Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Huiqiu Shi, M. Shao

Munazza Akhtar, Arshia Habib, Umer Javeid et al.

Purpose: This study examines how export quality (EQI) interacts with institutional quality (IQI), GDP per capita (GDPPC), and urbanisation (URB) to shape greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Asia, concentrating on whether IQI controls the environmental impact of EQI and in what circumstances does export modernisation translate into cleaner production and lower emissions. Design: Based on a theory-driven framework, this research utilises an econometric approach suitable for heterogeneous Asian panels, embedding an EQI×IQI interaction term to measure moderation. A log–log transformation provides elasticities and enables interpretation of short- and long-run dynamics, while considering cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Findings: Higher EQI mitigate GHG emissions when IQI is strong, via better environmental implementation, cleaner technology diffusion, and access to green finance; in contrast, weak IQI can temper or reverse this effect, allowing carbon-intensive upgrade paths. URB and GDPPC impact energy demand and technology integration, with urbanisation conceivably declining emissions under robust governance but boosting them when governance is weak. The study indicates that the marginal effect of EQI on GHG changes with IQI levels, evidencing a context-dependent technology-for-green policy channel in Asia. Originality: The paper establishes a conditional EQI–GHG mechanism moderated by IQI within an Asia-focused context, tests the EQI×IQI interaction in a log–linear ARDL/PMG-ARDL framework, and highlights sectoral/regional heterogeneity to inform policy design in diverse Asian economies.

A. Aassve, N. Cavalli, L. Mencarini et al.

Birth trends in response to the pandemic will vary according to socioeconomic conditions The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will have consequences for human populations. Worldwide, mortality levels are certainly affected. The worst-hit northern Italian provinces recorded losses of period life expectancy of 2 to 3.5 years for men and 1.1. to 2.5 years for women, the largest decline in life expectancy since the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic and World War II (1). Similar patterns follow in other countries (2). With the focus firmly on deaths, the scientific debate risks overlooking that population dynamics are also shaped by fertility trajectories. Throughout history, spikes in mortality owing to events such as wars, famines, and pandemics were followed by changes in fertility, resulting in fewer births in the short term and by recuperation in subsequent years (3). Economic and social change triggered by a pandemic is also likely to influence childbearing intentions and completed fertility. How the COVID-19 pandemic will affect fertility has implications for the rate of population aging, shaping future health challenges and economic growth potential across the globe.

Sezin Baysal Berkup

Mankind which is a social entity and whose most basic necessity is staying with other people have been in tendency of being together, acting together and uniting since the early ages of history. People living in the same period and therefore sharing the same conditions and even same experiences are influenced by each other. This situation results in the fact that individuals who are born, grown and brought up in the same or close periods have similar characteristics. It is not attractive that individuals who are shaped by the environment in which they are born and grown up, social, economic and cultural conditions, social cases and cases which interest the entire humanity have similar characteristics. Scientists moving from this point put forward the term “generation” in order to define individuals and their characteristics and carried out studies over this term. Within the scope of studies; the generation which was born between 1925-1945 was named as ‘Traditionalists’ silent generation and it was not subject of studies too much since it is regarded as a generation which does not have major effect. The generation which was born after World War II and therefore have the name of ‘Baby Boomers’ includes people born between 1946-1964 and representatives of this generation are regarded as those who are retired or about to retire today. The greatest aim of the generation which was born between 1965-1979 and named as ‘X Generation’ is considered as keeping pace with the changes in the world. Representatives of this generation have active role in social life and business life today. The generation which was born between 1980-2001 and named as ‘Millennials’ or as ‘Y generation’ as more commonly known are the children of globalization. For the children of this generation who have accessed the development and easiness of technology, technology is one of the cornerstones of life. Y generation which has an important place especially in business life has been subject for various studies today. The last generation which was born between 2000-2020 is the technology generation. Although this generation which regards technology as something indispensable has not got into business life yet, enterprises would have to make preparation for this generation within 10 years. Enterprises which are globalized and brought competition at international level today have to employ these individuals in one place who are belong to different generations therefore have different characteristics and structures. Employing rapidly changing generations of rapidly changing world in one place, keeping their motivation high and obtain efficiency from them is possible by knowing generations, learning characteristics of them and acting according to these characteristics. In this study, first of all the term generation will be mentioned, generations and their characteristics will be explained, then characteristics of different generations and formation of management process of enterprises will be discussed. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p218

Matteo Mazzamurro, Petra Hermankova, Michele Coscia et al.

Economic complexity is a powerful tool to estimate the productive capabilities and future growth of modern economies. Little is known of how economic complexity evolves over long periods in history. In this paper, we use archaeological evidence from the Roman Empire in the form of short texts preserved on a durable material (i.e. inscriptions) to estimate the economic complexity of the various provinces of the empire. By connecting the occupations listed in the text of inscriptions with the location in which the inscribed objects were found we can estimate that the most complex areas during the first four centuries of the Roman Empire have a remarkable and statistically significant overlap with the most complex countries today. While we lack an explanation for the reason of the preservation of economic complexity through the ages, this evidence provides a suggestion about how difficult the development of economic capabilities might be.

M. Gold, David Stevenson, D. Fryback

Yana Radchenko, A. Zaverbnyj

The scientific article examines the topical issues of trade conflicts in the context of the modern globalized economic system and their impact on the economic interests of Ukraine. The article analyzes the key aspects of trade wars, taking into account the interaction of countries in the international market, the influence of global economic trends and modern challenges facing the Ukrainian exporter. The work examines in detail important aspects such as the strategies of countries in trade war conflicts, the impact on the markets of raw materials and finished products, as well as possible ways of protecting national interests. In particular, an assessment of the possible consequences for the economy of Ukraine was carried out and strategic steps that could ensure the stable functioning of the country in conditions of trade tensions were determined. The article examines the trade conflict between the United States and China, which has become one of the most defining in modern economic history. Focusing on the stages of development of this conflict, she analyzes the trade restrictions introduced by both countries and their impact on the world market. Covering the relationship between the world’s two largest economies provides the reader with a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of trade conflicts. Additional focus of the article is given to the trade conflict between Ukraine and russia, considering its history and specifics. Through the prism of interaction between the two countries, the causes of the conflict, its impact on the economy of both sides, as well as possible ways of solving and overcoming the consequences are given. The article begins with a brief overview of the history of trade conflicts, revealing their roots in economic and political competition between countries. It examines the transformation of trade relations from the time of marginal mercantilism to the era of global trade and identifies the key factors leading to the emergence of trade tensions. This article is aimed at studying and understanding the current problems of global trade and its impact on the economic development of Ukraine, and also puts forward practical recommendations for the effective conduct of trade wars.

M. Acreman, A. Arthington, M. Colloff et al.

T. Ramsfield, B. Bentz, M. Faccoli et al.

Raisa Muthia Syahrani Hasibuan, Tuti Anggraini, Khairina Tambunan

One of the indicators of the viability of a bank is its profit. Profitability is an important indicator for the long-term survival of the operation of Islamic institutions. The formulation of this research problem is whether DPK and murabahah margin have a partial and simultaneous effect on CSR. Is there a simultaneous and partial influence of deposits, murabahah margins, and CSR on Bank Sumut Syariah's profits? Can CSR mitigate the impact of deposits and murabahah margins on Bank Sumut Syariah's profits? The research method used is the quantitative research method with a purposive sampling technique. Secondary data in the form of quarterly financial statements of Bank Sumut Syariah is used for the 2019-2022 period. Classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, F tests, coefficients of determination, and path analysis are used for data analysis. The results of this study show that: (1) Deposit margin and murabahah affect CSR, as shown by the findings of this study (2) Deposit and murabahah margin affect Bank Sumut Syariah's profit (3) CSR does not have an impact on Bank Sumut Syariah's income. The effect of deposits and murabahah margins on Bank Sumut Syariah's profit cannot be mediated by CSR as an intervening variable. Islamic banking is expected to increase profit generation so as to maintain bank operational stability by increasing fund collection and optimizing incoming revenue, based on research results.

Julio Djenderedjian

Este artículo analiza el surgimiento de procesos de innovación pioneros en la ganadería ovina en el área del Río de la Plata, ocurrida al mismo tiempo que en otras zonas productoras que luego adquirirían importancia mundial (Australia, Estados Unidos). La nueva tecnología operó sobre las distintas dimensiones del esquema productivo, con el fin de sostener la cruza exitosa del rebaño criollo con ejemplares de variedades europeas con lana de óptima calidad. Se propone una periodización hasta el momento previo al inicio del auge mayor de las exportaciones de lana, evaluando las transformaciones acontecidas desde los años finales del siglo XVIII hasta mediados del XIX.

Himanshu Mavani, Navinder Singh

The way the topic of black-body radiation is presented in standard textbooks (i.e. from Rayleigh-Jeans to Max Planck) does not follow the actual historical timeline of the understanding of the black-body radiation problem. Authors believe that a presentation which follows an actual timeline of the ideas (although not a logical presentation of the field) would be of interest not only from the history of science perspective but also from a pedagogical perspective. Therefore, we attempt a concise history of this very interesting field of science.

Mario Zanon, Sébastien Gros

Economic Model Predictive Control has recently gained popularity due to its ability to directly optimize a given performance criterion, while enforcing constraint satisfaction for nonlinear systems. Recent research has developed both numerical algorithms and stability analysis for the undiscounted case. The introduction of a discount factor in the cost, however, can be desirable in some cases of interest, e.g., economics, stochastically terminating processes, Markov decision processes, etc. Unfortunately, the stability theory in this case is still not fully developed. In this paper we propose a new dissipativity condition to prove asymptotic stability in the infinite horizon case and we connect our results with existing ones in the literature on discounted economic optimal control. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.

Dirk Pauly, Nathanael Skrepek

For a bounded Lipschitz domain with Lipschitz interface we show the following compactness theorem: Any $L^2$-bounded sequence of vector fields with $L^2$-bounded rotations and $L^2$-bounded divergences as well as $L^2$-bounded tangential traces on one part of the boundary and $L^2$-bounded normal traces on the other part of the boundary, contains a strongly $L^2$-convergent subsequence. This generalises recent results for homogeneous mixed boundary conditions by the first author and collaborators. As applications we present a related Friedrichs/Poincare type estimate, a div-curl lemma, and show that the Maxwell operator with mixed tangential and impedance boundary conditions (Robin type boundary conditions) has compact resolvents.

Carlos Vasco-Correa

Sjang L. ten Hagen

This article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein's theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound as a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.

Gérald Gurtner, Anne Graham, Andrew Cook et al.

This article presents a model for the economic value of extra capacity at an airport. The model is based on a series of functional relationships linking the benefits of extra capacity and the associated costs. It takes into account the cost of delay for airlines and its indirect consequences on the airport, through the loss or gain of aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues. The model is highly data-driven and to this end a number of data sources have been used. In particular, special care has been used to take into account the full distribution of delay at the airports rather than its average only. The results with the simple version of the model show the existence of a unique maximum for the operating profit of the airport in terms of capacity. The position of this maximum is clearly dependent on the airport and also has an interesting behaviour with the average number of passenger per aircraft at the airport and the predictability of the flight departure times. In addition, we also show that there exists an important trade-off between an increased predictability and the punctuality at the airport. Finally, it is shown that a more complex behavioural model for passengers can introduce several local maxima in the airport profit and thus drive the airport towards suboptimal decisions.

STEFÁNIA DANKÓ, ISTVÁN MOLNÁR

Az adósságráta az elmúlt években folyamatosan a figyelem középpontjában állt hazánkban, az államadósság szerkezete azonban kevesebb hangsúlyt kapott. Az államadósság devizaaránya és külső kitettsége fontos hatást gyakorol az adósságpálya jövőbeli alakulására, az adósságszerkezet ugyanis a későbbi évek adósságszolgálati terheit is meghatározza. Az adósságkezelési stratégiát ugyanakkor számos kockázat, többek között az árfolyam-, a finanszírozási és a kamatkockázat mérlegelésével kell kialakítani. A következőkben a szerzők az adóssághoz kapcsolódó kockázatokat alapvetően befolyásoló két adósságkezelési kérdést tekintik át: az államadósság devizaarányát és a külföldi befektetők jelenlétének mértékét.

Lukas Schwenkel, Johannes Köhler, Matthias A. Müller et al.

In this paper, a novel tube-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme for uncertain systems that uses neither terminal costs nor terminal constraints is investigated. We show that the results from the undisturbed case can be extended to systems with bounded disturbances by using similar turnpike arguments and a properly modified stage cost. We prove robust guarantees on the closed-loop performance, convergence, and stability under suitable dissipativity and controllability conditions and discuss them in a numerical example.

James P. Smith, Gillian C. Smith