Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Esther-Maria Guggenmos

This article is a revised version of the inaugural lecture delivered on 5 October2023, on the occasion of the author's appointment as Professor of History of Religions at Lund University. It opens by depicting fundamental changes in the study of the history of religions in the twentieth century, followed by biographical notes, including her research on lay Buddhism in urban Taiwan, the emphasis on sensual dimensions of religious practice and the aesthetics of religion, and international academic networking in the analysis of practices of prognostication between Asia and Europe. Three areas are outlined that are central to the author's current research. It is pointed out that a focus on religion in contemporary society certainly includes a healthy awareness of current developments in the politics of religion, particularly in East Asia. In addition, the article addresses two fields of research that the author is currently engaged in: (1) The emergence of "Life Education" as a school subject in Greater China and the pedagogical shift that goes along with it. Particularly in Taiwan, this new subject is tailored to create a space for juveniles to develop self-reflection and life orientation in a success-oriented society while a new trust in religious organizations leads to the organizations' active engagement in these developments. The author is especially interested in how the transforming relationship between religion and public education gains special relevance in a comparative perspective between Asia and Europe. (2) Religious change in East Asia is evident in Buddhist ritual practices that are impacted by a consumer society that moulds emotionally profound experiences into marketable and distinct units that Eva Illouz has termed "emodities". Religious practices are subject to change in our contemporary world as they are reshaped by a growing global digitalized consumer culture. Tracing these changes leads to a deeper understanding of the underlying forces that distinctly reshape contemporary religious life.

Mário Augusto Medeiros da Silva

Resenha de: CARDOSO, Edson. Nada os trará de volta: escritos sobre racismo e luta política. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2022. 456 p.

Angela de Castro Gomes, Martha Abreu

Este artigo discute como teses interpretativas muito compartilhadas sobre o racismo e o folclore negro podem se transformar a partir do trabalho de pesquisa etnográfica, aqui entendido como uma prática de mediação cultural. Alexina de Magalhães Pinto e Lavinia Costa Raymond foram duas intelectuais brancas, professoras e autoras, que apesar de hoje esquecidas, projetaram-se no mundo letrado e acadêmico de seu tempo. Atuaram em dois momentos decisivos, mesmo que distintos, para os debates sobre a questão racial no Brasil: as décadas de 1900 a 1920 e de 1935 a 1955. Enfrentaram, cada uma a sua maneira, ainda que de forma inicial e ambígua, as teses sobre o desaparecimento das expressões culturais afro-brasileiras, encontrando caminhos para a valorização do patrimônio cultural construído pelos descendentes de escravizados.

Ankur Garg, Kranti Suresh Vora, Mohammed K. Ali et al.

Objectives: Family history is considered as an important predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes. Available research findings suggest that family history of chronic diseases is associated with perceived risk of disease and adoption of healthy behaviours. We examined the association between family history of cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) and healthy behaviours among adults without self-reported CMDs. Methods: Cross-sectional data of 12,484 adults, without self-reported CMDs, from the baseline survey of Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS) cohort study were analysed. Results: Family history was positively associated with non-smoking and high fruits & vegetables consumption in the age group of 45–64 years and moderate to high physical activity in the age group ≥65 years after adjusting for sex, education, wealth index, city and body mass index. Conclusions: Understanding perceived risks and cultural or psychological factors related to family history through ethnographic studies may deepen understanding of these associations.

Massimo Cristofaro, René F. H. Sforza, Gerardo Roselli et al.

The bagrada bug, <i>Bagrada hilaris</i>, is an invasive insect pest in the family Brassicaceae that causes economically important damage to crops. It was originally present in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, and was reported as invasive in the southwestern part of the US, in Chile, and on a few islands in the Mediterranean Basin. In its native range, <i>B. hilaris</i> is controlled by several egg parasitoid species that are under consideration as potential biological control agents. This research evaluated the impact of gamma irradiation on life history parameters, e.g., the fecundity, fertility, and longevity of <i>B. hilaris</i>, as a critical step towards assessing the feasibility of using the sterile insect technique against this recent invasive pest. Newly emerged adults of a laboratory colony originally collected from the island of Pantelleria (Italy) were gamma-irradiated. Life history parameters were evaluated at nine different doses, ranging from 16 Gy to 140 Gy. The minimal dose to approach full sterility was 100 Gy. Irradiation up to a maximum of 140 Gy apparently did not negatively impact the longevity of the adults. Even if both genders are sensitive to irradiation, the decline in fecundity for irradiated females could be exploited to release irradiated males safely to apply the SIT in combination with classical biological control. The data presented here allow us to consider, for the first time, the irradiation of bagrada adults as a suitable and feasible technique that could contribute to guaranteeing a safe approach to control this important pest species in agro-ecosystems. More research is warranted on the competitive fitness of irradiated males to better understand mating behavior as well as elucidate the possible mechanisms of sperm selection by polyandric <i>B. hilaris</i> females.

Chyi Yin Gwee, Kritika M Garg, Balaji Chattopadhyay et al.

Archipelagoes serve as important ‘natural laboratories’ which facilitate the study of island radiations and contribute to the understanding of evolutionary processes. The white-eye genus Zosterops is a classical example of a ‘great speciator’, comprising c. 100 species from across the Old World, most of them insular. We achieved an extensive geographic DNA sampling of Zosterops by using historical specimens and recently collected samples. Using over 700 genome-wide loci in conjunction with coalescent species tree methods and gene flow detection approaches, we untangled the reticulated evolutionary history of Zosterops, which comprises three main clades centered in Indo-Africa, Asia, and Australasia, respectively. Genetic introgression between species permeates the Zosterops phylogeny, regardless of how distantly related species are. Crucially, we identified the Indonesian archipelago, and specifically Borneo, as the major center of diversity and the only area where all three main clades overlap, attesting to the evolutionary importance of this region.

Anupama Shankar, Samuel D. Sibley, Tony L. Goldberg et al.

Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses present in many mammals, including nonhuman primates, where they are called simian foamy viruses (SFVs). SFVs can zoonotically infect humans, but very few complete SFV genomes are available, hampering the design of diagnostic assays. Gibbons are lesser apes widespread across Southeast Asia that can be infected with SFV, but only two partial SFV sequences are currently available. We used a metagenomics approach with next-generation sequencing of nucleic acid extracted from the cell culture of a blood specimen from a lesser ape, the pileated gibbon (<i>Hylobates pileatus</i>), to obtain the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome. We used Bayesian analysis to co-infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates. SFVhpi_SAM106 is ancestral to other ape SFVs with a divergence date of ~20.6 million years ago, reflecting ancient co-evolution of the host and SFVhpi_SAM106. Analysis of the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome shows that it has the same genetic architecture as other SFVs but has the longest recorded genome (13,885-nt) due to a longer long terminal repeat region (2,071 bp). The complete sequence of the SFVhpi_SAM106 genome fills an important knowledge gap in SFV genetics and will facilitate future studies of FV infection, transmission, and evolutionary history.

S. A. Krylov

The article provides an overview of grammatical classes of word forms of basic Mongolian lexemes, the word forms being characterized in terms of frequency use. The General Corpus of Modem Mongolian (Rus. GKMYa) served as a source of data to calculate frequencies of respective word forms. A most distinctive feature of the dictionary is that the introduced items have been structured categorially and semantically. The latter shall contribute to resolve further typological tasks with respect to world languages, i. e., it is reckoned to secure potential typological compatibility of the dictionary with similarly structured dictionaries of other languages. The work is based on principles of quantitative Mongolistics developed by the author in a number of preceding papers. So, the article provides 454 basic modem Mongolian word forms applied within GKMYa-la, the absolute frequency of use exceeding 255 ipm and the relative one exceeding 220 ipm respectively. The word form dictionary is shown in the form of a table gradated by a grammatical class of a respective word form (grammatical classes listed alphabetically).

T.G. Basangova

The paper investigates plot АА 910 ‘Wise Advice’ in Kalmyk fairy tales. Quite a number of ethnic fairy-tale traditions contain a plot about five twigs to symbolize friendship and some disagreement accommodated through wise advice from an old man. The mentioned folklore plot is universally referred to as a household one.

Serge Gruzinski

Why not analyse Iberian expansion in Africa and Asia starting from the American continent? Here we look at how Las Casas conceived and described the links that were forged between Africa and America, with a threefold purpose: to explore the relationships between Portuguese and Castilian historians in the mid-16th century; to establish the extent to which African and American studies are still practically separate fields of research; and to examine the possibility and the necessary conditions for a global history.

Dwipen Bezbaruah, Geetanjali Devi

Evidences of rock engravings and sculptures, in Assam, are predominantly found to occur in the vicinity of the temples. Incidence of images of Gods and Goddesses, faunal and floral motif are invariably more. Apart from these, some geometric designs are also perceived. Such tangible archaeological heritages are considered important evidences for understanding the past in a more meaningful way. Therefore, it is pertinent to systematically document these sites and the remains before natural and anthropogenic obliteration. The objective of the present paper is to record and document the rock engravings and sculptures observed in the archaeological sites, namely Dirgheswari, Aswakranta, Manikarneswar, Rudreswar and Kanai Boroshi bowa of North Guwahati in Kamrup district, Assam, which are protected and preserved by the Directorate of Archaeology, Assam and to understand the archaeological context of the sites and their remains. The data for the present paper have been collected through field visit and Exploration was conducted in dry and winter season. The findings of the present work comprises of some sculptures of Ganesa, Yama, Sage, Kali, deities, bull without head, human figures, broken piece of a tiger, remains of door frame or pillar and shrines. Series of dot marks, cut marks, inscription, image of Shiva, foot impression, chess board, square, bow, signs, female figurine, and elephant engravings constitute the rock engravings observed in the area.

Elena Bougleux

Historical analysis of domination patterns identifies phases of ongoing dialectics between rich and poor world areas, claiming instances of self-determination and empowerment in international programs of cooperation. At the same time, new major imbalances in relations of power emerge between new global players, who appear to be committed in a competition towards the Western model of development, mainly characterized by the control over technologies and knowledge/. /Such practices of emulation provide examples of complicity with the hegemonic rhetoric, and help strengthen pairs of opposites (emerging/advanced, technological/intuitive, hegemonic/subaltern) increasingly polarized and less dialectical.

Clement Masakure

Review Essay Tamara Giles-Vernick and James L.A. Webb, Jr. (eds.). 2013. Global Heath in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 246 pp. Ruth J. Prince and Rebecca Marsland (eds.). 2014. Making and Unmaking Public Health in Africa: Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 292 pp. William H. Schneider. 2013. The History of Blood Transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 239 pp.

Marisela Connelly

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Hania Zlotnik

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Jon Halliday, Marinés Medero

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Marcelo Campagno

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Manuel Ruiz Figueroa

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Miguel V. Olivera Giménez

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Susana B. C. Devalle

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