Hasil untuk "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"

K. H. Solangi, M. R. Islam, R. Saidur et al.

Jianhao Zhou, Xue Siwu, Xue Yuan et al.

Abstract The formulation of high-efficient energy management strategy (EMS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) becomes the most crucial task owing to the variation of electrified powertrain topology and uncertainty of driving scenarios. In this study, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, namely TD3, is leveraged to derivate intelligent EMS for HEV. A heuristic rule-based local controller (LC) is embedded within the DRL loop to eliminate irrational torque allocation with considering the characteristics of powertrain components. In order to resolve the influence of environmental disturbance, a hybrid experience replay (HER) method is proposed based on a mixed experience buffer (MEB) consisting of offline computed optimal experience and online learned experience. The results indicate that improved TD3 based EMS obtained the best fuel optimality, fastest convergence speed and highest robustness in comparison to typical value-based and policy-based DRL EMSs under various driving cycles. LC leads to a boosting effect on the convergence speed of TD3-based EMS wherein a “warm” start of exploring is exhibited. Meanwhile, by incorporating HER coupled with MEB, the impact of environmental disturbance including load mass and road gradient, as an increase of input observations, can be negligible to the performance of TD3-based EMS.

Philipp C. Verpoort, Lukas Gast, Anke Hofmann et al.

A. Antimiani, V. Costantini, Elena Paglialunga

The complexity of the EU carbon neutrality policy is addressed by evaluating the impacts of the interaction among different policy instruments. An energy-economic dynamic CGE model based on GTAP utilities is developed for simulating different policy scenarios starting from a business as usual case where the economic impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery measures are included. The instruments tested as part of the EU climate strategy are the removal of fossil-fuel consumption subsidies, a carbon pricing mechanism and the public support to clean energy technologies. The modelling approach is based on a revenue recycling mechanism to finance clean energy technologies. We find that the simultaneous implementation of all instruments under the EU climate strategy including the removal of subsidies to fossil fuels and the reuse of revenues to foster the technological transition of the energy system is a win-win solution for a sustainable and decarbonised EU economy.

Elisa Barbieri, Luigi Capoani

This paper delves into sustainability and energy policies influencing the governance and dynamics of global maritime trade. Resilience and sustainability are also discussed, along with the obstacles encountered and strategies to overcome them. The analysis underscores the importance of developing long-term strategies and participatory processes, focusing on government involvement in promoting structural changes towards a more sustainable seaborne transport system. Part of our research is also dedicated to outlining the different factors influencing this industry among different continents, highlighting the need for increasingly unified governance frameworks internationally. By incorporating resilience theory and new technologies, with a high potential in terms of GHG emission reduction, governments and firms can better engage stakeholders, ensure business resilience, and address climate change risks. This study concludes that ports have significant power in driving structural change, and modernization across various areas—such as digitalization, energy policies, safety, green fuels, environmental sustainability, and effective coordination—is essential for their continued development.

Rahul Kumar Singh, N. Nayak

Abstract India targets a 50 % renewable energy share and a 45 % reduction in carbon intensity by 2030, compared to 2005 levels, while still relying on fossil fuels for 50 % of its energy needs. With the energy and power sectors being the primary sources of India’s CO2 emissions, exploring the carbon market’s potential in these sectors is crucial. This study adopts a holistic approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative analysis reviews global carbon trading systems to assess opportunities and challenges, focusing on India’s carbon trading market. The quantitative analysis uses emission data from leading energy and power companies to estimate the carbon market size, projecting a range of USD 18.22 million to USD 6.62 billion for energy companies and USD 100.75 million to USD 36.58 billion for power companies by 2030. The study provides a roadmap for establishing a carbon market in India, including capacity building, emission reduction strategies, carbon credit ranking, and policy recommendations, helping industries to assess their carbon market potential. This study presents a novel and crucial analysis in the context of India’s evolving energy sector and the global drive toward carbon neutrality. Unlike previous studies, which often focus on broader policy frameworks or general emissions data, this article uniquely centres on the specific roles and opportunities within India’s leading energy and power companies, offering a focused, real-world perspective on carbon market engagement.

Swetha Radha Srikakolapu, Manjunath Honganur Raju, Dhirendra Nath Thatoi et al.

The maritime industry is responsible for the emission of approximately 940 million tonnes of CO₂ on an annual basis, accounting for roughly 2.9% of the total global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving the decarbonization objectives set forth by the International Maritime Organization for the years 2030 and 2050 requires an expedited transition towards low-carbon marine fuel alternatives. This review presents a concentrated and quantitative assessment of biodiesel and biodiesel–alcohol blends as viable near-drop-in substitutes for marine gas oil. Non-edible feedstocks, including Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, used cooking oil, and microalgae, produce biodiesel with heating values ranging from 37 to 42 MJ kg⁻¹ and cetane numbers between 47 and 58, thereby conforming to ISO 8217 specifications. The incorporation of alcohols, most notably n-butanol, in concentrations of 10 to 20% enhances atomization and ignition properties, resulting in a reduction of CO and hydrocarbon emissions by 50 to 60% and particulate matter by as much as 70%, accompanied by a modest increase in NOₓ emissions of 8 to 15%. A comprehensive meta-analysis of 18 studies representative of marine conditions has corroborated that blends containing 20% biodiesel and 10%-butanol-20% biodiesel maintain brake thermal efficiency (g = −0.03, p > 0.05) while simultaneously decreasing CO, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter emissions by 16 to 21%. Lifecycle assessments reveal savings of greenhouse gas emissions ranging from 65 to 85% contingent upon the type of feedstock utilized. At the same time, techno-economic evaluations demonstrate that production costs are competitive with those of marine diesel, particularly when factoring in carbon credits. This review distinctively amalgamates statistical synthesis, insights from lifecycle and techno-economic assessments, and a strategic policy roadmap that aligns with the directives of the International Maritime Organization, the European Union Emissions Trading System, and various Asian maritime frameworks, thereby providing stakeholders with practical guidance for the large-scale implementation and adherence to the objectives of International Maritime Organization Tier III and carbon intensity indicator.

Jitendra Prajapati, A. S. Vijay, Amod C. Umarikar

Abstract Constant power loads (CPLs) introduce negative impedance in direct current microgrids (DCMGs), which is a major challenge. This negative impedance can significantly reduce the overall damping of the system, making it less stable and harder to control. To address this issue, output virtual resistance (VR) shaping is commonly employed to enhance system damping and improve power‐sharing amongst distributed generators (DGs). The technique proposed in this work involves an adaptive variation of the DG virtual output resistance (RV) linearly with the output current. This shows improved power sharing between sources. The work compares the small signal stability criteria and the minor loop gain methods for linear, non‐linear, and inverse droop controllers to determine the controller parameters with constant power loads. The control scheme is extensively tested through simulations for four different droop control schemes. The work also validates the DCMG performance when the DERs work with different droop controllers (heterogenous of controllers) to assess constant power load penetration, performance in meshed configurations, and DG plug‐and‐play operations. Additionally, improved power sharing performance was validated through a controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) based implementation.

Marco Stein Muzio

In this review we motivate ultrahigh energy neutrino searches and their connection to ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. We give an overview of neutrino production mechanisms and their potential sources. Several model-independent benchmarks of the ultrahigh energy neutrino flux are discussed. Finally, a brief discussion of approaches for model-dependent neutrino flux predictions are given, highlighting a few examples from the literature.

Hantian Zhang

The high-energy behaviour of scattering amplitudes involving massive particles has attracted interest in recent years. In these proceedings, we report on the analytic tool AsyInt for solving massive multi-loop Feynman integrals in the high-energy limit, which are fundamental building blocks for such amplitudes in the full Standard Model. We present recent analytic results for two-loop four-point Feynman integrals with both internal and external masses in this limit, featuring polylogarithmic and elliptic structures.

Вадим Кузнецов

The increased efforts of the international community to combat climate change after the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 has accelerated the transition of the world’s largest economies, including China, the United States and the European Union, towards low-carbon development. As part of forming low-carbon economy, some technologies designed to decarbonize energy consumption in industry, transport, and other sectors play the leading role: in particular, renewable energy, electric transport, and energy batteries and storage have become an integral part of national economic development strategies which emphasize to varying degrees the need to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However, the strengthening of the climate change factor in the global economy has led to a sharp increase in demand for another type of natural resources, which is minerals needed for the production of low-carbon technologies. Given their strategic importance for the development of new priority industries, primarily in energy and transport, and due to the vulnerability of their supply from other markets, these minerals are classified as critical and represent a new area of international competition in the field of economics and trade policy. The article aims to identify the characteristics of commodities markets that have been shaped and influenced by the energy transition. It examines the current state of the global critical minerals market, considering the geographical concentration of their extraction and processing. In addition, this paper looks into the approaches of the world’s leading economies to define and assess critical minerals depending on the nationally determined factors. The article also characterizes key trends in trade policy measures related to supply chain derisking, which is the focus of the industrialized economies of the Global North, and increasing value addition in the production of low-carbon technologies in Global South countries which previously used to export primary raw materials.

Sinan Erdogan, Ugur Korkut Pata, Andrew Adewale Alola

Cutting the global economy's dependence on coal has always been seen as one of the most effective measures to reduce carbon emissions and ensure environmental sustainability. However, the demand for coal can vary greatly from country to country. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify where the countries with the highest coal consumption stand in reducing coal dependence in energy supply from 1997 to 2021 by utilizing panel data methods and accounting for the possible occurrence of cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results denote that (i) the models used are cross-sectionally independent, (ii) there is a long-run relationship between the variables (iii) rising economic growth upsurges coal demand, while its square reduces coal consumption; therefore, the coal-Kuznets curve is valid; (iv) population density and industrialization boost coal consumption, while demand for natural gas and renewable energy reduces it. Based on the empirical outcomes, the study suggests that natural gas should be promoted alongside renewables to displace coal consumption globally, and that countries should consider the coal-Kuznets curve to channel the increased revenues into clean energy investments.

Yongwei Cheng

The Chinese economy is facing the impact of soaring energy prices, including the prices of coal, electricity and oil. The impacts of energy price fluctuations on general prices have a significant delayed effect. A novel price-temporal input-output (I–O) method is proposed to measure these delayed effects. A series of time-delay functions caused by a single price fluctuation and continuous price fluctuations is obtained through polynomial fitting. Then, the impact of price regulation and price delay adjustment on the delayed effect is further examined. Finally, China's latest 2017 I–O table, 4186 listed companies, and actual oil price adjustment data for 2020 are used to conduct empirical research. The delayed effect of oil, coal, electricity and gas price fluctuations on general prices and price indices, such as the consumer price index (CPI) and producer price index (PPI), are comprehensively investigated, and a corresponding time-delay ratio table for rapid querying is provided. The results indicate that the delayed impact of energy price fluctuations on the prices of various sectors lasts for half a year or even longer; additionally, these effects are very different. Logistics prices and the PPI are the most affected by oil price fluctuations, while trade prices and the CPI are the least affected by oil price fluctuations. China's oil price adjustments in 2020 led to a decline in general prices, and prices rebounded at the end of the year. Price regulation, especially electricity price regulation, reduces the impact of energy price fluctuations on general prices, and price delay adjustments extend the length of the time delay. This study can help improve how governments and enterprises address the impact of energy price fluctuations.

Enea Figini, Mario Paolone

Data centers are large electricity consumers due to the high consumption needs of servers and their cooling systems. Given the current crypto-currency and artificial intelligence trends, the data center electricity demand is bound to grow significantly. With the electricity sector being responsible for a large share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is important to lower the carbon footprint of data centers to meet GHG emissions targets set by international agreements. Moreover, uncontrolled integration of data centers in power distribution grids contributes to increasing the stochasticity of the power system demand, thus increasing the need for capacity reserves, which leads to economic and environmental inefficiencies in the power grid operation. This work provides a method to size a PhotoVoltaic (PV) system and an Energy Storage System (ESS) for an existing data center looking to reduce both its carbon footprint and demand stochasticity via dispatching. The proposed scenario-based optimization framework allows to size the ESS and the PV system to minimize the expected operational and capital costs, along with the carbon footprint of the data center complex. The life cycle assessment of the resources, as well as the dynamic carbon emissions of the upstream power distribution grid, are accounted for while computing the day-ahead planning of the data center aggregated demand and PV generation. Case studies in different Swiss cantons and regions of Germany emphasize the need for location-aware sizing processes since the obtained optimal solutions strongly depend on the local electricity carbon footprint, cost and on the local irradiance conditions. Some regions show potential in carbon footprint reduction, while other regions do not.

Ryan Plestid, Bei Zhou

Charged leptons produced by high-energy and ultrahigh-energy neutrinos have a substantial probability of emitting prompt internal bremsstrahlung $ν_\ell + N \rightarrow \ell + X + γ$. This can have important consequences for neutrino detection. We discuss observable consequences at high- and ultrahigh-energy neutrino telescopes and the Large Hadron Collider's Forward Physics Facility. Logarithmic enhancements can be substantial (e.g., $\sim 20\%$) when either the charged lepton's energy or the rest of the cascade is measured. We comment on final state radiation's impacts on measuring the inelasticity distribution, $ν/\barν$ flux ratio, throughgoing muons, and double-bang signatures for high-energy neutrino observation. Furthermore, for ultrahigh-energy neutrino observation, we find that final state radiation increases the overall detectable energy by as much as 20\%, affects flavor measurements, and decreases the energy of both Earth-emergent tau leptons and regenerated tau neutrinos. Many of these have significant impacts on measuring neutrino fluxes and spectra. Finally, for the Large Hadron Collider's Forward Physics Facility, we find that final state radiation will impact future extractions of strange quark parton distribution functions. Final state radiation should be included in future analyses at neutrino telescopes and the Forward Physics Facility.

R. Heffron, D. McCauley

The term ‘just transition ’ has increased in popularity in academic and policymaking literature over the last few years. This policy perspective tracks its development in policy over the period 2015 to 2020. An assessment of just transition policies to-date reveals staggered plans to phase out the fossil fuel industry and beginning with a coal phase-out. This type of just transition policy will derail the development of low-carbon economies world-wide. These policies through establishing just transition funds in 2019 and 2020 will result in subsidising the fossil fuel industry indefinitely given that coal, oil and gas will have to be phased out in turn. Proactive policy needs to be developed and finance re-allocated to deliver the just transition to a low-carbon economy. In essence a just transition policy overhaul is needed to complete revision if society is to achieve our Energy & Climate 2030 goals and targets.

A. Ajanovic, R. Haas

Due to the pressing environmental problems coming from the transport sector, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly over the last decade. Although different types of EVs are available on the market, the largest contribution to the reduction of environmental problems could be made through zero‐emission vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Each of these vehicles has some advantages and disadvantages. The problem they share is the high purchase price in comparison to conventional gasoline vehicles. Through the improvement of battery performance, further technological learning and a mix of different direct and indirect supporting policy measures, the competiveness of EVs could be significantly improved. EVs could already contribute to the reduction of emissions today, however the full environmental benefit of BEVs and FCVs is related to the mix of the primary energy sources used for electricity generation and hydrogen production. The increasing use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation makes EVs more environmentally friendly. Since total emissions are also dependent on the embedded emissions of cars, their lifetime as well as their usage (specific vehicle kilometers driven per year) have significant impacts on the total emissions per km driven.

Andrew J. Chapman, B. McLellan, T. Tezuka

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy (RE) is one of the core strategies in developing sustainable future energy systems. But in planning such a transition, it is common to consider primarily cost and greenhouse gas reduction, as typified by cost-mitigation curves that have become widespread. Such assessments tend to leave important considerations of energy justice on the periphery. This paper puts forward an alternative assessment technique, incorporating various indicators of social equity in order to assess the priority of power plant replacement that would lead to the greatest improvement in benefits, while placing the burden of system changes away from the most vulnerable. An example of the application of this approach is presented for prioritization of the retirement and replacement (with RE) of Australia s ageing fleet of coal-fired power plants. The assessment shows very different results from a standard cost-mitigation approach, with the retirement of the large brown coal power plants (including the recently retired Hazelwood power plant) and the replacement with wind power (where applicable) promoting the best overall outcomes on both cost and equity. Considering a selection of high priority indicators with many locally-specific data sets, the approach adds significant contextual relevance to prioritization, and is considered to offer useful findings for policy-makers.

Binbin Zhang, Mengxin Jia, Chaobo Chen et al.

This study proposes a wind farm active power dispatching (WFAPD) algorithm based on the grey incidence method, which does not rely on an accurate mathematical model of wind turbines. Based on the wind turbine start-stop data at different wind speeds, the weighting coefficients, which are the participation degrees of a variable speed system and a variable pitch system in power regulation, are obtained using the grey incidence method. The incidence coefficient curve is fitted by the B-spline function at a full range of wind speeds, and the power regulation capacity of all wind turbines is obtained. Finally, the WFAPD algorithm, which is based on the regulating capacity of each wind turbine, is compared with the wind speed weighting power dispatching (WSWPD) algorithm in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the active power fluctuation of the wind farm is smaller, the rotating speed of wind turbines is smoother, and the fatigue load of high- speed turbines is effectively reduced.

Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Mona Dehhaghi et al.

Sustainable socio-economic development largely depends on the sustainability of the energy supply from economic, environmental, and public health perspectives. Fossil fuel combustion only meets the first element of this equation and is hence rendered unsustainable. Biofuels are advantageous from a public health perspective, but their environmental and economic sustainability might be questioned considering the conflicts surrounding their feedstocks, including land use change and fuel vs. food conflict. Therefore, it is imperative to put more effort into addressing the downsides of biofuel production using advanced technologies, such as nanotechnology. In light of that, this review strives to scrutinize the latest developments in the application of nanotechnology in producing biodiesel, a promising alternative to fossil diesel with proven environmental and health benefits. The main focus is placed on nanotechnology applications in the feedstock production stage. First, the latest findings concerning the application of nanomaterials as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to improve the performance of oil crops are presented and critically discussed. Then, the most promising results reported recently on applying nanotechnology to boost biomass and oil production by microalgae and facilitating microalgae harvesting are reviewed and mechanistically explained. Finally, the promises held by nanomaterials to enhance animal fat production in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture systems are elaborated. Despite the favorable features of using nanotechnology in biodiesel feedstock production, the presence of nanoparticles in living systems is also associated with important health and environmental challenges, which are critically covered and discussed in this work.