Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Brynjarr Þór Mendoza, Katelin Parsons

Martin Fredriksen

Norges geografiske utforming medførte at landets sørøstlige del pleide å være naturlig delt opp i ulike regioner. Disse regionene fungerte samtidig som relativt autonome økonomiske enheter med en tett regional integrasjon og transnasjonal sammenveving på 1700- og 1800-tallet. I denne artikkelen tar jeg for meg en av disse økonomiske regionene, Drammensregionen, som et eksempelstudium. Formålet er å vise hvordan ulike samfunn i Drammensregion var både enkeltstående lokalsamfunn og en del av en sammenhengende romlig enhet på regionalt nivå, også med en sterk transnasjonal tilknytning.

Andrew McGillivray, Ella Brown-Terry

When Manitoba’s Icelandic settler community composed its local history books two of the titles included the term saga: Gimli Saga (1975), authored by The Gimli Women’s Institute, and Icelandic River Saga (1985), authored by local historian Nelson Gerrard. By using the term saga, these local histories are set within and evoke an extended Icelandic historiographical tradition. This article introduces the Icelandic saga as a literary form and surveys the history and practice of local history writing, focusing particularly on the genre’s significance in Canada. The central argument draws on a comparison between select episodes from the so-called Vínland sagas (Grœnlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða) with scenes from Gimli Saga and Icelandic River Saga, the latter selected for their apparent textual references and allusions to the aforementioned medieval sagas.

Frode Fanebust

I artikkelen blir samarbeidsmodellen mellom Universitetet i Stavanger (UiS), Restaurations venneforening og lærerstudenter i forbindelse med FoU-oppgaven i samfunnsfag belyst. Med utgangspunkt i 200-årsjubileet for den første organiserte utvandringen fra Norge til Amerika med skipet Restauration blir det analysert hvordan dette tverrfaglige samarbeidet har gitt gjensidig utbytte for alle involverte parter. I artikkelen blir det vist hvordan lokale kulturinstitusjoner kan integreres i lærerutdanningen for å styrke både studentenes faglige og didaktiske kompetanse, kulturinstitusjonenes formidlingsarbeid og universitetets samfunnsoppdrag.

Christian Steltz

Kristine Ness

Borgarskapet i Europa har hatt lange tradisjonar for å nytte amme til barna sine, og ammevesenet etablerte seg til ein viss grad også i Noreg. I Bergen fekk det norske ammevesenet eit særleg fotfeste, og frå 1700-talet og ut over 1800-talet utvikla det seg ein særeigen kontakt mellom borgarskapet i Bergen og gifte mødrer frå Sunnfjord som reiste i teneste som amme i «byn». Dei kunne vere vekke i teneste i mange år – først som våtamme og dernest som tørramme (barnejente). Mange flytta heim att til mann og barn etter enda tenestetid og hadde med seg erfaringar frå bylivet i bagasjen. I artikkelen undersøker eg kva samtida såg som årsakene til at gifte koner tok ammeteneste i Bergen, og korleis ein vurderte verdien av kunnskapen ammene tok med seg heim til lokalmiljøet. Basert på dette argumenterer eg i artikkelen for at ammeteneste i Bergen utvikla seg til eit akseptert og økonomisk gunstig attåtyrke for gifte sunnfjordkoner, og at dei med tida vart ståande som stille endringsagentar i lokalmiljøet.

Christopher M. Graney

This paper provides an overview of recent historical research regarding scientifically-informed challenges to the idea that the stars are other suns orbited by other inhabited earths -- an idea that came to be known as "the Plurality of Worlds". Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century, Jacques Cassini in the eighteenth, and William Whewell in the nineteenth each argued against "pluralism" based on what in their respective times was solid science. Nevertheless, pluralism remained popular despite these and other scientific challenges. This history will be of interest to the astronomical community so that it is better positioned to avoid difficulties should the historical trajectory of pluralism continue, especially as it persists in the popular imagination.

Mohamed El Louadi

This paper explores the complex relationship between demographics and artificial intelligence (AI) advances in Europe and Africa, projecting into the year 2050. The advancement of AI technologies has occurred at diverse rates, with Africa lagging behind Europe. Moreover, the imminent economic consequences of demographic shifts require a more careful examination of immigration patterns, with Africa emerging as a viable labor pool for European countries. However, within these dynamics, questions are raised about the differences in AI proficiency between African immigrants and Europeans by 2050. This paper examines demographic trends and AI developments to unravel insights into the multifaceted challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in the realms of technology, the economy, and society as we look ahead to 2050.

Bettina Fazzinga, Elena Palmieri, Margherita Vestoso et al.

We present ACME: A Chatbot for asylum-seeking Migrants in Europe. ACME relies on computational argumentation and aims to help migrants identify the highest level of protection they can apply for. This would contribute to a more sustainable migration by reducing the load on territorial commissions, Courts, and humanitarian organizations supporting asylum applicants. We describe the background context, system architecture, underlying technologies, and a case study used to validate the tool with domain experts.

M. V. Galkina

The article examines the historical and cultural aspects of the processes of formation of artistic tradition in Russian decorative and applied arts and folk crafts from the XI to the middle of the XV century. Using the example of outstanding pieces of various types and directions of decorative art, the main periods and stages of the formation of the general stylistics of the masters’ creativity and the ways of spreading similar artistic and figurative solutions are determined. The examples given by the author touch upon issues directly related to the processes of integration of Russian traditional crafts and decorative art with the creativity of Byzantium, Scandinavia, Central Europe and the culture of the peoples of the European part of Russia, which were subjected to the expansion of the Northern Slavic tribes. The author defines the development of the Russian artistic tradition as the active introduction of individual elements and figurative solutions of various sources into the basic Slavic culture, based on the preserved monuments of architecture, art and printed writing. The research is based on the works of archaeologists, art historians and artists, which are fundamental works on the history and theory of decorative and applied arts (A.N. Kirpichnikova, M.A. Orlova, B.A. Rybakov, etc.). A comparative analysis of the current state of certain types of Russian decorative and applied arts, traditional and folk crafts, taking into account the influence of technological transformations on authentic techniques and materials. The author’s conclusions are based on many years of experience in studying decorative and applied arts as a factor in the development of professional competencies of students of art universities and institutions of additional education in the process of becoming independent masters and artists.

C. Anderson

My childhood understanding about cod was that it was served either as part of an annual family tradition to be endured (in the form of lutefisk) or with french fries as the main event at a Friday fish fry. Beyond that, I knew that cod was, apparently, a common ocean fish. As I grew older, I picked up a few more tidbits, such as when the collapse of a cod fishery was reported in the media. Cod: A Global History by Elizabeth Townsend has expanded my knowledge and appreciation about this important species of fish, the Atlantic cod. Cod, published by Reaktion Books, is a recent entry in their “Edible” series. On their website, Reaktion described “Edible” as a series “... on food and drink which explores the rich history of man’s consumption. Each book provides an outline for one type of food or drink, revealing its history and culture on a global scale.” There are more than 90 titles in the series, including books about apples, edible insects, and whiskey. The author, Elisabeth Townsend, is based in New England and has been writing about food, travel, and wine for more than 20 years. This is her second book in the “Edible” series. Cod is organized into six chapters, a section on recipes, a select bibliography, a listing of websites and associations, acknowledgements and photo acknowledgements, and an index. Chapter 1 is titled “What is a Cod?” and covers Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) biology, ecology, and food habits. It also is a stage-setter for other topics that will be further developed later in the book, such as the relationships between Viking explorations and dried cod, Basques and salted cod, and the impacts of the global commerce in cod. The biology of cod, e.g., its reproductive systems and abundance, helps inform the cultural aspects throughout the remainder of the book. Chapter 2 (“Cod Fueled the Age of Discovery, 500–1500”), discusses how increasing European populations outstripped agricultural production and helped make fish a more important component of European diets. Viking explorations introduced preserved cod to other areas in Europe and Asia. As local fish stocks became depleted, nations either had to explore for new fish stock or purchase fish from others. Those needs and the establishment of the Hanseatic League contributed to cod being the first large-scale commercialized fish. “Cod Wars and the Expansion of Fishing, 1500–1976” (Chapter 3) goes into how different stocks of cod were found and conflicts that arose between different nations to control those stocks. The author writes about cod fishing seasons and methods that varied by location. She describes how different nations have different taste preferences in preserved cod, with some favoring more salt and others with less. Townsend has a lengthy section on northern New England fishing and a shorter section on the slave trade and cod. She finishes the chapter with the long history of “cod wars” especially in the vicinity of Iceland. The fourth chapter, “Trade Carries Cod Across the Globe, 1490–1970,” starts with how the love southern Nigerians have with stockfish originated about 50 years ago when Norway sent dried cod as aid during the Nigerian Civil War. As Portugal established and expanded their empire starting in the 1400s, they set up new colonies and trading posts and created new culinary traditions in Africa, Asia, and South America. In addition to bringing in salt cod, the Portuguese also introduced New World foods, like maize and potatoes, to their African and Asian colonies. Local cultures, of course, took all of these new ingredients to create their own dishes. Townsend describes favored cod parts and preparations in a range of countries, such as lye-soaked lutefisk in Scandinavia. The author concludes that cod has been a critical food source in international trade since at

Mohammed Elshehawy

Marco Cirelli, Caterina Doglioni, Federica Petricca

We introduce the initiative for Dark Matter in Europe and beyond (iDMEu), a collective effort by a group of particle and astroparticle physicists to set up an online resource meta-repository, a common discussion platform and a series of meetings on everything concerning Dark Matter. This document serves as a status report as well as a citable item concerning iDMEu.

Lili Li, P. Milesi, M. Tiret et al.

Vast population movements induced by recurrent climatic cycles have shaped the genetic structure of plant species. This is especially true in Scandinavia that was repeatedly glaciated. During glacial periods trees were confined to refugia, south and east of the ice sheet, from which they recolonized Scandinavia as the ice melted away. This multi-pronged recolonization led to large contact zones in most species. We leverage large genomic data from 5000 trees to reconstruct the demographic history of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and test for the presence of natural selection during the recolonization process and the establishment of the contact zone. Sweden is today made up of two large genetic clusters, a southern one originating from the Baltics and a Northern one originating from Northern Russia. The contact zone delineating these two clusters closely matches the limit between two major climatic regions. This suggests that natural selection contributed to the establishment and the maintenance of the contact zone. To test this hypothesis we first used Approximate Bayesian Computation; an Isolation-with migration model with genome-wide linked selection fits the data better than a purely neutral one. Secondly, we identified loci characterized by both extreme allele frequency differences between geographic regions and association to the variables defining the climatic zones. These loci, many of which are related to phenology, form clusters present on all linkage groups. Altogether, the current genetic structure reflects the joint effect of climatic cycles, recolonization and selection on the establishment of strong local adaptation and contact zones. Significance Statement Understanding how past climatic events, human actions and evolutionary forces contributed to the present distribution of genetic diversity is crucial to predict their reaction to the current climate crisis. Vast distribution shifts induced by past environmental changes, local ecological processes, natural selection and human transfers contributed to the current distribution of Norway spruce across Northern Europe. Genome-wide polymorphisms from thousands of individuals show that Scandinavia was recolonized after the Last Glacial from both south and north. This two-pronged recolonization established a contact zone between two genetic clusters that matches the limit between two major climate zones. The contact zone is shaped and maintained by natural selection on a large number of loci that form blocks of co-adapted loci spread genome-wide.

Lluis Danus, Carles Muntaner, Alexander Krauss et al.

Scientists collaborate through intricate networks, which impact the quality and scope of their research. At the same time, funding and institutional arrangements, as well as scientific and political cultures, affect the structure of collaboration networks. Since such arrangements and cultures differ across regions in the world in systematic ways, we surmise that collaboration networks and impact should also differ systematically across regions. To test this, we compare the structure of collaboration networks among prominent researchers in North America and Europe. We find that prominent researchers in Europe establish denser collaboration networks, whereas those in North-America establish more decentralized networks. We also find that the impact of the publications of prominent researchers in North America is significantly higher than for those in Europe, both when they collaborate with other prominent researchers and when they do not. Although Europeans collaborate with other prominent researchers more often, which increases their impact, we also find that repeated collaboration among prominent researchers decreases the synergistic effect of collaborating.

Artem Y. Burdanov, Julien de Wit, Michaël Gillon et al.

SPECULOOS is a ground-based transit survey consisting of six identical 1-m robotic telescopes. The immediate goal of the project is to detect temperate terrestrial planets transiting nearby ultracool dwarfs (late M-dwarf stars and brown dwarfs), which could be amenable for atmospheric research with the next generation of telescopes. Here, we report the developments of the northern counterpart of the project - SPECULOOS Northern Observatory, and present its performance during the first three years of operations from mid-2019 to mid-2022. Currently, the observatory consists of one telescope, which is named Artemis. The Artemis telescope demonstrates remarkable photometric precision, allowing it to be ready to detect new transiting terrestrial exoplanets around ultracool dwarfs. Over the period of the first three years after the installation, we observed 96 objects from the SPECULOOS target list for 6000 hours with a typical photometric precision of $0.5\%$, and reaching a precision of $0.2\%$ for relatively bright non-variable targets with a typical exposure time of 25 sec. Our weather downtime (clouds, high wind speed, high humidity, precipitation and/or high concentration of dust particles in the air) over the period of three years was 30% of overall night time. Our actual downtime is 40% because of additional time loss associated with technical problems.

Finn Erhard Johannessen

Jonas Koesling

ABSTRACT: The present article reconsiders the general assumption that pre-Viking-Age rune-stones were erected as commemorative monuments for the dead or were generally related to burial customs practiced during the Iron Age of Scandinavia. Based on a researched historical contextualization, the article finds that rune-stones have often been interpreted on premises that ultimately originate outside the internal evidence provided by the rune-stones in question. With the aid of collective memory as a theoretical-analytical framework, these earliest written memory media are then addressed in terms of a complex social phenomenon. Illustrated by selected examples of single inscriptions, the present article argues that the early rune-stones were on various levels crucial in creating and maintaining collective memories in Scandinavian Iron-Age communities and not necessarily related to the dead.

Mette Vårdal

Sammendrag Over 100 etterlatte dokumenter etter husmannen Bersvein Hansen og hans familie i Bersveinstuen i Vågå er utgangspunktet for denne studien av en husmanns nettverk i andre halvdel av 1700-tallet. Med kunnskap og initiativ hadde han kontakt med både husmenn, bønder og embetsmenn. Bersvein Hansen skaffet seg kunnskap om å sette opp dokumenter og juridiske prosesser, og var en tid skrivehjelp for sorenskriveren. Dokumentene viser at det på individnivå var stort handlingsrom for relasjoner på tvers av sosiale, kulturelle og økonomiske forskjeller.

Murray Gell-Mann, James B Hartle

This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..