Hasil untuk "Gas industry"

CAO Hui, ZHANG Guoqing, XU Li, LI Zhexiang, WANG Haicheng, ZHAO Changyang, FEI Ying

In recent years, basement gas reservoirs in Qaidam Basin have demonstrated significant potential for exploration and development. The Kun 2 block in Kunteyi gasfield, as an ultra-deep basement gas reservoir, poses significant challenges for reservoir prediction and favorable area selection due to its complex internal geology, strong heterogeneity, and dual-porosity characteristics of fractures and dissolution pores. By integrating geological, logging, seismic, and production data, this study developed an innovative integrated method combining “well-seismic integration, static-dynamic fusion, and multi-attribute synergy” to systematically characterize reservoir characteristics and predict natural gas accumulation zones, aiming to reveal the spatial distribution of ultra-deep basement reservoirs and provide guidance for the optimization of well placement. The results showed that: (1) The basement reservoirs in the Kun 2 block primarily consisted of granitic gneiss, with storage spaces characterized by a dual-porosity system of fractures and dissolution pores. The fractures exhibited a network-like development and were distributed in NE-SW trending bands in the plane view. Lateral heterogeneity was significant. The fracture densities ranged from 3 to 10 m-1, the average fracture porosity was about 0.015%, and the matrix porosity ranged from 1.8% to 6.8%. Overall, this demonstrated tight and low-permeability characteristics. (2) The development of dissolution pores was fault-controlled, primarily distributed along Kun 1, North Kun 2, and North Kun 101 faults. These faults formed fracture-pore coupled reservoirs. The interval 100-300 m below the top of the basement was a concentrated development zone, with the maximum reservoir thickness reaching up to 200 m. (3) The innovative integration of maximum likelihood attributes and structure tensor-acoustic impedance inversion technologies achieved high-precision characterization of the spatial distribution of fractures and dissolution pores. The prediction of maximum likelihood attributes revealed that high-angle fractures were mainly located on the upthrown side of faults, exhibiting an 85% consistency rate with imaging logging results. Additionally, the structure tensor-acoustic impedance inversion revealed that zones of dissolution pore development aligned closely with fault orientations, thereby validating the controlling mechanism of fault activity on dissolution process. (4) Based on reservoir classification and evaluation criteria, along with seismic prediction and dynamic production data, this study proposed a reservoir development model of “fault-controlled fractures, fracture-controlled pores” for the first time, indicating structurally high positions on upthrown side as the core zones of natural gas accumulation. Five favorable areas for natural gas accumulation were selected, including four on the upthrown side and one on the downthrown side. Among them, the NE-SW strip zones on both sides of the North Kun 2 Fault were identified as the optimal target areas.

LI Rui

<b>[Objective]</b> In-line inspection of oil and gas pipelines, as a critical component of pipeline integrity management, plays a pivotal role in providing a scientific basis for preventing and undertaking appropriate maintenance measures against pipeline accidents. <b>[Methods]</b> To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future trends in in-line inspection techniques for oil and gas pipelines, this study conducted an industrial review including two key aspects: the current development status in inspection techniques and data analysis methods. In the first aspect, an investigation was made on the testing principles of various types of typical techniques, including singleprinciple testing techniques, composite testing techniques, and novel testing techniques. Additionally, the technical levels and industrial applications of in-line testing devices were examined. A comparative analysis between China and foreign countries was conducted with a specific focus on the development progress and application levels of similar techniques. The second aspect centered on the widely used magnetic flux leakage testing, presenting a methodology review based on the data analysis approaches, including defect recognition,classification, and inversion. <b>[Results]</b> In-line inspection techniques of oil and gas pipelines have witnessed widespread industrial applications. In foreign countries, several techniques, such as magnetic flux leakage testing(MFLT), ultrasonic testing(UT), and eddy current testing(ECT), have been extensively standardized and serialized. China entered this field at a later stage and still lags behind international advancements. However, China has made progress in successfully implementing MFLT and ECT techniques in diverse oil and gas pipelines by leveraging the expertise. To expand the scope of applications and overcome limitations associated with traditional in-line inspection techniques, there has been the development of composite inspection techniques that combine the strengths of various inspection techniques.Consequently, the industry is endeavoring to explore the feasibility of emerging techniques, particularly those targeting the inspection of pipeline axial stress and pipe performance. <b>[Conclusion]</b> Notable advancements have been achieved in the development of in-line inspection techniques for oil and gas pipelines. However, several challenges persist, requiring enhancement and further research, primarily including the detection capabilities of tiny defects and the methods for detecting additional stress. In addition, there is an urgent demand to focus on intelligent analysis methods for processing the vast amounts of testing data collected during in-line inspections, to provide technical support for the further development of in-line inspection techniques.

Mahmood Shafiee

A significant number of first-generation offshore wind turbines (OWTs) have either reached or are approaching the end of their operational lifespan and need to be upgraded or replaced with more modern units. In response to this concern, governments, regulatory bodies and industries have initiated the development of effective end-of-life (EOL) management strategies for offshore wind infrastructure. <i>Lifetime extension</i> is a relatively new concept that has recently gained significant attention within the offshore wind energy community. Extending the service lifetime of OWTs can yield many benefits, such as reduced capital cost, increased return on investment (ROI), improved overall energy output, and reduced toxic gas emissions. Nevertheless, it is important to identify and prepare for the challenges that may limit the full exploitation of the potential for OWT lifetime extension projects. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed PESTLE analysis to evaluate the various political, economic, sociological, technological, legal, and environmental challenges that must be overcome to successfully implement lifetime extension projects in the offshore wind energy sector. We propose a decision framework for extending the lifetime of OWTs, involving the degradation mechanisms and failure modes of components, remaining useful life estimation processes, safety and structural integrity assessments, economic and environmental evaluations, and the selection of lifetime extension technologies among remanufacturing, retrofitting, and reconditioning. Finally, we outline some of the opportunities that lifetime extension can offer for the wind energy industry to foster a more circular and sustainable economy in the future.

Xin SU, Jing LIU, Guanyi CHEN et al.

Carbon emission from the coal-burning power plant is the main source of CO2 emitted in the China’s energy industry. Biomass power generation is deemed to be a carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative mode. Therefore, the development of coal coupled biomass gasification technology for power generation can help to achieve a coal substitution and carbon emission reduction and is a realistic and feasible path for maintaining a low-carbon coal power generation. In this context, an overview of three coal coupled biomass power generation technologies (the coal/biomass direct combustion of coal and biomass, the coal/biomass direct combustion coupled in parallel mode, and the coal direct combustion coupled with biomass gasification) has been conducted in this study. The characteristics of the above three technologies have been analyzed. Future development trends in the coal-burning coupled biomass gasification power generation technology have been put forward. The physicochemical adaptability of the feedstock and the influence of the feedstock on the gasifier are also studied based on the coupled gasification power generation technology. This work has emphasized the technological process of coal coupled biomass gasification power generation technology, including biomass transportation system, gasifiers (the technical characteristics, technical challenges and development direction of circulating fluidized bed gasifier (CFB), double fluidized bed gasifier (DFB), downdraft fixed bed gasifier, updraft fixed bed gasifier, crossdraft fixed bed gasifier and chain grate have been analyzed), gas cooling system, gas-pressurized transportation system, combustion system and gas purification system. The energy utilization efficiency analysis, economic analysis and environmental benefit analysis of the technology have been carried out. The analysis obtained would provide a theoretical reference and technical support for the research and application of coal-coupled biomass power generation technology. In addition, a series of national policies to promote coal coupled biomass gasification power generation technology and the current successful cases of coal coupled biomass gasification power stations are also presented. Finally, the challenges and future development of coal coupled biomass power generation technology have been prospected.

Jenny Davis, Erica A. Garcia, Karen S. Gibb et al.

Northern Australia contains the continent’s largest number of intact river systems, but these are facing increasing pressure as the proposed development of multiple and large-scale industries, including onshore gas, mining, horticulture, and agriculture, accelerates. These developments will require the diversion or extraction of large amounts of water and increase the risk of contamination by industrial and agricultural chemicals. There is an urgent need to collect baseline biophysical information on these aquatic systems before major developments proceed. Much community concern has been expressed about the potential environmental impacts of a developing shale gas industry (fracking) in the Beetaloo Sub-basin and upper Roper River region of the Northern Territory. Here we describe the first major survey of the freshwater fish fauna of this region and an assessment of the importance of groundwater in supporting fish biodiversity. This region is remote from major human settlements and the waterbodies are often difficult to access. Accordingly, we maximised the information we collected from limited sampling sessions by using both traditional fish survey methods (netting and electrofishing) and eDNA analysis of water and benthic sediment samples. Water column eDNA doubled the number of species recorded to those obtained from traditional survey methods alone. We found that the fish fauna was richest at sites on northward-flowing groundwater-dependent rivers. More work is needed to fully understand the dependence of individual species on groundwater inflows. However, it is evident that conserving freshwater fish biodiversity in these rivers will require protection of the groundwater resources to ensure baseflows and aquatic refuges persist through the most extended of dry seasons.

E. Shorov, A. Gladilin, N. Ryabukhin

The article presents the priority tasks and the main directions of the development of liquefied natural gas, based on the regional socio-economic system. Carried out the prospects of LNG production and consumption in the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts. Based on the analysis of the state and development of the industry, the authors of the article proposed a site for the placement of an LNG complex, as well as a layout of automobile gas stations for refueling LNG in the North Caucasus Federal District and the Southern Federal District. Special attention is paid to the use of liqueied natural gas as a motor fuel. The target segments of LNG consumption are justified.

Ruiwen Yang, Armando Alcazar-Magana, Yanping L. Qian et al.

Smoke-derived taint has become a significant concern for the U.S. wine industry, particularly on the west coast, and climate change is anticipated to aggravate it. High volatile phenols such as guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, and <i>o</i>-, <i>p</i>-, <i>m</i>-cresols have been suggested to be related to smoke-exposed grape and wine. This paper describes an analytical approach based on ethylene glycol/polydimethylsiloxane (EG/PDMS)-stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS) to quantify or estimate the concentrations of some smoke-related volatile phenols in wines. Correlation coefficients with R² ≥ 0.990 were obtained. This method can quantify most smoked-related volatile phenols down to 0.5 μg/L in wine in selective ion monitoring mode. Recovery for the targeted volatile phenols ranged from 72.2% to 142.4% in the smoke-tainted wine matrix, except for 4-vinylguaiacol. The standard deviations of the volatile phenols were from 0 to 23% in smoke-tainted wine. The approach provides another tool to evaluate wine smoke exposure and potential smoke taint.

Leqi Cui, Jennifer Kimmel, Leon Zhou et al.

Pea proteins are promising plant proteins in the food industry but their flavor limits consumer acceptance. In this study, the impacts of extraction pH (8.5, 9.5 and 10) and cultivars (Agassiz and Trapeze) on the aromatic flavor profile of spray-dried pea proteins at each one of the three alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation steps were investigated by a headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) metabolomic approach. In total, 53, 54, and 48 representative compounds were obtained for each extraction step, respectively, and were used by Venn diagram, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and heatmap analysis to demonstrate the flavor variations among pea proteins with different extraction pH and cultivars. In addition, the changes of 7 beany-flavor markers during the extraction process were tracked and results showed that, in general, their content peaked in the second extraction step while 28% of the comparisons between the initial and final step showed a significant difference. The results of this study could provide a better understanding of flavor development of pea proteins during their production.

Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Timothy P. Murphy, Ikhlas Khan et al.

Hemp products are readily available and are aggressively marketed for their health and medicinal benefits. Most consumers of these products are interested because of cannabidiol (CBD), which has taken the natural products industry by storm. The CBD and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations in these products are often absent, and even where labeled, the accuracy of the label amounts is often questionable. In order to gain a better understanding of the CBD content, fifty hemp products were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for CBD, Δ9-THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCAA), and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Δ9-THCAA and CBDA are the natural precursors of Δ9-THC and CBD in the plant material. Decarboxylation to Δ9-THC and CBD is essential to get the total benefit of the neutral cannabinoids. Therefore, analysis for the neutral and acid cannabinoids is important to get a complete picture of the chemical profile of the products. The GC-MS method used for the analysis of these products was developed and validated. A 10-m × 0.18-mm DB-1 (0.4 μ film) column was used for the analysis. The majority of the hemp products were oils, one of the products was hemp butter, one was a concentrated hemp powder capsule, and another was a hemp extract capsule. Most of the products contained less than 0.1% CBD and less than 0.01% Δ9-THC. Three products contained 0.1–1% CBD, and 2 products contained 0.1–0.9% Δ9-THC. All of the samples appeared to be decarboxylated since the CBDA and Δ9-THCAA results were less than 0.001%. The developed method is simple, sensitive, and reproducible for the detection of Δ9-THC, Δ9-THCAA, CBD, and CBDA in CBD oil/hemp products.

E. E. McDuffie, E. E. McDuffie, S. J. Smith et al.

<p>Global anthropogenic emission inventories remain vital for understanding the sources of atmospheric pollution and the associated impacts on the environment, human health, and society. Rapid changes in today's society require that these inventories provide contemporary estimates of multiple atmospheric pollutants with both source sector and fuel type information to understand and effectively mitigate future impacts. To fill this need, we have updated the open-source Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) (Hoesly et al., 2019) to develop a new global emission inventory, CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span>. This inventory includes emissions of seven key atmospheric pollutants (NO<span class="inline-formula">_<i>x</i></span>; CO; SO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>; NH<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>; non-methane volatile organic compounds, NMVOCs; black carbon, BC; organic carbon, OC) over the time period from 1970–2017 and reports annual country-total emissions as a function of 11 anthropogenic sectors (agriculture; energy generation; industrial processes; on-road and non-road transportation; separate residential, commercial, and other sectors (RCO); waste; solvent use; and international shipping) and four fuel categories (total coal, solid biofuel, the sum of liquid-fuel and natural-gas combustion, and remaining process-level emissions). The CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> inventory additionally includes monthly global gridded (0.5<span class="inline-formula">^∘</span> <span class="inline-formula">×</span> 0.5<span class="inline-formula">^∘</span>) emission fluxes for each compound, sector, and fuel type to facilitate their use in earth system models. CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> utilizes updated activity data, updates to the core CEDS default scaling procedure, and modifications to the final procedures for emissions gridding and aggregation. Relative to the previous CEDS inventory (Hoesly et al., 2018), these updates extend the emission estimates from 2014 to 2017 and improve the overall agreement between CEDS and two widely used global bottom-up emission inventories. The CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> inventory provides the most contemporary global emission estimates to date for these<span id="page3414"/> key atmospheric pollutants and is the first to provide global estimates for these species as a function of multiple fuel types and source sectors. Dominant sources of global NO<span class="inline-formula">_<i>x</i></span> and SO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span> emissions in 2017 include the combustion of oil, gas, and coal in the energy and industry sectors as well as on-road transportation and international shipping for NO<span class="inline-formula">_<i>x</i></span>. Dominant sources of global CO emissions in 2017 include on-road transportation and residential biofuel combustion. Dominant global sources of carbonaceous aerosol in 2017 include residential biofuel combustion, on-road transportation (BC only), and emissions from the waste sector. Global emissions of NO<span class="inline-formula">_<i>x</i></span>, SO<span class="inline-formula">₂</span>, CO, BC, and OC all peak in 2012 or earlier, with more recent emission reductions driven by large changes in emissions from China, North America, and Europe. In contrast, global emissions of NH<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> and NMVOCs continuously increase between 1970 and 2017, with agriculture as a major source of global NH<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> emissions and solvent use, energy, residential, and the on-road transport sectors as major sources of global NMVOCs. Due to similar development methods and underlying datasets, the CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> emissions are expected to have consistent sources of uncertainty as other bottom-up inventories. The CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> source code is publicly available online through GitHub: <span class="uri">https://github.com/emcduffie/CEDS/tree/CEDS_GBD-MAPS</span> (last access: 1 December 2020). The CEDS<span class="inline-formula">_GBD-MAPS</span> emission inventory dataset (both annual country-total and monthly global gridded files) is publicly available under <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754964</a> (McDuffie et al., 2020c).</p>

T. Bobyleva, A. Khripunova

The article describes the current state, prospects of development of world and domestic gas industry. The analysis of exploration resources gas. Presented to world leaders in the production of natural gas. Describes the main trends affecting the development of the world gas market, special attention is paid to the active development of liquefied natural gas production. The different forecast scenarios of development of gas markets. Describes the basic scenario for gas demand, given attention to the problems of the gas industry and measures conducive to their achievement and future development of the gas industry.

Anjiang Shen, Yana Chen, Liyin Pan et al.

The dolostone of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation has been a significant gas exploration area in Sichuan Basin. In Gaoshiti-Moxi regions, a giant gas pool with thousands of billion cubic meters' reserve has been discovered. However, the origin of the reservoir and the distribution patterns are still disputed, eventually constraining the dolostone exploration of the Longwangmiao Formation. This paper focuses on the characteristics, origin, and distribution patterns of the dolostone reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation based on: the outcrop geological survey, cores, thin-sections observation, reservoir geochemical characteristics study, and reservoir simulation experiments. As a result, two realizations were acquired: (1) The Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation could be divided into upper and lower part in Sichuan Basin. Based on the two parts of the Longwangmiao Formation, two lithofacies paleogeographic maps were generated. In addition, the carbonate slope sedimentary models were established. The grainstone shoals are mainly distributed in the shallow slope of the upper part in the Longwangmiao Formation. (2) The grainstone shoals are the developing basis of the dolostone reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation. Moreover, the contemporaneous dissolution was a critical factor of grainstone shoal reservoir development in the Longwangmiao Formation. Controlled by the exposure surface, the dissolution vugs are not only extensively distributed, but also successively developed along the contemporaneous pore zones. Hence, the distribution patterns could be predicted. The geological understandings of the origin of dolostone reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation show that the reservoir distributed in the areas of karstification in the Gaoshiti-Moxi regions, as well as the widespread grainstone shoals in the whole basin, are the potential exploration targets. Keywords: Sichuan Basin, Longwangmiao Formation, Carbonate slope, Dolograinstone shoal reservoir, Genesis and distribution of reservoir

Xin Yang, Huili Li, Yong Yue et al.

Referred to the new recognition from petroleum exploration of the Sinian to Cambrian in South China, it could be considered that the distribution of the early Cambrian source rocks was controlled by the palaeo-geomorphology at the end of Neoproterozoic in the Tarim Basin. Based on the zircon U-Pb dating of pyroclastic rock samples from the clastic rock stratum under the bottom of Cambrian carbonate rocks, the stratigraphic correlation of the Sinian to Cambrian was conducted to build the palaeo-geomorphology framework at the end of Neoproterozoic in Tarim Basin. Lastly, according to the development mode of source rocks at the beginning of Cambrian, the distribution of source rocks was predicted initially through the division of seismic facies. The youngest zircon concordia age of pyroclastic rocks from the bottom of well Tong 1 is 707±8Ma. It was revealed by the strata framework of the Sinian to Cambrian, the palaeo-geomorphology at the end of Neoproterozoic in Tarim Basin was characterized by an uplift highland in Bachu-Tazhong area, the south north high-low, and the west is higher than the east. The distribution of source rocks in the bottom of the Cambrian on the palaeo-platform and slopes was coincident with the Upper Sinian dolomite basically. But the contemporaneous sediment happened to be absent or changed in sedimentary facies on the uplift and its edges. From the seismic facies of the strata under the bottom of Cambrian, it could be concluded that source rocks in the type of the Xishanbraque Group (∈1xs) was limited in the Manjiaer Depression, while the source rocks in the type of the Yuertusi Group (∈1y) are widely distributed in south of Tabei Uplift, east Awat Depression, and even the Maigt Slope. However, among the west Awat Depression and western Tanguzibasi Depression, and the middle area of the Bachu-Tazhong Uplifts, the contemporaneous source rocks may have changed into sedimentary facies of tidal flat and lagoon, instead of deep shelf. Keywords: Tarim Basin, Sinian, Palaeo-geomorphology, Resource rocks, Seismic facies

Samad Sadeghi, Reza Valizadeh, Abasali naserian et al.

Introduction Feed shortage is the most important characteristic of Iranian animal industry. Increased costs of livestock production have caused the Iranian producers to reduce feed costs mainly by inclusion low quality crop residues into ruminants diets. It is estimated that around 20 million tons wheat straw produced in Iran every year. Both the digestibility and crude protein content of wheat straw are typically low. Since 1900, a wide variety of chemical treatments have been tested for their potential to improve the feeding value of wheat straw. Upgrading of wheat straw by ammoniation has been known for a long time, but application of this method of wheat straw treatment has received the least attention in the area (Khorasan Province, Iran). Therefore, the object of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gaseous and liquid ammonia on nutritive value of wheat straw through in vitro techniques. Material and Methods One kg dry wheat straw was placed into the plastic cylinders with dimension of 1 m (diameter) and 1.8 m (height) and 0.8 mm (thickness). Gaseous and liquid commercial ammonia was injected or added to the wrapped straw at the rate of 2, 4 and 6 percent. The treatment time was 1 month at room temperature (20-25 ºC). At the end of treatment period the cylinders were opened and the ammoniated straw exposed to the air for 4 days. The treated straws were sampled for the subsequent analyses. Dry matter degradability of the samples was done by using nylon bags (10x20 cm) with pore size of 40 micron. About 2 g ground samples (2 mm) were placed into the nylon bags and incubated in rumen of 4 permanently fistulated steers for 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hrs. The experimental steers were fed by the ordinary diet containing 65% forage and 35% concentrate twice daily. The Menke and Steingass method was followed for the in vitro gas production method. Result and discussion Crude protein (CP) content of the treated wheat straw samples increased and their neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents reduced significantly (P< 0.05) with increasing the level of ammonia in both gaseous or liquid forms, although, the 6% level was more affective. There were no significant differences between the experimental treatments in organic matter, ether extract and ash contents. Crude protein content increased from 3.71% in untreated wheat straw to 13.41% in treated straw with 6% ammonia in liquid form. The chemical composition measurements revealed that ammonia treatment in liquid form was more effective in comparison with the gaseous form. The increase in CP content of the treated wheat straw was in agreement with data reported by other workers. The lower levels of NDF and ADF of the straw due to ammonia treatments appear to be due to solubiliziation of hemicellulose component. The nylon bag measurements showed that soluble fraction (a and b), rate of degradation of fraction b (r), potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) were all associated with the level of applied ammonia. Dry matter disappearance significantly (P< 0.05) increased with increasing the level of ammonia mainly in gaseous form. For all the in situ parameters the most effective level of ammonia was 6%. Total produced gas after 24 hrs of incubation confirmed that the highest level of ammonia (6%) had the greatest effects on a, c, ME, NEL, OMD and SCFA parameters. Conclusion The overall results showed that wheat straw treatment with 6% ammonia in either gaseous or liquid forms could improve its feeding value for ruminants significantly (P< 0.05). Straw treatment with ammonia in liquid form was totally more effective than the other form (gaseous). It seems that ammonia fixation in treated wheat straw with liquid ammonia has been related to the moisture content rather than its forms. In farm and commercial scales handling and application of large amount and liquid ammonia and treating straw is inapplicable. It was concluded that straw treatment with gaseous ammonia in presence of moisture at a level of 20-30 percent and environmental temperature of 20-30 ○C result to the best improvement in case of nutritive value. This type of treatment can be easily applied in most areas of Iran during summer because the noted conditions are available.

T. Bobyleva, A. Khripunova

In the article the current state of gasification in the Russian Federation is described. The analysis of the basic indicators characterizing a modern situation in the field of gas supply and gasification of regions of Russia is provided. The main problems requiring special attention for increase of level of gasification of the Russian regions and the country, in general are reflected. Possible solutions of the designated problems are given. The special attention is paid to alternative sources of gas supply, including autonomous gasification. The criteria allowing to make the decision on expediency of creation of system of autonomous gasification in regions of Russia developed by authors of article are considered.

Masoumeh Tajmiri, Seyed Mousa Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Ehsani et al.

Efforts to enhance oil recovery through wettability alteration by nanoparticles have been attracted in recent years. However, many basic questions have been ambiguous up until now. Nanoparticles penetrate into pore volume of porous media, stick on the core surface, and by creating homogeneous water-wet area, cause to alter wettability. This work introduces the new concept of adding ZnO nanoparticles by an experimental work on wettability alteration and oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition mechanism. Laboratory tests were conducted in two experimental steps on four cylindrical core samples (three sandstones and one carbonate) taken from a real Iranian heavy oil reservoir in Amott cell. In the first step, the core samples were saturated by crude oil. Next, the core samples were flooded with nanoparticles and saturated by crude oil for about two weeks. Then, the core samples were immersed in distilled water and the amount of recovery was monitored during 30 days for both steps. The experimental results showed that oil recovery for three sandstone cores changed from 20.74, 4.3, and 3.5% of original oil in place (OOIP) in the absence of nanoparticles to 36.2, 17.57, and 20.68% of OOIP when nanoparticles were added respectively. Moreover, for the carbonate core, the recovery changed from zero to 8.89% of OOIP by adding nanoparticles. By the investigation of relative permeability curves, it was found that by adding ZnO nanoparticles, the crossover-point of curves shifted to the right for both sandstone and carbonate cores, which meant wettability was altered to water- wet. This study, for the first time, illustrated the remarkable role of ZnO nanoparticles in wettability alteration toward more water-wet for both sandstone and carbonate cores and enhancing oil recovery.

Mehdi Bidabadi, Abazar Vahdat Azad

The flame propagation through a coal dust-air mixture in a spherical vessel was studied by means of a one-dimensional, Arrhenius-type kinetics and quasi-steady model. The model includes the evaporation of the volatile matter of dust particles into a known gaseous fuel (methane) and the single-stage reaction of the gas-phase combustion. Effect of venting devices as safety idea and the radiation heat loss, as very affecting phenomenon on flame propagation speed, flame temperature and pressure were studied. The radiation heat losses occur between the reaction zone and the surrounding wall. Influence of dust concentration and dust volatility on dust explosion parameters has been analyzed. The pressure-time curves that are generated with this model show a good similarity with those measured in practice. The model can represent a useful framework to be employed in organic dust combustion. This research can be valuable in the development of alternative fuels; and it can be used by the fire safety and control industry.

B. Zwaenepoel, J. Vansteenbrugge, T. Vandoorn et al.

Waste heat valorisation in process industry is a common strategy today. The residual heat is converted to electricity by using steam turbines or organic Rankine cycles. As this energy conversion is likely constructed as an integral cooling capacity for the primary process, loss of electricity production will result in reduced process cooling and hence production capacity loss. This restriction prevents these generators to deliver supporting services to the electrical grid. In this paper, it is proven that coupling waste heat recovery with a district heating network provides ?exibility to the electricity generation while ensuring cooling capacity to the process. This ?exibility can be utilised by a Virtual Power Plant (VPP), e.g., to compensate for the variable output of renewable energy sources. Today, the power ?uctuations are only compensated by traditional power plants (gas, coal) due to the scale and ?exibility of these power plants. In this paper, a strategy is de?ned to balance variable (renewable) production with industrial waste heat. As such, some grid support tasks can be transferred from the central power plants to decentralised generation units. The backup of the variable sources is provided by utilising the local available capacity, while maintaining or improving energy ef?ciency of exothermal industrial processes. Operational boundaries are de?ned and new challenges identi?ed. In this paper, ?rstly, the heat sources available for this concept are identi?ed. Secondly, the properties of the different conversion technologies are described. Thirdly, the bene?ts of a virtual power plant utilising waste heat are determined. Finally, this VPP concept is veri?ed by means of a case study in Belgium, Ostend Energy port. Available heat from biomass, chemical processing and waste incineration is used as primary energy source to balance local renewable production.

Roseane Cavalcanti dos Santos, Rosa Maria Mendes Freire, Liziane Maria Lima et al.

Linhagens de elite e cultivares de amendoim rasteiro foram avaliadas quanto às suas produtividades de grãos e de óleo, visando uma posterior indicação ao mercado de óleo comestível ou combustível. Os genótipos foram cultivados no período das águas, durante dois anos, em Barbalha, CE, sob o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. A colheita foi efetuada entre 110 e 135 dias após o plantio. As variáveis analisadas foram produtividade em vagens, sementes e óleo. O óleo bruto foi extraído aplicando-se a tecnologia convencional de soxhlet, utilizando-se éter de petróleo como solvente. Posteriormente, procedeu-se às análises dos ácidos graxos por meio de cromatografia gasosa. Baseando-se nos ensaios de produção, os materiais de maior produção de grãos foram LViPE-06 e BRS Pérola Branca, com médias de 3,04 t ha-1 de vagens e 2,13 t ha-1 de sementes. Esses materiais também se destacaram para o segmento oleoquímico, baseando-se no teor de óleo e na relação de ácidos graxos O/L, que se situaram em 51% e 1,9, respectivamente.<br>Top lines and cultivars of runner peanut genotypes were analyzed as to grain and oil yield, aiming further recommendation to edible or combustible oil market. The genotypes were cultivated during wet seasons for two years, at the city of Barbalha, state of Ceará, Brazil, by using a complete randomized block design with five replicates. The harvest took place from 110 to 135 days after planting. Pod, grain and oil yields were registered in each plot. Crude oil was extracted by soxhlet protocol, by using petroleum ether as a solvent. Afterwards, fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Based on yield tests, LViPE-06 and BRS Pérola Branca showed the highest grain yields, with pod and seed yield averages of 3.04 kg ha-1 and 2.13 kg ha-1, respectively. These genotypes also stood out as to oil chemistry industry, based on oil content and ratio of oleic/ linoleic fatty acids, which were 51 and 1.9, respectively.

Sunday Ayoola Oke, Ayokunle Bamigbaiye, Oluwafemi Isaac Oyedokun

This paper examines accelerated wear due to inefficient maintenance practice in the engineering organization, with a special focus on plant machinery. It considers some important parameters, mathematical relations and how to reduce the effect of poor maintenance practices on plant machinery. Mathematical tools of calculus, series, statistics, and variation were utilized in the development of the model. The result shows that poor maintenance practices increase accelerated wear in plant machinery while good maintenance is aided by planned maintenance, well‐stocked inventory of spare parts, good production procedures, extended plant life, etc. This work is limited in scope since it considers a limited number of parameters as measures of wear. The paper is valuable to the maintenance manager and practitioners who intend to produce/manufacture and at the same time minimize the accelerated wear in production machinery by close monitoring, and using the model as a tool. The work is of immense benefits to managers in process industries, particularly in oil and gas exploration activities. The work is new, presenting a simple approach for easy adaptation in the industry. The approach utilized is not yet documented in the maintenance engineering literature. Thus, a new area of research is opened up for research explorations for the members of the maintenance engineering community. First Published Online: 27 Oct 2010