Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Elena Efremova

Рассматривается роль Союза советских писателей и его региональных отделений в формировании не только творческих, но и политических представлений его членов. Принадлежность к этой профессиональной организации, с одной стороны, давала преимущества в получении жилья, улучшенного питания, медицинского и санаторно-курортного обслуживания, с другой – несла постоянную угрозу. Исследователям до сих пор не известен весь круг уральских писателей и других участников литературного поля 1930‑х гг. Эта проблема сопряжена с отсутствием традиционных для изучения других эпох источников – писем, дневников, автобиографических произведений, поскольку они могли быть использованы как улики. Крайне фрагментарно сохранились и документы Свердловского отделения Союза советских писателей, по большей части утраченные самой организацией или изъятые вышестоящими инстанциями. Сохранившиеся в фонде Свердловского обкома ВКП(б) протоколы собраний партийной организации и правления регионального отделения Союза писателей за 1937 г. – уникальный малоизвестный источник, позволяющий реконструировать взаимодействие творческих личностей и властных структур в мельчайших подробностях. Стенограммы заседаний рассмотрены в статье как единый текст, посвященный разоблачению врагов, признанию вины и поиску стратегий выживания. Постоянно использовавшаяся на собраниях следственно-судебная лексика, дополненная религиозной, создает эффект театральной постановки, в основе которой лежат разоблачение «врагов» и «прозрение» «заблуждавшихся» писателей. В этой «игре» допускалась импровизация, чаще всего писатели обращались к памяти, используя ее как основной элемент защиты. Анализ отдельных выступлений писателей позволил выделить основные стратегии их поведения и творческой адаптации: уход в тень (отъезд в длительную творческую командировку, переезд в другой город, пропуск собраний, временный отказ от творчества) и покаяние (признание совершенных и несовершенных ошибок и потребность в критике). Самоцензура, сформированная на основе собственного опыта в годы сталинских репрессий, стала безотказным механизмом запрета.

A. Plate

Scholars interested in the history of eighteenth-century Baltic region, paradoxical as it may sound, need to work at the Herder Institute in Marburg. The issue of trophy cultural property is rarely associated with the plundering of archives. The Russian Federation, for being the successor of the Soviet Union, suffered the most: it lost almost two-thirds of its archive collections in 1941–1944. Among them, a special role belongs to the archival documents stolen from the Baltic Republics occupied by the Wehrmacht and hidden at the end of the war in the salt mine of Grasleben in Lower Saxony. The ideological continuity typical of West German political thought (1949–1990) was particularly evident among archivists. The former participants in the “evacuation events”, often native Germans from the Baltic region themselves, held senior positions in the “Ostforschung” research centres that reopened in Marburg and Göttingen after 1945. In their minds, the Baltic archival documents remained the property of the ethnic Germans from Revel, Riga, and Dorpat living now in the Federal Republic of Germany. Using the example of the Tallinn (Revel) City Archive, this article analyses the fate of the archival funds of this region in the period which started in September 1939 with the “repatriation” of ethnic Germans from the Baltic countries and provisionally finished in the late twentieth century, during a phase of mutual trust in Russian-German relations. The paper reveals the reasons why, despite repeated requests of the Soviet government, the original documents of the City Archive of Revel were detained in the German Federal Archives in Koblenz and transferred to Tallinn only in 1990. Apart from this, it shows that “rescue measures” and actions of restitution are exceptions, and a considerable part of cultural property remains missing. The impact of the war is still present 80 years later, which also includes the consequences for historical scholarship. As for the eighteenth century that is of interest to the author of the article, the history of the Baltic provinces before the reign of Catherine II is still insufficiently studied, both in Russian historiography and in foreign Russian studies.

David Ellerman

This paper surveys and generalizes the main valuation formulas used in real estate valuation and presents unified proofs. The results are otherwise scattered in obscure journals and books while the proofs are rarely available to researchers in the field. The material was originally developed so that it could be used by mathematically-trained appraisers and researchers in the former Soviet Union and in other transition economies that were starting their real estate valuation profession. Keywords: real estate valuations; six functions of one; Ellwood, Akerson, and Hoskold formulas; capitalization rate methods; amortization tables JEL: G12, R3

Wiesław Kubiś, Franz-Viktor Kuhlmann

We study spherical completeness of ball spaces and its stability under expansions. We give some criteria for ball spaces that guarantee that spherical completeness is preserved when the ball space is closed under unions of chains. This applies in particular to the spaces of closed ultrametric balls in ultrametric spaces with linearly ordered value sets, or more generally, with countable narrow value sets. We show that in general, chain union closures of ultrametric spaces with partially ordered value sets do not preserve spherical completeness. Further, we introduce and study the notions of chain union stability and of chain union rank, which measure how often the process of closing a ball space under all unions of chains has to be iterated until a ball space is obtained that is closed under unions of chains.

Yin-Ting Zhang, Mu-Yao Li, Wei-Xing Zhou

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is a growing concern worldwide and poses serious threats to regional and global food security. Using monthly trade data for maize, rice, and wheat from 2016/1 to 2022/12, this paper constructs three international crop trade networks (iCTNs) and an aggregate international food trade network (iFTN). We aim to examine the structural changes following the occurrence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. We find significant shifts in the number of edges, average degree, density, efficiency, and natural connectivity in the third quarter of 2022, particularly in the international wheat trade network. Additionally, we have shown that political reasons have caused more pronounced changes in the trade connections between the economies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Russia than with Ukraine. This paper could provide insights into the negative impact of geopolitical conflicts on the global food system and encourage a series of effective strategies to mitigate the negative impact of the conflict on global food trade.

Dmitrii Tkachenko

The paper pertains to the analysis of a manuscript authored by D.A. Milutin in the first half of the 19th century, regarding the region of Kabarda. This manuscript, hitherto unpublished in academic circles, has been the subject of our examination. Our endeavor was to uncover the utilization of orientalist clichés by the manuscript's author, in order to depict both the geographical delineations of this ethno-political entity and the ethnography, livelihood, societal structure, and customary legal norms of its inhabitants. A remarkable parallel can be observed between certain aspects of the manuscript and the ideas propounded by E. Said in his discourse on European Orientalism. The researcher drew a comparison between the political framework and traditions of the Kabardian people and those prevalent in Europe. Moreover, the researcher romanticized the region's historical past, employing the conceptof "reverse human progress," along with other typical methodologies embraced by Orientalist thinkers of that era. Concomitantly, D.A. Milutin provided detailed descriptions of the political, social, and everyday existence in Kabarda, thereby endowing the manuscript with an intrinsic value as an original historical and cultural resource for contemporary scholars. It is concluded that, similar to numerous analogous texts produced by Orientalist scholars, the significance of D.A. Milutin's man-uscript lies not in its political arguments concerning the military and economic dominion of the Russian Empire over the Caucasian peoples, or the imperative to extend colonial governance to these ethnic territories

Yun Yi, Haokui Zhang, Rong Xiao et al.

As more deep learning models are being applied in real-world applications, there is a growing need for modeling and learning the representations of neural networks themselves. An efficient representation can be used to predict target attributes of networks without the need for actual training and deployment procedures, facilitating efficient network deployment and design. Recently, inspired by the success of Transformer, some Transformer-based representation learning frameworks have been proposed and achieved promising performance in handling cell-structured models. However, graph neural network (GNN) based approaches still dominate the field of learning representation for the entire network. In this paper, we revisit Transformer and compare it with GNN to analyse their different architecture characteristics. We then propose a modified Transformer-based universal neural network representation learning model NAR-Former V2. It can learn efficient representations from both cell-structured networks and entire networks. Specifically, we first take the network as a graph and design a straightforward tokenizer to encode the network into a sequence. Then, we incorporate the inductive representation learning capability of GNN into Transformer, enabling Transformer to generalize better when encountering unseen architecture. Additionally, we introduce a series of simple yet effective modifications to enhance the ability of the Transformer in learning representation from graph structures. Our proposed method surpasses the GNN-based method NNLP by a significant margin in latency estimation on the NNLQP dataset. Furthermore, regarding accuracy prediction on the NASBench101 and NASBench201 datasets, our method achieves highly comparable performance to other state-of-the-art methods.

Yurong Liu, Yunlong Xu, Fatemeh Nargesian

Data scientists often draw on multiple relational data sources for analysis. A standard assumption in learning and approximate query answering is that the data is a uniform and independent sample of the underlying distribution. To avoid the cost of join and union, given a set of joins, we study the problem of obtaining a random sample from the union of joins without performing the full join and union. We present a general framework for random sampling over the set union of chain, acyclic, and cyclic joins, with sample uniformity and independence guarantees. We study the novel problem of the union of joins size evaluation and propose two approximation methods based on histograms of columns and random walks on data. We propose an online union sampling framework that initializes with cheap-to-calculate parameter approximations and refines them on the fly during sampling. We evaluate our framework on workloads from the TPC-H benchmark and explore the trade-off of the accuracy of union approximation and sampling efficiency.

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

Żanna Niekraszewicz-Karotkaja

The collection of poetic translations of King David’s Psalms, compiled by Symeon of Polatsk, is usually used in the scientific discourse under the descriptive title Psaltir’ rifmotvornaya. In this article, King David’s Psalter (1680) of Symeon is considered not in the context of the poet’s entire creative heritage, but in terms of the evolution of the European book tradition of paraliturgical discursive psalmic practices and the poetic paraphrase of the psalms, beginning with the German poets of the Renaissance Helius Eobanus Hessus and Ioannes Mylius Libenrodensis. Not only the artistic experience of Western and Central Europe but also of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is taken into account. Addressing the broader historical context allows us to move away from traditional scientific discussions about the degree of influence of Jan Kochanowski’s poetic paraphrases of psalms (Psałterz Dawidów, 1578) and to more adequately appreciate Symeon’s merits in the field of cultural transfer. The King David’s Psalter of Symeon is evaluated as a result of the interaction of the European book tradition of creating poetic paraphrases of biblical texts and the East Slavic singing culture. The functioning of this culture from the end of the 16th century and especially in the 17th century was greatly influenced by Polish spiritual songs (first of all, the poetic paraphrases of the psalms of Jan Kochanowski), as well as by the increased interest in polyphonic singing thanks to Nikolai Diletsky.

Yuzanna M. Azikova

This paper analyzes the ways of reconstruction and conceptualization of the traditional organization of society and power of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries. This work studies features of the presentation in the generalizing works of the stage-typological characteristics of the traditional society of Kabardians in the complex of socio-spatial, socio-economic and potestary-political conditions of development. Demographic, territorial and economic factors of social and political development are emphasized as key problems, being the focus of the research attention. The inconsistency of the characteristics of the social system of medieval North Caucasian societies in historiography, presented in a summary picture of the history of “mountain feudalism”, is noted. There is a tendency to reduce the analysis of the social organization of Kabardians to the problems of “features” and “level” of development of “Kabardian feudalism”. Potestary-political identification of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries in the sense of organizational and governance forms of institutionalization of power is emphasized as a problem that is difficult to solve. Also, attention is drawn to the development of fruitful traditions of domestic and foreign historiography associated with the study of ancient forms of statehood and institutional alternatives and analogues to the state. Successful interpretations of the social organization of traditional Kabardian society and forms of institutionalization of power are associated with modern political anthropological concepts, within which an assessment is made of the level of development of the considered traditional and archaic communities in studying complexity of the ideological, economic, social, demographic, and territorial components.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

Zachary Chase, Shachar Lovett

A set system is called union closed if for any two sets in the set system their union is also in the set system. Gilmer recently proved that in any union closed set system some element belongs to at least a $0.01$ fraction of sets, and conjectured that his technique can be pushed to the constant $\frac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2}$. We verify his conjecture; show that it extends to approximate union closed set systems, where for nearly all pairs of sets their union belong to the set system; and show that for such set systems this bound is optimal.

Yuri N. Timkin

The activity of the Vyatka left opposition that arose during the internal party discussion in the fall of 1923 and the spring of 1924 is studied. The work is based on archival documents from the Central State Archive of Kirov Region, as well as on materials from the Vyatka Pravda party newspaper. The platform of the local opposition opposed the formation of factions but insisted on clarifying what factionalism is supposed to mean. The Left Opposition united the party community of the provincial city and adjacent working areas. Most party members initially expressed full confidence in the partys Central Committee. An analysis of archival material shows that the Vyatka opposition tried to establish a broad discussion of problems in internal party life. In the provincial center there was a party discussion club that organized heated discussions. The focus on clarifying the concepts of factions and groups reflected the desire of opposition supporters to avoid being accused of betraying the party and the cause of the revolution. Remarkably, until early January 1924 the left opposition had absolute support among party members in Vyatka. The article analyzes the Central Committees suppression of the local opposition in January - February 1924, and in particular the skillful techniques of Aron Solts and his supporters. At the final stage of the struggle, a group of conciliators arose among the members of the opposition, and contributed to the victory of the Central Committee line. The article clarifies reasons and circumstances of the defeat of the opposition, none of whose representatives openly stood in opposition to the majority of the Central Committee or called on ordinary members to protest. The authors demonstrate that the local left opposition was a situational unification of diverse forces, dissatisfied with the bureaucratization of the party, the growing dictatorship of the Central Committee, the newcomers, as well as the dominance of appointees from the Party and the Soviets. During the discussion in the organizations of the Party, the need for developing internal party democracy and a free discussion of the problems emerged, showing that there was a potential alternative to Stalinism. The main feature of the left opposition was that it formed and temporarily won the predominantly non-proletarian Vyatka, where before the 1917 revolution the zemstvo and city democratic self-government has gained roots; this is interpreted as a preservation of the demand for freedom and democracy in local society.

V. Soloshenko

Presented article has been written based on the report, which was delivered at the International Workshop “The Cultural and Academic Relations between the Eastern Bloc Countries and the West during the Cold War Period” organized by the Ohara Institute for Social Research/Hosei University (Tokyo, Japan) in cooperation with the State Institution “Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine” (Kyiv, Ukraine) and Jagielonian University (Krakow, Poland).In order for reading this article to be more accessible for the scholars of post-Soviet countries, far and near abroad, the author, on exceptional basis, used Russian as the language of her research. Because exactly Russian was the language of learning of the author’s Japanese colleagues, professors from the Hosei University / Tokyo and other universities during their studying in the USSR in the Cold War years.The article underlines that accession of Ukraine to the Soviet Union as the Union Republic-co-founder and its commitment to the establishment of the new social and economic system involved a series of public transformations. In the Soviet Union, the industrialization, collectivization, and cultural revolution were conducted, numerous universities, scientific institutions, theatres, and other culture centers were opened. Soviet culture, as officially defined, served the purpose of construction of a socialist society. At the same time, the cultural policy of the Soviet Union had not only the objectives of changing public consciousness, covered the principles of liquidation of private property and repudiation of religion, but also, on the base of communist ideology, it was intended to provide a formation of the «New Soviet Man». The author demonstrated the Cold War influence on the culture of the USSR. The research highlighted that the development of new industries and scientific discoveries of global significance by the Soviet scientists enabled to use to a greater extent of human achievements for further progress and cultural wealth accumulation. The article deals with the achievements and loses in the process of Ukrainian national identity assertion.

Bogatov Egor, Korenev Artem, Mikhailov Ilya

One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.

Richard de Grijs

The late-sixteenth century witnessed a major expansion of Dutch shipping activity from northern European waters to the Indian Ocean and beyond. At a time when the Renaissance had just arrived on the North Sea's shores, scientist-scholars, navigators and merchants alike realised the urgent need for and potential profitability of developing a practical means of longitude determination at sea. Under pressure of early adopters, including Petrus Plancius and Simon Stevin, on 1 April 1600 the national government of the Dutch Republic announced a generous longitude prize, which would see gradual increases in value over the next two centuries. In addition to leading thinkers like Galileo and Christiaan Huygens, the Low Countries spawned major talent in pursuit of a longitude solution. Their solutions reached well beyond applications of the ephemerides of Jupiter's moons or the development of a stable marine timepiece. Studies of the Earth's magnetic field, lunar distances, astronomical observations combined with simple trigonometry and the design of a "golden compass" all pushed the nation's maritime capabilities to a higher level. Dutch efforts to "find East and West" were unparalleled and at least as insightful as those pursued elsewhere on the continent.

Rodric Braithwaite

Представлено эссе сэра Родрика Брейтвейта, выпускника Колледжа Христа Кембриджского университета. После завершения учебы он поступил на службу в Министерство иностранных дел Великобритании и занимал дипломатические посты в таких городах, как Джакарта, Москва, Вашингтон, Варшава, Рим и Брюссель; в последнем он работал в качестве члена британской делегации в Европейском сообществе. В 1988–1992 гг. сэр Родрик был послом Великобритании в СССР в ходе решающих лет перестройки и впоследствии стал первым британским послом в Российской Федерации, позднее был назначен советником премьер-министра по внешней политике во втором кабинете Джона Мейджора, в 1992–1993 гг. возглавлял Объединенный разведывательный комитет Великобритании. В 1994 г. был титулован рыцарем Большого Креста ордена Святых Михаила и Георгия. Будучи ветераном дипломатической службы, сэр Родрик в течение многих десятилетий был близко знаком с основными вопросами непростых отношений между Россией и Западом, в том числе принимал участие в многочисленных переговорах по контролю над вооружениями. Его контакты в политическом истеблишменте как России, так и Великобритании, а также владение русским языком позволяют ему точно анализировать причины взлетов и падений в отношениях Москвы с западными соседями, привлекая работы англо- и русскоязычных аналитиков. В числе его недавних работ – Across the Moscow River (2002), Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War (2006), Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989 (2012), Armageddon and Paranoia: The Nuclear Confrontation (2017). В настоящем эссе сэр Родрик проводит обзор своей дипломатической практики и рассуждает о пользе и применимости исторических примеров во внешней политике.

Olga Shcheglova

В рецензии на издание болгарских исследователей Георгия Петкова и Марии Спасовой «Тырновская редакция Стишного пролога. Тексты. Лексический индекс» основное внимание концентрируется на структуре книги. Подробно описываются составные части каждого тома (собственно проложные тексты, проложные стихи, лексический индекс и индекс имен святых), оценивается их научная значимость. Рецензент во многом согласен с точкой зрения авторов на историю изучения и саму историю Стишного Пролога, изложенную в предисловии к книге. Высказывая отдельные несущественные замечания, автор дает высокую оценку данному изданию, определяя его как событие и определенный важный этап в процессе изучения истории текста Стишного Пролога – одного из распространенных агиографических календарных сборников Средневековья. Выход в свет текстов Стишного Пролога даже в одной Тырновской редакции способен стать мощным катализатором дальнейших текстологических и лингвистических исследований многочисленных русских, сербских и болгарских списков, сохранившихся до настоящего времени. В конечном итоге рецензируемое издание может стать основой полномасштабного критического издания Стишного Пролога. В статье подчеркиваются непреходящее значение этого издания для славистической науки, новаторский характер, структурная целостность, высокий теоретический уровень и огромная практическая значимость труда болгарских филологов.

Борис Николаевич Флоря

На основе анализа источников автор пытается реконструировать ход событий во время политического кризиса на Правобережье, в центре которого оказалось противостояние правобережного гетмана П. Дорошенко и его противника, П. Суховея, избранного гетманом Запорожской Сечью при поддержке Крымского ханства. Автор показывает, что оппозиция Дорошенко была значительной и формировалась в том числе и под влиянием известий о его турецком подданстве. Верховная власть Порты над казачеством была утверждена Корсунской радой, для участия в которой правобережный гетман сумел мобилизовать значительное число сторонников из правобережной старшины. Это вызвало недовольство уже не только запорожцев, но и казацкой черни части правобережных полков. Попытки Дорошенко получить помощь Османской империи не имели успеха, и летом его положение стало угрожающим: на стороне гетмана выступали только два казацких полка. Лишь прибытие в августе 1669 г. послов султана, потребовавших от Крымского ханства прекратить поддержку оппозиции Дорошенко, и последовавший затем уход татар разрядили ситуацию и спасли правобережного гетмана от потери булавы. Эти события, а также последовавший аналогичный внутриполитический кризис на Правобережной Украине в 1672 г. показывают, сколь шатким было положение Дорошенко и как трудно ему было удерживать власть. Цитирование Флоря Б. Н. Внутриполитический кризис на Правобережной Украине весной — летом 1669 г. // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 1–2. С. 46–66. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.03