Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

Bing He, Yingchen Ma, Mustaque Ahamad et al.

Online misinformation poses a global risk with harmful implications for society. Ordinary social media users are known to actively reply to misinformation posts with counter-misinformation messages, which is shown to be effective in containing the spread of misinformation. Such a practice is defined as "social correction". Nevertheless, it remains unknown how users respond to social correction in real-world scenarios, especially, will it have a corrective or backfire effect on users. Investigating this research question is pivotal for developing and refining strategies that maximize the efficacy of social correction initiatives. To fill this gap, we conduct an in-depth study to characterize and predict the user response to social correction in a data-driven manner through the lens of X (Formerly Twitter), where the user response is instantiated as the reply that is written toward a counter-misinformation message. Particularly, we first create a novel dataset with 55, 549 triples of misinformation tweets, counter-misinformation replies, and responses to counter-misinformation replies, and then curate a taxonomy to illustrate different kinds of user responses. Next, fine-grained statistical analysis of reply linguistic and engagement features as well as repliers' user attributes is conducted to illustrate the characteristics that are significant in determining whether a reply will have a corrective or backfire effect. Finally, we build a user response prediction model to identify whether a social correction will be corrective, neutral, or have a backfire effect, which achieves a promising F1 score of 0.816. Our work enables stakeholders to monitor and predict user responses effectively, thus guiding the use of social correction to maximize their corrective impact and minimize backfire effects. The code and data is accessible on https://github.com/claws-lab/response-to-social-correction.

Peer-Olaf Siebers

ChatGPT, the AI-powered chatbot with a massive user base of hundreds of millions, has become a global phenomenon. However, the use of Conversational AI Systems (CAISs) like ChatGPT for research in the field of Social Simulation is still limited. Specifically, there is no evidence of its usage in Agent-Based Social Simulation (ABSS) model design. This paper takes a crucial first step toward exploring the untapped potential of this emerging technology in the context of ABSS model design. The research presented here demonstrates how CAISs can facilitate the development of innovative conceptual ABSS models in a concise timeframe and with minimal required upfront case-based knowledge. By employing advanced prompt engineering techniques and adhering to the Engineering ABSS framework, we have constructed a comprehensive prompt script that enables the design of conceptual ABSS models with or by the CAIS. A proof-of-concept application of the prompt script, used to generate the conceptual ABSS model for a case study on the impact of adaptive architecture in a museum environment, illustrates the practicality of the approach. Despite occasional inaccuracies and conversational divergence, the CAIS proved to be a valuable companion for ABSS modellers.

Martín Ariel Gendler

A la hora de pensar en las tecnologías digitales, Internet, y su influencia en las distintas esferas de la vida social, es frecuente que se apunte a los algoritmos informáticos como pilares centrales de estos efectos. Diversos andamiajes discursivos y prácticos respecto de esperanzas y temores han sido desplegados en torno a ellos, principalmente a causa de sus potencialidades de transformación, pero, también, de los posibles sesgos en su diseño, desarrollo y aplicación. Sin embargo, los algoritmos informáticos, como objeto técnico digital, presentan sus propios procesos de concretización sociotécnica que los han llevado a ser de un modo y no de otro. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo el establecer una genealogía del devenir de los algoritmos informáticos delineando cinco periodos sociohistóricos en función de analizar los cambios en su conceptualización, producción y características, como también los aspectos en torno a sus transparencias y opacidades. Se parte así de las Conferencias Macy de 1946 -donde se establecieron los criterios respecto de cómo debe ser un algoritmo informático- hasta llegar a la actual situación donde diversos tipos de algoritmos, muchos de ellos imbuidos con machine learning y deep learning, son partícipes centrales en los ejercicios de gubernamentalidad y personalización algorítmica.

Kai-Cheng Yang, Onur Varol, Alexander C. Nwala et al.

While social media are a key source of data for computational social science, their ease of manipulation by malicious actors threatens the integrity of online information exchanges and their analysis. In this Chapter, we focus on malicious social bots, a prominent vehicle for such manipulation. We start by discussing recent studies about the presence and actions of social bots in various online discussions to show their real-world implications and the need for detection methods. Then we discuss the challenges of bot detection methods and use Botometer, a publicly available bot detection tool, as a case study to describe recent developments in this area. We close with a practical guide on how to handle social bots in social media research.

Yingchen Ma, Bing He, Nathan Subrahmanian et al.

Online misinformation has been a serious threat to public health and society. Social media users are known to reply to misinformation posts with counter-misinformation messages, which have been shown to be effective in curbing the spread of misinformation. This is called social correction. However, the characteristics of tweets that attract social correction versus those that do not remain unknown. To close the gap, we focus on answering the following two research questions: (1) ``Given a tweet, will it be countered by other users?'', and (2) ``If yes, what will be the magnitude of countering it?''. This exploration will help develop mechanisms to guide users' misinformation correction efforts and to measure disparity across users who get corrected. In this work, we first create a novel dataset with 690,047 pairs of misinformation tweets and counter-misinformation replies. Then, stratified analysis of tweet linguistic and engagement features as well as tweet posters' user attributes are conducted to illustrate the factors that are significant in determining whether a tweet will get countered. Finally, predictive classifiers are created to predict the likelihood of a misinformation tweet to get countered and the degree to which that tweet will be countered. The code and data is accessible on https://github.com/claws-lab/social-correction-twitter.

Songhua Li, Lingjie Duan

In location-based social networks (LBSNs), users sense urban point-of-interest (PoI) information in the vicinity and share such information with friends in online social networks. Given users' limited social connections and severe lags in disseminating fresh PoI to all, major LBSNs aim to enhance users' social PoI sharing by selecting $k$ out of $m$ users as hotspots and broadcasting their fresh PoI information to the entire user community. This motivates us to study a new combinatorial optimization problem that involves the interplay between an urban sensing network and an online social network. We prove that this problem is NP-hard and also renders existing approximation solutions not viable. Through analyzing the interplay effects between the two networks, we successfully transform the involved PoI-sharing process across two networks to matrix computations for deriving a closed-form objective to hold desirable properties (e.g., submodularity and monotonicity). This finding enables us to develop a polynomial-time algorithm that guarantees a ($1-\frac{m-2}{m}(\frac{k-1}{k})^k$) approximation of the optimum. Furthermore, we allow each selected user to move around and sense more PoI information to share and propose an augmentation-adaptive algorithm with decent performance guarantees. Finally, our theoretical results are corroborated by our simulation findings using both synthetic and real-world datasets.

X. Толон

In Buryat wedding, the ceremony of basgan’s (bride’s) leaving to in-law is a ritual complex that takes place in three steps: the beginning – visiting relatives, the peak – basgan’s great celebration and the end – basgan’s leaving. In this case, theory of social transition ceremony from Van Gennep will be considered and applied. As the reflection of the Buryat social culture, the ceremony of basgan’s leaving has a unique meaning and expressive behavior. In this report, in addition to analyzing the process mentioned above, I clarified the meaning of this ceremony and the its features, roles, and importance by comparing the nomadic cultural Buryat basgan’s leaving ceremony and farming cultural Tujaa bride’s leaving ceremony, according to the theory of Franz Baos.

S. Vitezović

Craft specialization means that certain tasks and/or activities are performed exclusively by certain members of a community, either as their main/basic activity, or parallel to other activities. The emergence of specialization is often associated to complex societies, or more precisely, its presence presupposes social stratification and is negated in non-stratified societies. However, the organization of production of various goods and the development of specialization are much more complex, and cannot be simply characterized in terms of presence/absence, since there are various modes and levels of specialization. Therefore, over the last decades the need is recognized for a new revised theoretical framework. Some authors suggest new definitions of specialization and production organization, specifically emphasizing social and cultural aspects (along with the purely economic ones) that influence the technological choices. Power and prestige status are not solely linked to control over resources and larger amount of material goods, but also to their character – prestige objects are an important factor in the development of crafts, the emergence of craft specialization, and emergence/increase in social inequality. In praehistory, the symbolic importance and value were ascribed to certain technologies and objects, not only on the grounds of exotic raw material or other highly valued qualities (durability of an object, as well as non-utilitarian traits, such as colour), but also due to the effort and skill applied in their production. Such prestige objects secured or reflected the esteem and status to the individuals who made and/or possessed them.

M. Martynova

The collective monograph publishes the results of research carried out in accordance with the theme of the scientific work "Culturally Complex Societies: Analysis of World Experience". The monitoring of the linguistic situation, ethnic and cultural diversity of the European states was carried out by the staffs of the Center for European Studies of the Miklouho-Maclay the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology and the Department of European Studies of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera). The researchers did not set themselves the task of studying linguistic problems, but attempted to consider the social aspect of the language functioning. The book should be usefull for specialists in the field of interethnic relations, linguistic, educational and migration policy, scholars of the humanities and representatives of public organizations.

Hanna M. Łopatyńska

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie żywotności piosenki Siekiera, motyka i roli, jaką odgrywa ona w polskiej kulturze w sytuacjach traumatycznych. W czasie II wojny światowej liczne warianty tego utworu, które powstawały na bazie żołnierskiej piosenki z 1917 r., śpiewali uliczni wykonawcy. Po wojnie stał się on popularny dzięki filmowi Zakazane piosenki z 1946 r., a jego wojenne wersje były później wykorzystywane przez wielu artystów. Kolejne kontrafaktury Siekiery pojawiły się w czasach PRL-u, a zwłaszcza podczas stanu wojennego, jako przejaw walki z komunistyczną władzą, co świadczy o silnych skojarzeniach piosenki z ruchem oporu. Obecnie incipit „Siekiera, motyka…” jest nadal wykorzystywany do tworzenia rymowanek komentujących współczesne wydarzenia. Nowe wersje Siekiery powstały również w związku z pandemią koronawirusa. W tym przypadku wrogiem, zamiast niemieckiego okupanta i komunistycznego reżimu, był wirus. Wersje z różnych czasów mają wiele cech wspólnych, np. silne osadzenie we współczesnych realiach, przywoływanie nazwisk znanych postaci, żartobliwe sformułowania. Pojawiają się w sytuacjach napięć społecznych, dezorganizacji, służą do oswajania nowej rzeczywistości i traumatycznych przeżyć.

Marília Duque, Adriana Lima de Oliveira

Dois projetos de otimização, promovidos globalmente, visam responder aos desafios da vida urbana na contemporaneidade. O primeiro é o das Cidades Inteligentes, estruturadas a partir de um aparato tecnológico e informacional que passa a mediar a gestão da cidade, seu consumo e eficiência. O segundo é o das Cidades Amigas do Idoso, estruturadas a partir de ambientes que visam capacitar o crescente contingente idoso para o envelhecimento ativo na cidade. Moldados em um sistema neoliberal, ambos os projetos se apresentam como instâncias emancipadoras do cidadão para o exercício de uma cidadania participativa. Este artigo propõe que as cidades inteligentes demandem novas competências para o envelhecimento ativo na cidade, resultando em desafios para as cidades amigas do idoso no que toca à exclusão e literacia digital. Situando essa discussão no contexto brasileiro, propomos que para os idosos nem um projeto nem outro se realiza integralmente. Entretanto, a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, mapeamos como um grupo de idosos de São Paulo constrói uma rede informacional própria, centrada no WhatsApp, que viabiliza instâncias participativas e de pertencimento a partir de uma perspectiva “de baixo”. É nesse descompasso entre projeto e experiência urbanos que apontamos para a emergência de uma cidade acidental, informal, mas inteligente e amiga do idoso.

Stephany Rajeh, Marinette Savonnet, Eric Leclercq et al.

Identifying key nodes is crucial for accelerating or impeding dynamic spreading in a network. Community-aware centrality measures tackle this problem by exploiting the community structure of a network. Although there is a growing trend to design new community-aware centrality measures, there is no systematic investigation of the proposed measures' effectiveness. This study performs an extensive comparative evaluation of prominent community-aware centrality measures using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model on real-world online social networks. Overall, results show that K-shell with Community and Community-based Centrality measures are the most accurate in identifying influential nodes under a single-spreader problem. Additionally, the epidemic transmission rate doesn't significantly affect the behavior of the community-aware centrality measures.

Kai-Cheng Yang, Emilio Ferrara, Filippo Menczer

Social bots have become an important component of online social media. Deceptive bots, in particular, can manipulate online discussions of important issues ranging from elections to public health, threatening the constructive exchange of information. Their ubiquity makes them an interesting research subject and requires researchers to properly handle them when conducting studies using social media data. Therefore, it is important for researchers to gain access to bot detection tools that are reliable and easy to use. This paper aims to provide an introductory tutorial of Botometer, a public tool for bot detection on Twitter, for readers who are new to this topic and may not be familiar with programming and machine learning. We introduce how Botometer works, the different ways users can access it, and present a case study as a demonstration. Readers can use the case study code as a template for their own research. We also discuss recommended practice for using Botometer.

Vida Savoniakaitė

This issue continues the journal Lithuanian Ethnology: Studies in Social Anthropology and Ethnology launched in 2001 by the Lithuanian Institute of History and edited by Vytis Čiubrinskas. The journal replaced the series of books initiated in 1996 by Irena Regina Merkienė.1 This is the first regular issue I will edit. In 2007 and 2019, I was lucky to be guest editor of thematic issues of the journal. The credo of Lithuanian Ethnology is: Recognise yourself in the other, and the other in yourself. This statement is based on Vytautas Kavolis’ idea on the polylogue, which analyses the differences and similarities between cultures and societies. The journal is aimed at interdisciplinary exchange, in particular at overcoming the boundary between ethnology and social and cultural anthropology.

Oksana Mykytenko

Analysis of urgent problems, connected with the concept of identity, in particular the folklore significance, becomes nowadays the leitmotif of modern cultural-anthropological and ethnofolklore studies, determining the relevance of those aspects in Slavonic ethnology aimed at the thorough study of problems concerning national, regional, local identity, both on the theoretically-methodological and practical, social-cultural levels, enlisting wide European scientific experience. Taking into account modern expansion of the notion of folklore text to the scales of communication act and text of culture, as well as its contemporary functioning in the form of the folklorismus, it seems to be the most perspective to apply to the works in the field of Slavonic ethnology, folkloristics and cultural anthropology, where immaterial cultural heritage is considered in the context of cultural, identification factors of a certain region. Identity of a separate community is formed according to them. Such investigations have been carried out in the scientific centers of Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia. They have confirmed the fact, that the complex, polyfunctional and interdisciplinary trend in the study of traditional folk culture, especially folklore, still remains a relevant task of modern Slavistics.

Hilary Howes

The discipline of ethnology, now more commonly known as social and cultural anthropology, developed from a variety of research fields. Although the establishment of ‘four-field anthropology’ is generally attributed to Franz Boas in 1904, it was already common in the second half of the nineteenth century for traveller-naturalists, missionaries and colonial authorities who were actively involved in ethnology to engage in other disciplines at the same time, notably physical anthropology, archaeology and linguistics. Often their findings in one discipline coloured their conclusions in another; for example, the belief that a particular population or ‘race’ was ‘primitive’ on account of physical or cultural characteristics could influence which theories about the prehistory of that population or ‘race’ were considered plausible and which were dismissed as impossible. This paper examines three German-speaking researchers – Jan Kubary, Otto Finsch, and Paul Hambruch – who, at different points in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, engaged with the prehistory of Nan Madol, a monumental stone complex and ceremonial centre of eastern Micronesia, and reached quite different conclusions. These three case studies demonstrate how closely the history of ethnology in the Pacific is intertwined with the histories of archaeology and physical anthropology.

Daiqiong Liu

Tibetan opera is a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation with a splendid and long history, attracting the attention of researchers in China and foreign countries. At present, both Chinese and English studies on Tibetan opera in China and foreign countries have achieved certain results. It is found through sorting out that: In terms of status research, the output and power of Chinese research on Tibetan opera is far better than that of English research; in terms of research content, the Chinese and English studies of Tibetan opera pay attention to the origin, traditional theatrical pieces, mask art, performance style and program, protection and inheritance, and translation and dissemination. However, there are also research fields that are not covered by each other. At the same time, both Chinese and English studies of Tibetan opera incorporate multidisciplinary theories such as ethnology, anthropology, art, and culturology. Nevertheless, Chinese studies tend to focus on textual studies, while English studies pay more attention to field investigations and field visits. The Chinese and English studies of Tibetan opera are complementary and symbiotic, which is conducive to the comprehensive knowing and understanding of the trend of Tibetan opera research in the academic community, and is also conducive to the prosperity and development of Tibetan opera research in China and foreign countries.

Richard Simpson

In an era when urban space is theorized as an educative science enhancing productivity, business, and management, we witness the emergence of teaching as a dominant productive force for the first time in the history of capital. Given the decisive role of knowledge production in the development of globalized urbanization it becomes vital to identify critical pedagogies that not only engage the production of space but grasp the production of space as pedagogical. To do so, I attend to interventions into regionalist studies and the global city to argue for visual spatial tactics as a tool for a critical regionalist pedagogy capable of linking material, affective, and discursive practices with a placed-based approach to globalized urbanization. Students design a collaborative website documenting the spatial history of cruise ship tourism in Alaska as an argument over the right to the city. Identifying this living process—framing the cruise industry as a constitutive system fusing discourse, space, and identity to restructure history, nature, and region—becomes a means of questioning and revising otherwise generalized theories often brought to bear on tourist landscapes, on Alaska, and on critical pedagogy itself. This case study shows the emergence of the cruise ship city as inseparable from the onset of globalized urbanization and how it, in turn, provides edifying material to mobilize a critical regionalist pedagogy within contemporary forms of educative landscapes.

Radosław Gaziński

W artykule omówiono tryb powoływania, kompetencje i uposażenie urzędników centralnych/dworskich Księstwa Szczecińskiego w XVI i w pierwszych dekadach XVII w. Zwrócono uwagę na urząd marszałka nadwornego i jego zastępcy — podmarszałka. Do lat siedemdziesiątych XVI w. kompetencje zbliżone do marszałkowskich miał ochmistrz dworu, którego rolę z czasem sprowadzono do opieki nad fraucymerem księżnej. Kontrolę nad kancelarią książęcą sprawował kanclerz. Ostatnim z centralnych urzędników Księstwa Szczecińskiego był rentmistrz krajowy, prowadzący nadzór nad prywatną szkatułą władcy.

Megan Greenhalgh

As a growing global public health concern, an increasing proportion of the UK’s population must live with and manage the chronic disease of food allergies. Through a multi-method approach of autoethnography, cognitive mapping, and interviewing, this research investigates what matters to the bodily experience of people living with food allergies. I work with the concepts of embodiment and affect to delineate a theorisation of the allergic body as recalibratory and argue that the adrenaline auto-injector (AAI)—the lifesaving medication prescribed to individuals with severe food allergies—is integral to the allergic recalibratory body. I demonstrate the multiple, dynamic ways in which those living with food allergies “affectively relate” to the AAI and what contributes to this. An account of the body as recalibratory is advanced to account for the dynamicism of the body’s affective relations. The recalibratory body becomes a valuable tool for understanding the ways that macro-issues of AAI production shortages and the tragic occurrence of allergy fatalities as well as micro-level everyday experiences matter to those living with food allergies. The essay concludes by exploring how the concept of recalibration can expand beyond allergic bodies to understand what the body—any body—can be, do, and mean.