In recent years, Chinese scholars have increasingly focused on the Late Qing imperial examination. The growing interest in imperial examination studies has led to the annual publication of numerous books and articles on this subject. A systematic review of studies categorized by period, region, key figures, institutional structures, and source materials reveals that Late Qing imperial examination history research suffers from fragmentation. A thorough reexamination of earlier scholarship is urgently needed to foster new breakthroughs. In light of these limitations, future research should focus on closing gaps in Late Qing imperial examination history studies, undertaking more in-depth analysis of historical sources, and identifying potential areas for innovative contributions.
Para Foucault, la realidad social es un efecto del discurso científico, que tiende a vincularse con los intereses políticos y hegemónicos. Muestra el carácter históricamente contingente de las verdades establecidas y realza las voces de quienes han excluidos por los discursos dominantes. Propone separar la verdad de la ciencia y defiende la diversificación de las fuentes y tipos de discursos. En cambio, Bourdieu cree en una ciencia social que establezca sus propios criterios internos de funcionamiento sin la influencia de intereses políticos y económicos. De esta forma, la ciencia puede desenmascarar los mecanismos a través de los cuales los grupos dominantes presentan su interés particularista como el interés general. Bourdieu defiende un universalismo real dónde los intereses que se proclamen como universales deban ser realmente acordes con los valores de la virtud cívica (igualdad, fraternidad, honestidad, altruismo o desinterés). Por otro lado, ambos autores comparten que la alienación está en la base de la opresión y, por ello, abogan por construcciones cognitivas alternativas que desnaturalicen las actuales clasificaciones sociales.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Utilizing Spencer-Oatey’s Rapport Management Theory, this study examines both self-praise and self-denigration used by young people on social media platforms in Jordan. The study aimed to identify self-praise and self-denigration strategies, their roles in rapport management, and their impact on gender roles. The data consist of 359 posts and comments collected from different social media networks, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Findings reveal three major self-praise strategies, ranked in order of frequency: self-praising for belonging, self-praising for personality and skills and self-praising for appearance. Conversely, self-denigration is mainly categorized into two strategies comprising self-denigrating for skills and self-denigrating for appearance, arranged by prevalence. These strategies illustrate different aspects of rapport management including face, sociality rights and interactional goals. This indicates how young people regulate self-expression for cultural acceptance and social rapport. The interplay between self-disclosures and cultural norms is particularly evident regarding expectations about gender roles in Jordan.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Abstract The 2003 novel ‘The World of Saddam Hussein’ (TWOSH), published under the pseudonym Mahdy Haidar, has long concealed the true identity of its author. This study compiles the works of eight authors previously speculated by literary critics as potential authors. Using a supervised machine learning approach with a large set of classification algorithms, I employed two distinct feature sets: (1) top frequent words and (2) top free-occurring function word compounds lacking lexical attachments. My findings suggest that (1) the author of TWOSH can be discovered with high certainty and (2) the innovative method of utilizing top free-standing function word compounds proves nearly as effective as the traditional top N words approach, offering two key advantages: the exclusion of lexical items, providing a more accurate reflection of authorial style, and the elimination of the expensive and inaccurate morphological segmentation requirement.
Accessing clean and pure water is a crisis for women and families all over the world. Without the proper resources to receive water can lead to the fatality of women and their families. This paper explores water scarcity and household coping mechanisms to water scarcity with special reference to women households in Chidothe village. It identifies the sources of water in Chidothe village, understands the challenges faced by women in fetching water and explores household coping mechanisms to water scarcity with the purpose of raising awareness to the community’s situation. Although the water supply system was expanded in 2001, many areas including Chidothe village are still experiencing water problems. In the past years’ researchers and policy makers have focused on improving the performance of water utility infrastructure in order to eliminate this threat. However, little efforts have been made to understand social issues to water shortage and how people respond to them. Data gathering methods were individual interviews and focus group discussions. All interviews were audio recorded. The data was processed manually and analyzed thematically. The results were analyzed through insights and arguments from Feminist Political Ecology (FPE). The study reveals that women and girls in Chidothe Village have a greater responsibility to fetch water, are facing challenges to access portable water such as lack of money to connect to tap water, the absence of water kiosks in the village further worsens the problem and circumstances force them to draw water from unsafe sources, hence, exposing themselves to diseases. The results imply that there is an urgent need to address water supply systems in order to prevent people from water borne diseases. The study concludes that there is need to incorporate women in decision making to articulate their concerns and interests at local level and also water aid stakeholders should use gender sensitive approaches when planning, designing and implementing water projects.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Arts in general
Abstract In this paper, we investigate how market concentration and efficiency impact banks’ performance and stability during the SAR-COV-2 pandemic. There is a research gap in the empirical literature in understanding the specific impact of market concentration and efficiency on the profitability and risk-taking behavior of banks, particularly in the developing context of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. To address this gap, we examine the relationship between market concentration, efficiency, and bank performance using a comprehensive dataset encompassing 575 banks across 20 MENA countries from 2006 to 2021. Specifically, we examine the market dynamics and performance of different banking systems co-existing in the MENA region. Our findings indicate that prior to the pandemic, both conventional and Islamic banks benefited from enhanced financial stability as a result of the increased market concentration and efficiency. However, during the pandemic, the positive effects of efficiency and concentration were primarily observed within the group of Islamic banks. Furthermore, we provide new evidence for the moderating effect of market concentration, with a significant negative impact suggesting that increased market competition reinforces the efficiency effect during the pandemic. Our findings are important for policymakers and regulatory authorities in the MENA region as they indicate the need for new policies that assign a more significant role to Islamic banking in the post-SAR-COV-2 recovery.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
Hamida Beg , Muhammad Ferdowsieh, Fatemeh Hosseini
رغم وضوح أهمية صحة الإنسان، إلا أننا نجد مسألة إضراربنفس قد انتشرت بشكل واسع، والتي يعتبرها البعض جائزة بناء على حكم الملكية وكون الإنسان له الحق في ذاته. السؤال الأساسي الذي يطرحه المقال في مجال إضراربنفس هو الحكم الديني على مختلف المستويات الذي استنتجه فقهاء الإمامية بالأدلة العقلية والنقلية.
قد توصل هذا البحث الذي كتب بطريقة توصيفية تحليلية إلى النتائج التالية: إضراربنفس درجات تشمل الانتحار، والبتر، وفقدان إحدى الحواس، والتعرض للمرض، والضرر البسيط، والإهانة. يحرم القتل بالآيات والأحاديث وعقلا. إلا إذا كان للدفاع عن النفس أو الجهاد وبإذن الولي. كما تحرم الشريعة البتر, لأنه يعرض الإنسان للهلاك ما لم يكن لذلك سبب منطقي وطبي. أما المستويات الأخرى فهناك اختلاف بين الفقهاء عليها.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Arts in general
Циљ овог рада је изложити аргументацију Томе Аквинског у његовом покушају доказивања Бога, а поред тога и његово одређење душе. Најпре се осврћемо на средњи век и оно шта са њим долази, а и како је све то утицало на ауторе тог периода. Затим се конкретно фокусирамо на Бога, као Творца, а са тим и његов однос спрам човека. У трећем делу се у најосновнијим цртама бавимо поимањем душе и њеним својствима. У закључку је обухваћена суштина читавог рада, као и одраз и утицај који су остали аутори имали на Тому Аквинског.
Social Sciences, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Abstract There has not been any research that provides an evaluation of the linguistic features extracted from the matn (text) of a Hadith. Moreover, none of the fairly large corpora are publicly available as a benchmark corpus for Hadith authenticity, and there is a need to build a ‘gold standard’ corpus for good practices in Hadith authentication. We write a scraper in Python programming language and collect a corpus of 3,651 authentic prophetic traditions and 3,593 fake ones. We process the corpora with morphological segmentation and perform extensive experimental studies using a variety of machine learning algorithms, mainly through automatic machine learning, to distinguish between these two categories. With a feature set including words, morphological segments, characters, top N words, top N segments, function words, and several vocabulary richness features, we analyze the results in terms of both prediction and interpretability to explain which features are more characteristic of each class. Many experiments have produced good results and the highest accuracy (i.e. 78.28%) is achieved using word n-grams as features using the Multinomial Naive Bayes classifier. Our extensive experimental studies conclude that, at least for Digital Humanities, feature engineering may still be desirable due to the high interpretability of the features. The corpus and software (scripts) will be made publicly available to other researchers in an effort to promote progress and replicability.
According to Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920, the entire territory of historical Transylvania that belonged to Hungary became a part of Greater Romania. This area was inhabited by a big amount of Hungarian people, the Hungarian national minority in Romania numbered approximately 1,5 million people. The issue is aimed to present the process of isolation of Hungarians in state life and local governments in Transylvania within the framework of Romanian efforts for creating a homogenic state. The irst half of the 1930s was a period of economic crisis and the position of the Hungarians was shaken even more. From 1938 to 1940, in order to protect against revanchist aspirations, the implementation of which in the international arena became more and more real, discriminatory measures against Hungarians continued in the ield of labor law, the use of language and economy.
Law, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
There are available by now many arguments concerning the intrinsic and endemic value of the humanities, and both from a medievalist and a modernist perspective. Similarly, there continue to be many critics who would not mind the elimination of the humanities and argue vociferously for this goal. Every critical investigation of how to defend our field thus proves to be highly valuable, but we in the humanities must also develop specific points concerning the importance of our research that will convince both students, parents, administrators, and politicians in concrete, pragmatic terms regarding the supreme relevance of college education. Fortunately, the current COVID-19 crisis has also profiled in a dramatic fashion what proves to be of fundamental importance for human life, both past and present, reminding us of the critical importance of the humanities. An existence without virtues, a completely narcissistic or egoistical concept of life, or a society entirely predicated on materialistic interests would cut us off from our own future. This article discusses several literary works and also a modern movie in which the constant quest for meaning and relevance in our lives comes to the fore and gives us direction and understanding.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Democracy was in the margins both as an idea and as a political force in the eighteenth century. Even in the 1790s, ‘democracy’ was hardly the defining notion of the revolutionaries’ political visions. The small states as much as the large states perceived democracy as an outmoded legacy of antiquity leading to anarchy and despotism, inapplicable not least because it was undesirable in the modern world in which commerce was a rising force. This article tells the story of how this changed, how the understanding of ‘democracy’ was transformed during the French Revolution to represent a viable transition mechanism to a state of widespread and durable liberty. To avoid a teleological approach in the process of this analysis, this article examines the works of Condorcet on modern democracy in the context of the predicaments of the eighteenth century and the French revolutionary decade: how to avert at the same time despotism, military government and popular anarchy; and how to establish a free and stable state on the basis of modern commercial society? The history of the French Revolution is hereby placed in dialogue with that of eighteenth-century political and intellectual history. The effect is that a fresh picture of the entirety of Condorcet’s political vision emerges as his idea of democracy is studied from the viewpoint of his historical sensitivity, political economy, constitutional theory and international thoughts. In the end, Condorcet was the thinker who most significantly and prominently contributed to the post-1789 emergence of the concept of ‘democracy’ – which had thitherto been considered as the political form inevitably leading to destructive anarchy and despotic Caesarism – as a viable pathway to stability and prosperity.
Abstract Sacrum imperium is a phrase that first appears in the imperial chancery in a document of Frederick Barbarossa in 1157. It later developed into the title Holy Roman Empire (of the German nation) , the name of Europe's largest polity for many centuries. Where other country names were based on the peoples inhabiting them, the Empire's name is of unknown provenance, though it obviously imitates the Roman Empire. I intend to survey the extant theories on its origin and meaning and show how 20th‐century national discourse affected scholarly opinion. It is maintained that sacrum imperium was introduced by Rainald of Dassel to resacralise the Empire after the imperial defeat in the Investiture Controversy. Many opinions were based on this (1) that sacrum imperium means that the state is holier than the Church, (2) that Charlemagne's canonisation was a thinly veiled canonisation of the Empire, and (3) that Rainald of Dassel translated the three kings to Cologne to prove that there was no intermediary between the emperor and God. I will show that these views are derived from Zeumer's 1910 modelling of Rainald of Dassel after Otto von Bismarck and his 1872 Reichstag speech against Pope Pius IX.
The charters of pardon or ‘remission letters’ granted by the king of France and the duke of Burgundy in the late Middle Ages have often been interpreted as a valuable source material to access to the lives, memories, and even the ‘voices’ of the ordinary people who did not produce any other writing. The preamble of each letter was indeed a copy of the supplication submitted by the future pardon beneficiary, in which he narrated his crime and begged for the sovereign’s mercy. However, as with many other documents preserved in court and chancery records, remission letters engage historians with a series of methodological questions due to the nature of the documents and the context in which they were produced. Because they hoped to be granted the monarch’s mercy, petitioners used a series of legal and rhetorical techniques to describe themselves and elaborate their narrations, following the advice of the clerks and lawyers who helped them to compose their petitions. This article explores some of these strategies used by French and Burgundian pardon beneficiaries and compares them to those found in English petitions for pardon. It argues that rather than being considered as an obstacle to accessing to the truth behind the sources, these strategies should be analysed as the testimony of the legal and administrative practices of the time.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
In a journal entry from 1957, H.D. writes that Adorno’s description of the aging of modernist music might easily apply to the fate of her own work in the post-war period: “Among other fascinating things, he [Adorno] says that Bartók ‘could not quite live up to his own avant-guardism’ [sic] […]. I felt the phrase applied, in a way, to myself and my Helen sequence” (H.D. 2015, p. 40). H.D.’s remark refers to her long poem, <i>Helen in Egypt</i> (1960), which, with its engagement with classical sources and epic themes, seemed to some to be a throwback to an earlier modernist period in which Pound, Joyce, Eliot and H.D. herself had looked to ancient models as a means of reinvigorating modern literature. What did it mean for H.D. to feel that her work had outlived its time, to be a first-generation modernist still writing in that mode after many of her peers and their achievements had passed into history? This article explores H.D.’s sense that her practice was at odds with contemporary demands for poetry to answer to immediate historical concerns. It also considers her case against the critics in letters, notes and in <i>Helen in Egypt</i> which contains its own defense of the relevance of classical modernism to the post-war present day.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
[ca] Bartomeu de Tresbens fou un metge, astròleg i filòsof al servei de dos reis de la Corona d’Aragó, Pere IV el Cerimoniós i el seu fill, el duc Joan, futur Joan I el Caçador, entre els anys 1360 i 1375, aproximadament. La seua important obra de contingut astrològic a penes ha estat estudiada, si n’exceptuem el Llibre de les nativitats. De la mateixa manera, la major part de la seua biografia ens és desconeguda. Conservem documents, correspondència fonamentalment, de la seua relació amb la monarquia, però també altres registres que el relacionen amb els municipis de Barcelona i Cervera. Molt particularment, en aquest segon cas, Tresbens va estar temptat per les autoritats municipals per fer de metge i possiblement de mestre. Aquest estudi fa un repàs a la seua biografia però se centra particularment en les negociacions del metge amb Cervera. Una estratègia amb la qual Tresbens sembla que volia assegurar un lloc on passar la resta dels seus dies i amb un sou desmesurat.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History of medicine. Medical expeditions