) after 100 cycles at 1 C.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
The delayed fracture behaviour of a high-strength offshore mooring chain steel was investigated by a conventional strain rate test (CSRT). The hydrogen was electrochemically pre-introduced to the steel, and the hydrogen content in the specimen was measured by thermal desorption analysis (TDA) after fracturing during the CSRT. The results showed that when the hydrogen content was less than 3.0 wppm, the fracture stress decreased slowly and linearly. As the hydrogen content exceeded 3.0 wppm, the fracture stress decreased rapidly but remained linear. With increasing of hydrogen content the fracture mode changed from ductile to brittle intergranular. The dependence of local maximum fracture stress on local hydrogen content obtained from the CSRT and slow strain rate test (SSRT) was similar when the local hydrogen content was less than 3.0 wppm. However, when the hydrogen content was more than 3.0 wppm, at a given nominal fracture stress, the local hydrogen content for the CSRT was lower than that for the SSRT.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
The synergistic corrosion inhibition effect of phytic acid (PA) and benzyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (BAB) on 1045 carbon steel (CS) in 0.5 M HCl is reported. Electrochemical measurements showed that PA and BAB can reduce the corrosion rate of 1045 CS in HCl solution and act as excellent corrosion inhibitors. The best inhibition efficiency ni of the combination inhibitor of PA with BAB is 90.6%. SEM images of the corroded steel surfaces suggest that the PA and BAB are simultaneously adsorbed on the CS surface to inhibit the corrosion of iron. The synergistic inhibition mechanism is investigated by dynamic simulations and quantum chemistry.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
R. Galvan-Martinez, M.A. Baltazar, E. Mejia
et al.
A corrosion study of Cu-Ni (90-10) alloy was carried out in natural seawater adding several concentrations of an oxidant biocide (hypochlorite-based biocide). The corrosion tests were made at atmospheric pressure, static and turbulent flow conditions (1000 rpm) and room temperature during 24 hours. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) was used in order to get the hydrodynamic conditions. The electrochemical techniques used in the corrosion studies were lineal polarization resistance (Rp), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves (PC). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) to carry out the superficial analysis and characterize the corrosion type was used. At turbulent flow condition, the corrosion rate (CR) of the Cu-Ni sample decreased as the concentration of hypochlorite ions increase, while at static condition the CR increased as the hypochlorite ions also increase. A mix corrosion process was observed. Pitting and crevice corrosion was detected, and the mechanism was a differential aeration cell.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
A p-aldehyde benzoic acid adamantine ester (D1), 4-formyl benzoic acid adamantane ester shrinking o-aminophenol Schiff base (D2) and its nickel complexes (D3) were synthesized and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, H1-NMR and UV-Vis spectrum. A glassy carbon electrode was chemically modified by adamantine esters Schiff base nickel complexes which was employed for determination of L-cysteine. The influences of the effective parameters such as the pH of supporting electrolyte, scanning rate and the time of maceration adsorption were investigated. The electrochemical responses to L-cysteine have a good linearity in the range of 0.01 and 0.08 mmol/L with the detection limit of 5.0 μmol/L. The recovery rate was between 97.88% and 101.96% with the relative standard deviation of 3.9%. Therefore, a new detection method for the L-cysteine content had been established in food based on Schiff base nickel complexes.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry
It is of great significance to precisely evaluate the anti-poisoning performance (APP) of anode catalysts for development of direct liquids fuel cells. By controlloing the similarity of Pt deposited on graphene nanosheets (GNs) and N-dopped GNs (NGNs), Pt/GNs and Pt/NGNs were prepared as model catalysts for APP evaluation. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of Pt/GNs and Pt/NGNs for formate and methanol oxidation showed that the APP differences of two catalysts were hardly distinguished only from CVs because the activities of the two catalysts were similar. By further analyzing the i-t data, Pt/NGNs was proved to be evidently superior to Pt/GNs in terms of APP, verifying the necessity of APP analysis for comprehensive catalysts evaluation. Furthermore, by analyzing Raman spectra, CO stripping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, stronger interaction between Pt and NGNs was shown to produce weaker adsorption of poisoning species on NGNs-supported Pt, which is benificial for enhancing APP of Pt/NGNs. We believe this understanding can shed light on future work toward rational supports engineering for APP improvement.
Industrial electrochemistry, Physical and theoretical chemistry