Hasil untuk "History of Eastern Europe"

G. Hellenthal, G. Busby, G. Band et al.

Jan Figueras i Gibert

Recent scholarship has portrayed European craft guilds as more inclusive towards new members than previously assumed. Their role in the integration of newcomers into urban communities has been highlighted as a gateway to a practical notion of citizenship. However, the role of guild deliberation practices in the integration of migrant individuals has not been examined. The present work aims to address this issue through a case study of late sixteenth-century Catalonia. Between 1580 and 1600, the wool weavers’ guild of the town of Terrassa integrated large numbers of French migrants into its membership. Through a series of institutional and electoral reforms, the deliberative prac- tices of the guild gradually evolved to further include the foreigners, initially underrepresented.

Бейсенов, А.З., Паничкин, А.В.

Публикуемые данные представляют собой первые результаты исследования железного кинжала из Центрального Казахстана (IV—V вв.). Выявлено, что все операции ковки и термической обработки проводились при температуре ниже 727°С. Твердость по шкале Виккерса составила 244 HV5. Анализ доли карбидов в железе свидетельствует, что состав металла соответствует стали заэвтектического состава, при этом доля карбидов в колониях достигает уровня доэвтектического чугуна. Высокая доля карбидов сферической формы в сочетании с матрицей из феррита придает кинжалу при сравнительно небольшой твердости высокую пластичность, коррозионную стойкость и хорошие режущие свойства. Технология термической обработки, которую применил древний мастер, обеспечила такому металлу довольно высокие эксплуатационные характеристики, повышающие режущие свойства и стойкость оружия в использовании.

Noorman Abdullah

The state of knowledge production and circulation – or what is framed as “relevant” knowledge within academic cultures of learning and teaching – is intimately tied to the global concept of what is “marketable”. Closely associated with this are opportunities for teaching and research funding, graduate scholarship awards, the employment of research and teaching staff and curriculum design. In Asia, the corporatisation of universities and their departments intensified in the 1990s and early 2000s. This stemmed from a complex interplay of historical and structural conditions and pressures, including the colonial legacy of cultural, intellectual and economic dependency. In this paper, the author argues that what is necessary in these contexts in Asia, in line with the call for what are now broadly termed “alternative discourses” from scholars such as Syed Farid Alatas and Vineeta Sinha, is the teaching of a social science tradition created and expanded by scholars who are guided by the selection of problems and relevance from within. In broad contours, alternative discourses refer to the theorising and conceptualisation of social science in Asia and elsewhere that emerged from dissatisfaction with mainstream Euro-American-oriented models, research agendas and priorities. More specifically, the article interrogates the focus on teaching and pedagogy, which has, among other things, resulted in a displacement of attention from issues that should be of crucial consideration to Asian societies.

Sergiu Musteata

The study synthesizes the most important events and transformations that marked Moldovan society in 1989 and its future developments. The study’s primary aim is to highlight the most important events from 1989 that led the Moldovan society towards obtaining the sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Moldova. At the same time, the study also shows the current knowledge of the 1989 developments to draw new research perspectives. Thus, in chronological order, the most critical social, cultural, and political events that have had long-term effects on Moldovan society are reviewed. The article analyzes the national emancipation movement’s emergence, activity, and counter-movements to maintain the Soviet regime. The 1989 events in the Moldavian SSR resulted from Gorbachev’s reforms (glasnost, perestroika) and the “revolutions” in the socialist states that succeeded in bringing down the communist regimes. Starting with cultural demands and rights (the language and alphabet), people had reached economic and political demands (economic autonomy, sovereignty, independence). The emergence of alternative political forces to the Communist Party, their official registration, the legalization of their meetings, and public manifestations led to the consolidation of the critical mass opposed to the Communist regime. Changing the language legislation, returning to the Latin alphabet, and condemning the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact are just some of the successes of 1989 that impacted the following years, resulting, eventually, in the Declaration of Sovereignty of 1990 and the Declaration of Independence of 1991.

Mike Sharples

John Clark was inventor of the Eureka machine to generate hexameter Latin verse. He labored for 13 years from 1832 to implement the device that could compose at random over 26 million different lines of well-formed verse. This paper proposes that Clark should be regarded as an early cognitive scientist. Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution" whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and displayed. We describe the background to automated generation of verse, the design and mechanics of Eureka, its reception in London in 1845 and its place in the history of language generation by machine. The article interprets Clark's theory of kaleidoscopic evolution in terms of modern cognitive science. It suggests that Clark has not been given the recognition he deserves as a pioneer of computational creativity.

Pochekaev, R.Yu.

The article is an analysis of the judicial functions of khans of the Crimea since 15th to 18th c. Basic levels and directions of the khan’s justice as the supreme court of the khanate are clarified. Besides that khans are also characterized as organizers of the court of divan, beys’ courts and courts of qadis in accordance with Shariat. Author attempts to answer the question why the justice of Crimean khans was substantially limited in comparison with monarchs of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde. At that specific feature of political statement of the Crimean Khanate (as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire and a state with unstable political situation), religious situation in the Crimean Peninsula are taken into account. The sources for the study are official documents of the Crimean Khanate such as khans’ yarliks, court registers, historical chronicles and notes of foreign travelers who visited Crimea in 16th — 18th cc. Author finds that khans of Crimea de-jure saved Chinggisid traditions (as supreme judges in the khanate), but were substantially limited in their court power de-facto because of feudal aristocracy and courts of qadis. Nevertheless, several kinds of cases as before remained in their competence. Also khans had wide potentialities in the field of organization of the court system of khanate.

Albina F. Noskova

At the request of the editorial board of the journal Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Albina Fedorovna Noskova (born 1936), Doctor of Historical Sciences and chief researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recounts her life and career path in science. She graduated from the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University in 1959 and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute from 1961 to 1964. Albina Fedoovna is the recognised specialist in both the modern history of Poland and the problems in the history of Soviet-Polish relations. The principal lines of her investigations included the history of Poland and other Eastern European countries during and after World War II, the problems of Slavic-German relations, and the policy of Moscow in Eastern Europe. A. F. Noskova is the author of several hundred academic works, as well as the organiser of and a participant in many international projects and conferences. Albina Fedorovna discusses her childhood, her parents and teachers, her studies at the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University, and her work in archives and at the Institute of Slavic Studies, as well as her business trips abroad.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

Yuheng Zhang, Qi Zhou, Ke Chang

Air pollution (e.g., PM2.5) has a negative effect on human health. Recently, the population-weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentration (PWAM) has been selected as an indicator 11.6.2 in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for various countries to perfrom a long-term monitoring of population exposure to PM2.5 in cities. However, few studies have employed this indicator for a city-level analysis and also in a long-time series (e.g., for decades). To fill this research gap, this study investigates the long-term (2000-2020) variation of population exposure to PM2.5 in Eastern China (including 318 prefecture-level cities). Three categories of open geospatial data (including high-resolution and long-term PM2.5 and population data, and administrative boundary data of cities) are involved for analysis. We found that: 1) A considerable decrease has been observed for the PWAM during 2014-2020. 2) In 2020, the PWAM is for the first time lower than the interim target-1 (35 μg/m3) defined by the World Health Organization for 214 prefecture-level cities in Eastern China, which accounts for 67% of the total population. The results indicates a considerable improvement of air quality in Eastern China. More important, this study illustrates the feasibility of using open geospatial data to monitor the SDG indicator 11.6.2.

Fei Wu, Stefan Pfenninger

Bioenergy is currently a major renewable energy source in Europe but faces an unclear future because of conflicting modelling results and the lack of long-term policy. This paper identifies three challenges and potential opportunities by reviewing bioenergy historical national deployment, current policy support, and possible future roles in Europe. The first challenge is on the supply side. Analysing the supply-consumption dynamics and import dependency of EU bioenergy, we find that the security of bioenergy supply is challenging for liquid biofuels and those countries with the highest per-capita bioenergy consumption in Europe. Second, the definition of sustainable bioenergy in modelling studies is sometimes inconsistent with how EU policies label it. Third, on the demand side, there are unique but competing uses for bioenergy without a clear long-term strategy in Europe. We conclude with three opportunities to tackle these challenges for future research. First, utilising the untapped bioenergy potential with low environmental impacts could improve supply security. A clear and harmonised definition of sustainable bioenergy could better convey modelling results to policymaking. Finally, understanding where best to use limited sustainable bioenergy supply through sector-coupled energy system models can provide direction for a clearer EU bioenergy strategy towards 2050.

Lluis Danus, Carles Muntaner, Alexander Krauss et al.

Scientists collaborate through intricate networks, which impact the quality and scope of their research. At the same time, funding and institutional arrangements, as well as scientific and political cultures, affect the structure of collaboration networks. Since such arrangements and cultures differ across regions in the world in systematic ways, we surmise that collaboration networks and impact should also differ systematically across regions. To test this, we compare the structure of collaboration networks among prominent researchers in North America and Europe. We find that prominent researchers in Europe establish denser collaboration networks, whereas those in North-America establish more decentralized networks. We also find that the impact of the publications of prominent researchers in North America is significantly higher than for those in Europe, both when they collaborate with other prominent researchers and when they do not. Although Europeans collaborate with other prominent researchers more often, which increases their impact, we also find that repeated collaboration among prominent researchers decreases the synergistic effect of collaborating.

S. Schwartz, A. Bardi

Oleksandr Smyrnov, Kyrylo Gorbenko

The coin material of Roman times, which was found during archaeological studies of an ancient settlement on the island of Berezan, is analyzed in the paper. The ancient settlement on the island of Berezan is primarily known as the first Greek colony in the Northern Black Sea region. In addition to the sites of the archaic period of the 6th – 5th centuries BCE, the objects belonging to other historical epochs are studied on the island. Roman times are represented by a large number of materials: ceramics, epigraphic finds, damaged archaeological sites (remains of dwellings, utility pits, etc.). Almost all researchers of the site have singled out single artefacts from Roman times. Unfortunately, the cultural layers of the first centuries of the New Era were destroying starting from the construction of the Turkish fortress finishing the works that preceded World War II. And nowadays, the process of destruction is still in progress due to large-scale grave robbery. In recent years, during archaeological studies, the coins of Roman times have usually been found in mixed redeposited layers. Coins of the 2nd – 3rd centuries CE are rare archaeological artefacts, found during research on the island, but at the same time, they are not unique finds. Currently, there is no generalized work cataloguing the numismatic material of the Roman times found during more than a century of archaeological study of the ancient settlement on the island of Berezan. Information about coins can be found in archeological reports and publications only as additional material. Such finds are mentioned in the works of P.Y. Karyshkovskyi, V.A. Anokhina, M.F. Boltenko, S.B. Buiskykh, V.V. Krutilov, and others. At the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century, coins of the Roman times were found at different excavation units of the archaeological research on the island headed by various scholars. V.V. Nazarov found coins at excavation units ‘R-1V’ and ‘T’, V.V. Krutilov at ‘T’ and ‘O’, and O.I. Smirnov and D.V. Bondarenko at ‘HSh’. All material is clearly dated to the 2nd – 3rd centuries CE, classified by Roman and Olbia minting of bronze and silver and belongs to the reigns of the emperors Antoninus Pius, Septimius Severus, and Archon of Olbia Dada son of Satyros. This gives us the opportunity to support the assumption of Ukrainian archaeologists that in the second half of the 2nd – beginning of the 3rd century CE on the island of Berezan there was a fortification of Roman troops detachment which garrisoned in Olbia.

Alexandru Mitru

The creation of history textbooks in the post-December period took into account the increase of quality in pre-university education by developing communication and relationship skills, different historical contents being studied depending on the interests of students. In our analysis, we tried to find out to what extent the authors of the history textbooks were interested in presenting the Transnistrian conflict to the young generation. The curriculum for History has undergone many changes during this period. However, both at the gymnasium and the high school level, compulsory content regarding the foreign policy promoted by Romania after 1990 were provided. In our approach, we analyzed 31 textbooks published during this period, out of which only a few addressed the military conflict in the Republic of Moldova. The most consistent presentation is found in the manual made by a team of Alexandru Barnea, Vasile Manea, Eugen Palade, Florin Petrescu and Bogdan Teodorescu and (re)published in 2014 by Corint Educațional. The authors of the history textbooks in Romania showed low interest in the presentation of the Transnistrian war, in the context in which the political, economic and social relations between Bucharest and Chisinau, after 1991, were analyzed to a very small extent. This conflict was presented only in view of the position adopted by Romania regarding this event, without addressing the side regarding the legality of separatist actions undertaken by Tiraspol officials or the emotional impact of a military conflict, in which Moldovan citizens were involved.

Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek

Wiktor Swiatełyk (Віктор Андрійович Святелик) – ukraiński rusycysta, krajoznawca, autor licznych naukowych i popularnonaukowych prac o dziejach rodu Potockich w Tulczynie. Władał kilkoma językami obcymi, w tym polskim, angielskim, niemieckim, francuskim, słowackim, czeskim, węgierskim i rosyjskim. Uchodził za najlepszego przewodnika po pałacu Potockich w Tulczynie. Był znanym i cenionym na Ukrainie badaczem dziejów regionu1. Zasiadał w zarządzie stowarzyszenia regionalnego „Podole” („Поділля”). Jego zainteresowania naukowe, wynikające z pracy zawodowej, koncentrowały się wokół związków dekabrystów z Tulczynem, twórczości Mykoły Łeontowycza oraz literackich inspiracji Aleksandra Puszkina. Fascynowały go ponadto dzieje pałacu Potockich w Tulczynie oraz polskich mieszkańców miasta. Wiele energii poświęcił też na zbadanie legendy powstania poematu Aleksandra Puszkina Fontanna Bachczysarajska. Dzieje tzw. „fontanny łez” w bakczysarajskim pałacu chanów na Krymie były związane z legendą nie tylko niespełnionej miłości wielkiego rosyjskiego romantyka, lecz także z niejaką Marią Potocką, która miała zostać porwana w XVIII w. do chańskiego haremu. Jako Diljara Bikecz została uznana przez chana Krym Gireja za najukochańszą żonę. To właśnie po jej śmierci wybudowano słynną fontannę, będącą również inspiracją dla wielu polskich poetów, w tym Adama Mickiewicza. Pod koniec życia Swiatełyk zainteresował się losami znakomitego artysty i doskonałego fałszerza pieniędzy Ignacego Ceyzika (1779-1857)5. Nurtował go zwłaszcza podolski epizod w życiorysie artysty, mało znany biografom tej postaci.

Bogatov Egor, Korenev Artem, Mikhailov Ilya

One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.

Chinyere A. Nwajiuba, Elochukwu Ukwandu

The study examined the participation of female students of South Eastern Nigerian tertiary institutions in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The study discussed the attendant gender divide in ICTs participation, reasons for low female participation in ICT, consequences of not bridging the divide and ways of encouraging female participation in ICT. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from respondents. A multi stage random sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. One hundred and thirty six (136) undergraduate female students of tertiary institutions in South Eastern Nigeria constituted the study sample. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings suggest that high cost of ICT and high level of male dominance, which made females think that ICT is for males were the major reasons for low female participation in ICT. Reducing the cost of Information Technology, and parental involvement in their children selection choice of study were suggested to encourage female participation in Information and Communication Technologies.

Inshah Mehraj Malik, Haley Duschinski

Vasyl Ukhach

У статті здійснено історіографічний аналіз напрацювань сучасними українськими істориками передумов, особливостей підготовки, суті акцій партизанських загонів, здобутків, результатів і наслідків для оунівського підпілля антипольських виступів у період серпня-вересня 1939 р. Проаналізовано позиції сучасних українських істориків у питаннях розробки концепції та плану антипольського повстання; масштабів конфлікту; дискусійних питань термінології, кількісного складу оунівських загонів. Зроблено висновок, що зорганізувати широкомасштабне антипольське повстання з метою відродження Української держави ОУН не вдалося. Виокремлено перспективний перелік питань, що потребують подальших дослідницьких зусиль.