Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Fakultas and Intensive, Kedokteran Prananda Surya Afrita Amalia Laitupa the COVID-19, Fkum Surabaya Care of Rsud Dr. Kartika Prahasanti et al.

Suicide remains a largely hidden public health concern in Indonesia, shaped by pervasive underreporting and religion-based stigma that frequently frames psychological suffering as a manifestation of weak faith. This narrative review critically examines the dual role of religion in suicide prevention, acknowledging its capacity to function both as a protective resource and, under certain interpretive conditions, as a factor that may exacerbate risk through stigma and social exclusion. Rather than aggregating empirical evidence, this review adopts an interpretive and theory-building approach, synthesizing interdisciplinary literature from public health, psychiatry, neurobiology, and Islamic theology to develop a conceptual framework for narrative reconstruction. The analysis highlights that religious teachings can foster hope, meaning, and social belonging, while rigid or judgmental interpretations may intensify shame and hinder help-seeking. Building on this synthesis, the article proposes a normative framework that integrates scientific understandings of psychological pain and neurobiological vulnerability with compassionate theological concepts, such as divine mercy and hope, and with the reinterpretation of ikhtiar and tawakal as supportive of professional mental health care. As a practical illustration, a culturally resonant psychological first aid model—Ask, Listen, Accompany (ALA)—is presented as a community-oriented approach aligned with established global principles, without claiming empirical validation. The framework is intended as a heuristic guide rather than an evidentiary model, and its applicability will vary across Indonesia’s diverse socioreligious contexts. By repositioning religion as complementary to clinical care, this review aims to inform dialogue, guide future empirical research, and support culturally sensitive suicide prevention efforts.

Dr. Khaled Marzouk Eid al-Azmi

The term globalization emerged to reflect the state of civilizational and human development and the increase in global interactions in the economy, trade, communications, ideas, beliefs, and cultures. Naturally, globalization, like any openness or development, has its positive and negative effects. Therefore, faced with all the challenges posed by globalization with its rapid developments and inherent contradictions, the Muslim individual confronts significant ethical and moral challenges, and may even suffer an identity crisis. Given this massive surge of social developments, and in light of imported ideas, cultures, and the rapidly evolving world of communications, this study must explore the possibility of combining two starting points: The first starting point is the necessity of embracing the means of modernity and development, which is the essence of religion and the core of the Islamic civilization's heritage in human development and the flourishing of the world. This is a fundamental principle of Islamic civilization, which drew upon previous civilizations and added its own civilizational and cultural legacy to benefit subsequent civilizations and become a beacon of human knowledge in the world. The second starting point revolves around what is appropriate and inappropriate. Islamic civilization itself, when it embraced the means of modernity... It adopted from previous civilizations what aligned with its humanistic and ethical boundaries and its spiritual message, and rejected what contradicted its message, goal, and vision for civilization. Herein lies the researcher's vision in this paper: to explore the balance between embracing the means of modernity and the social, intellectual, and cultural developments imposed by globalization, and the intellectual safeguards that protect the Muslim individual from the negative aspects and challenges posed by globalization, while adhering to the jurisprudential principles that govern this equation. Thus, the heritage of Islamic civilization encouraged the Muslim to adopt the means of modernity and development without compromising the system of values, as well as to distinguish between what the West offers to serve humanity and what is offered for colonial purposes and for the purposes of penetrating Islamic societies, especially since the incidents of conflict between East and West throughout the ages of history revealed that this conflict was not merely a military conflict, but was in many contexts that included intellectual and moral conflicts, systematic targeting and desperate attempts to penetrate the system of values ​​and distort spiritual dimensions. Herein lies the importance of research on the mechanisms of intellectual protection and adjusting the equation between adopting the means of modernity and the mechanisms of intellectual immunity to confront the negative effects of globalization.

B. Borisov

Background. The domestic education system is undergoing reform. Some of the latest changes are related to the full return of educational work to schools and the emergence of a new independent subject, “Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia”. There are certain problems on the path to the full implementation of this program, related to the limited experience of teaching this discipline. These include problems with the motivation of students and teachers, problems with the content and substance of the subject, as well as the preparation of teachers to teach it. In this regard, we believe it is necessary to refer to the historical and pedagogical experience of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, when issues related to the formation of students' worldviews were very effectively addressed on the basis of traditional spiritual and moral values, especially at turning points in the country's development. Purpose.The goal is to analyze the historical and pedagogical experience of spiritual and moral education of students in Russia in the history of domestic education. Materials and methods. The main research method is retrospective analysis. In addition, we used historical-structural and historical-genetic methods, which allowed us to identify the pedagogical traditions of spiritual and moral education of students in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods of Russia's development. The article is based on archival sources and includes references to regulatory acts and scientific research literature. Results. A new subject, “Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia,” has been introduced into Russian schools. Its aim is to give students an understanding of the fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia, the role and significance of traditional Russian religions, and secular ethics in the development of Russian culture and history. The introduction of this new subject was supported by a number of documents: Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022, “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values”, and No. 314 of May 8, 2024, “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Historical Education”. At the same time, a number of problems have emerged related to increasing the motivation of students and teachers for the new discipline, the content of its curriculum, and the readiness of teachers to teach it. These problems force us to turn to our national historical and pedagogical heritage for solutions. This heritage is particularly relevant given that our country has undergone an ideological shift over the past three decades. Given that both communist and liberal doctrines are variants of Western global ideologies that claim to be universal and universal, it is necessary to turn to our own civilizational uniqueness, which must be creatively rethought. Referring to the works of the prominent philosopher, theologian, and historian V.N. Trostnikov, we were able to ascertain that the core of any civilization is religious beliefs, which form the basis of both a people's self-identification and its views on the categories of good and evil, acceptable and unacceptable behavior, thus forming a system of legal consciousness embedded in culture. Due to this circumstance, in pre-revolutionary Russia, which was a vivid example of a traditional society, the Law of God was studied in all educational institutions without exception. Studying this subject, as well as participating in regular religious services, shaped the worldview of the younger generation. Certain provisions of this academic discipline's program concerning the ethics of human relations can be used today not only in classes on the Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia, but also at parent-teacher conferences. In Soviet times, after a period of revolutionary changes aimed at a complete break with previous traditions, especially in the education of students, in the 1930s, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, positive retro-innovative changes emerged in the teaching of literature and history, introducing students to the spirituality of our ancestors. This policy continued during the war years.When studying the topic of the Great Patriotic War, it is necessary to pay attention to its relevance in connection with the ongoing Special Military Operation, in which the feats of our soldiers reflect the military tradition of serving the Fatherland, which is historically one of our traditional spiritual and moral values, along with others. When introducing students to spiritual and moral culture, schools should take into account the principles of voluntariness and variability, with the mandatory participation of other entities in spiritual and moral education: families, public and religious organizations. In this regard, the relevance of this study is beyond doubt.

Stephen Mathew, Janet Solomon

The role of religion in the human rights arena is sometimes perceived as challenging, since some religious actors and some secular human rights actors may not see eye-to-eye in some areas. In this important topic, Religion and human rights: understanding the role of Christianity in the promotion of fundamental human rights in Nigeria. This study gave a historical account of the contributions of Christianity human right formation and struggle. it examines the relationship between Christianity and human rights, with emphasis on whether there is some integral connection between Christian thought and the idea of natural human rights. The paper clarified some important concept like religion, human right and go further to looked at the Origin of Religion (with Special Reference to Christian Religion) and it’s Role in Bringing Peace and Order in Society. The paper explores the argument that Christian thought have a significant link with the idea of natural human rights, and that a deep understanding of the idea of natural rights is inimical to Christianity. The history of modern human rights discourse shows its indebtedness to religious thought. The paper conclude that Human rights advocates should also consider how religious thought helps to support the universalizing impulse that has existed in human rights discourse from the beginning. The research recommends among others that There is need for government to strengthen independence of the judiciary, press freedom, democratic rules/principles, human rights education and public vigilance to curtail human rights abuses and promote good governance in Nigeria

I. Kamal

Purpose This paper aims to explore the historical foundations of ostensible profit and loss-sharing (PLS) trading contracts used in most Islamic financial institutions, and it investigates the potential origins of these contracts in an earlier Abrahamic religion, Judaism. Design/methodology/approach This paper is conceptual in nature, using a historical analytical review to examine religious interpretations within Jewish and Islamic jurisprudential literature that sought to mitigate usury restrictions, with a particular focus on ostensible PLS trading contracts. To fulfil the research objective, the paper investigates the underpinning foundation of usury prohibition in both Islam and Judaism, through analysing prohibition scriptures in primary legislation sources in Islam (Qur’an and Sunnah) and Judaism (Torah and Talmud), as well as the various interpretations of these scriptures. The paper then delves into particular interpretations that have been used to evade the ban on usury, resulting in the development of ostensible PLS trading contracts, among both religions’ adherents, as a suspected roundabout to bypass the usury prohibition. Findings The ostensible PLS trading or quasi-debt contracts were found and used in Judaism for the purpose of circumventing the usury prohibition. Although the context of ostensible PLS trading contracts contradicts genuine Islamic teachings and principles, and even their akin was opposed by early Islamic jurisprudence; nonetheless, these contracts’ echoes can be found in many arrangements used in modern Islamic financial institutions. Furthermore, the comparative analysis showed remarkable similarities between Jewish and Islamic finance literature regarding the usury circumvention progression; although the underlying premises regarding this discourse might be different across both religions’ jurisprudence, yet the resemblance still noteworthy. Research limitations/implications The research is confined to Islamic primary legislation sources, Qur’an and Sunnah, and Judaism basic legislation sources, Torah and Talmud, examining the history of theologians’ interpretations respondent to the laity pressure toward slacking usury prohibition. If similarity is apparent, the issue may depart from the ontological analysis of Islamic financial institutions toward a deeper epistemological investigation of usury prohibition theory, with the aim of restricting ostensible PLS contracts in Islamic financial institutions. Originality/value The Islamic finance literature has attempted substantially to explain the gap between the theoretical context of Islamic finance and the discrepant practices adopted in most Islamic financial institutions. As the used approach was usually keen to address the issue ontologically as a practice problem, outward built-in solutions such as corporate governance and shari’ah compliance monitoring were prevalent in the literature. Nonetheless, despite their practical essence, such explanations have not solved the practicing problem, in addition to their lack of theoretical premises. This research contributes to enhancing the theory of Islamic finance and scoping the premises behind the problematic current practices of Islamic financial institutions. It sheds light on the early origins of the ostensible PLS or quasi-debt contracts used in Islamic financial institutions as PLS trading contracts, while genuinely, they are not.

Suman Kulkarni, Dani S. Bassett

The brain is immensely complex, with diverse components and dynamic interactions building upon one another to orchestrate a wide range of functions and behaviors. Understanding patterns of these complex interactions and how they are coordinated to support collective neural activity and function is critical for parsing human and animal behavior, treating mental illness, and developing artificial intelligence. Rapid experimental advances in imaging, recording, and perturbing neural systems across various species now provide opportunities and challenges to distill underlying principles of brain organization and function. Here, we take stock of recent progresses and review methods used in the statistical analysis of brain networks, drawing from fields of statistical physics, network theory and information theory. Our discussion is organized by scale, starting with models of individual neurons and extending to large-scale networks mapped across brain regions. We then examine the organizing principles and constraints that shape the biological structure and function of neural circuits. Finally, we describe current opportunities aimed at improving models in light of recent developments and at bridging across scales to contribute to a better understanding of brain networks.

Jerzy S Respondek

The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Praise be to Allah, The Lord of the universe and May Allah, the All Mighty, raise the rank of the best of all His Messengers, Prophet Muhammad, and raise the rank of the blessed and virtuous kins and companions of our dear Messenger. God has destined, for this Umma, those who will protect Islam, defend its beliefs, and refute its opponents with the proofs of the Noble Qur'an, the Sunnah of the trustworthy Prophet, may Allah raise his rank, and the evidence of sound intellect. Sheikh Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari was among those who supported the religion accepted by God by teaching, debating, and authoring. God tested him with those who bore him enmity during his life and after his death, as they fabricated false and baseless claims against him and his followers, including the claim that "he reverted from the belief of the People of the Sunnah, which is based on God's absolute uniqueness, to the belief of the Anthropomorphist's, which is based on anthropomorphism "And those who slander this noble doctrine claim that, after deviating towards the doctrine of anthropomorphism (tajsim), he authored a book titled 'Al-Ibana an Usul al-Diyana' which means ‘The Clarification of the Principles of Religion). However, their claim is baseless and falls apart from several angles. The students of Sheikh Abu al-Hasan refute them, and history exposes their falsehood. The rest of the Sheikh's works clearly demonstrate that he remained steadfast on the truth until his death, and their contents align with what his students narrated and what millions of Ash'aris have adhered to from his time until ours.

Irwansyah Irwansyah

Negative ambition, thirst for power, which gives birth to fraud in constitutional politics, greed will tend to give birth to authoritarian government, which also facilitates uncontrolled corrupt behavior in all levels of the government system, the result is that corruption becomes a system that is difficult to judge effectively. right in front of the judiciary. The state's ideals which are the legal basis in the Proclamation are only historical, the State's goals as stated in Paragraph IV appear to be subject to multiple interpretations with negative ambitions and a monopoly in the control of natural resources by certain groups. The Constitutional Court has become a bone of contention. because it is considered the last bull of the constitution. The various systems and regulations as the basic foundation in the 1945 Constitution are the reason that it is no longer appropriate to the situation and must be repeatedly amended. The recruitment of State Rulers through the ELECTION system once every five years continues to be changed in a direction that is increasingly widening and even eliminating the true meaning of the goals of a State which is based on the Blessing of God. Almighty. Our constitutional history, which is quite long since the birth of the 1945 Constitution, will continue to be corrected for reasons of adjusting interests. In fact, the state is a tool to achieve the goals of the nation that agreed to form the state with the aim of protecting and ensuring the welfare of the people of that nation. The principles and foundations of the State have been established as the foundation in a state order, but our constitutional problems can only be resolved by changing the law and very minimally changing the concept of human thinking in that Pancasila has become the philosophy and goal of national life. The next question will be whether the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution will continue. carried out to adjust the circumstances of the desires or interests of the State authorities. Conflicts of interest in our state structure must return to the order of religious values ​​in religion which in Islamic psychology is known as Maqashidus syari'ah jurisprudence.

Ömer İlgezdi

Zeynep Özcan, Enes Özkan

Bu araştırma, Anadolu topraklarında büyük bir hayran kitlesine sahip olan halk ozanı Neşet Ertaş’ın hayatından ve eserlerinden hareketle onun din algısının ortaya konulmasını amaçlamıştır. Nitel bir yaklaşımla ele alınan araştırmada dokümantasyon tekniği ile elde edilen veriler içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmanın en önemli bulgularından biri Ertaş’ın genel olarak din ile pozitif, derin ve çok yönlü bir ilişki içerisinde olduğunun tespit edilmiş olmasıdır. Ozanın inanç konularına ilişkin söylemlerinden ve eserlerinden yola çıkılarak onun bu konulardaki görüşlerinin kitabî bilgiden ziyade kendi dünya görüşü ve tecrübesine dayandığı söylenebilir. Bu nedenle zaman zaman heterodoksi bir içerik dikkat çekmektedir. Neşet Ertaş’ın eserlerinde ve söylemlerinde, dinî ögelere yoğun vurgu yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu bulgudan hareketle Ertaş’ın dinî duygu aktarımı konusunda çok önemli bir misyonu yerine getirdiği söylenebilir. Sonuç olarak Neşet Ertaş’ın, inancının temeline Allah’ı, ibadetinin temeline kendinde olanı infak etmeyi ve inancının üzerine inşa ettiği ahlakının temeline ise sevgi, saygı, vefa, adalet gibi değerleri yerleştirdiğini söylemek mümkündür.

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Yusuf Balta

Güncel tıbbî meselelerle ilgili çalışmaları mevcut olan yazar, bu eserinde genomu inanç, ahlâk ve hukuk/fıkıh ilkeleri açısından ele almıştır. Temel kaygı ise, en güzel bir şekilde yaratılan insanın yapısını ve geleceğini gen çalışmalarının hangi düzlemde etkileyeceğidir. Yazar, bilim insanlarının ittifak ettikleri bir gen tanımlarının olmadığının altını çizmekte ve farklı tanımlar zikretmektedir. Bu durum genle ilgili tartışmaların da odağını oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde gen düzenleme teknolojisiyle bir canlının DNA’sında ekleme, çıkarma ve değişiklik yapmanın mümkün hale gelmesi, canlının genomuna müdahaleyle karakteristik özelliklerinin de değiştirilebileceği anlamına gelmektedir. Doğayı ve insan sağlığını hedef alan biyoteknolojik gelişmelere karşı, insanın her şeye rağmen insan olarak kalabilmesi için din, ahlâk ve hukuk gibi değerlerin sınırlarının net bir şekilde belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Gen çalışmalarında, bu değerler kontrolünde olmayan müdahalelerin felaketle sonuçlanacağı belirtilmiştir. Çalışmada bu endişelere cevap olacak nitelikte İslâm hukuku açısından sınırların ne olduğu ele alınmıştır.

Franc Križnar

The Repertoire and the Reception of Tartini's (1692–1770) Music in Slovenia brings a detailed survey and an analysis of the archived sonorous material of Tartini's opus: concerts, sonatas, trio sonatas etc. The main source of the mentioned research starting-points and archives was the Sound Archive of RTV Slovenija. However, there are some additional sources, including concert programs, museums, libraries, discographies, electronic media networks, soloists, ensembles, orchestras as well as other relevant sources. On the basis of the scientific results the presence of (all) Tartini’s works at concerts, recordings and discography was established. Several comparisons were made with the analysis: what is the relation between domestic (Slovene) and foreign such presence of Tartini’s music?

I. Belyaev, G. Carboni, N. Harnew et al.

In this paper we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a b-physics experiment, dedicated to CP violation studies and measurements of very rare b decays, however the tremendous potential for c-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary pp interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and CP violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of b and c quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10-9. In addition, world knowledge of b and c spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states.

Georgios T. Halkias

The history of the earliest transmission of Indian Buddhism to Tibet in the 7th– 8thcenturies is in essence the story of the transmission of its scriptures. Tibetan translations of Sanskrit texts from the early imperial period, along with manuscripts translated from the 11thcentury onwards, contributed to the formation of Buddhist scriptural collections. Today different versions of the Tibetan Kangyur survive in the interior and at the margins of the Tibetan cultural world. This Perspectives piece serves as a modest introduction to the illustrated Prajñāpāramitā manuscripts and handwritten Buddhist canons preserved in the Indian north-western Himalayas. Their further study will undoubtedly advance our knowledge of Ladakh’s cultural and religious heritage and offer critical insights in the formation of Tibetan canonical literature. The purpose of this overview is to highlight the results of initial findings, explain how they relate to existing knowledge, and raise important themes for additional enquiries.

Orhan Yılmaz

İslâm tarihinde Hz. Peygamber’den sonra sırasıyla Hz. Ebû Bekir (öl. 13/634), Hz. Ömer (öl. 23/644), Hz. Osman (öl. 35/656) ve Hz. Ali (öl. 40/661) ilk İslâm devletinin idaresini üstlenmiştir. Hulefâ-i râşidîn olarak bilinen bu dört halifenin arkasından Muâviye b. Ebî Süfyân (öl. 60/680) hilafet makamına geçmiştir. Miladi 630 tarihinde, Mekke’nin fethi esnasında babası Ebû Süfyân (öl. 31/651-52) ile birlikte Müslüman olan Hz. Muâviye, Hz. Peygamber’e (sav) iki yıl sahâbîlik etmiştir. Zekâsı, kabiliyeti, özel eğitimi ve aileden tevarüs ettiği yöneticilik yeteneği ile temayüz eden Hz. Muâviye, Hz. Ömer döneminde Şam bölgesinde bir yerleşim birimine vali olarak atanmış, Hz. Osman döneminde ise bölgenin umumi valisi olmuştur. Hz. Ali ile girdiği iktidar mücadelesinden galibiyetle çıkan Hz. Muâviye yirmi yıl süren valilik görevinden sonra yirmi yıl da halifelik yapmıştır. Onun döneminde fütuhat hareketleri ile birlikte İslâm coğrafyasında önemli gelişmeler olmuştur. O, bütün bu çabaları ve başarıları neticesinde dostlar kazandığı gibi düşmanlar da kazanmıştır. Özellikle Hz. Ali ile olan siyasi çekişmeleri belli çevrelerde Hz. Muâviye’ye olan düşmanlığın artmasına neden olmuştur. Hz. Ali-Muâviye kutuplaşması neticesinde sevenleri Hz. Muâviye lehine, sevmeyenleri de aleyhine hadisler uydurmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada Hz. Muâviye’nin lehinde ve aleyhinde kayıtlı bazı meşhur hadisler sened ve metin yönüyle incelenmiştir. Onu öven ve yeren bu hadislerin önemi, kaynağı, ortaya çıkış zamanı, sahih ve sabit olup olmadıkları üzerinde durulmuştur.

Aidan Seale-Feldman

This article traces a genealogy of mental health governance in Nepal as it was constituted in and through an assemblage of historical events, local politics, personal relationships and trends in the field of global health development. The relation between health development and local politics in Nepal is explored across four periods in the history of global health: 1) the early health development programs of disease eradication after the end of the Rana oligarchy (1951-1970); 2) the turn to primary health care during the Panchayat (1970-1990); 3) the rise of NGOs and the People’s War (1990-2010); and 4) the return to health systems development in the post-conflict/post-earthquake period (2010-present). By drawing on a combination of archival research and a cross-disciplinary review of the literature on global mental health, this article tracks the changing projects of mental health development programs in Nepal over the past century. In doing so, it becomes possible to observe the shifting trends in the problematization of mental health and the management of psychic life in Nepal from 1950 to the emergence of global mental health.