Hasil untuk "Doctrinal Theology"

Sonia Katyal

In this Article, I explore the impending conflict between the protection of civil rights and artificial intelligence (AI). While both areas of law have amassed rich and well-developed areas of scholarly work and doctrinal support, a growing body of scholars are interrogating the intersection between them. This Article argues that the issues surrounding algorithmic accountability demonstrate a deeper, more structural tension within a new generation of disputes regarding law and technology. As I argue, the true promise of AI does not lie in the information we reveal to one another, but rather in the questions it raises about the interaction of technology, property, and civil rights. For this reason, I argue that we are looking in the wrong place if we look only to the state to address issues of algorithmic accountability. Instead, we must turn to other ways to ensure more transparency and accountability that stem from private industry, rather than public regulation. The issue of algorithmic bias represents a crucial new world of civil rights concerns, one that is distinct in nature from the ones that preceded it. Since we are in a world where the activities of private corporations, rather than the state, are raising concerns about privacy, due process, and discrimination, we must focus on the role of private corporations in addressing the issue. Towards this end, I discuss a variety of tools to help eliminate the opacity of AI, including codes of conduct, impact statements, and whistleblower protection, which I argue carries the potential to encourage greater endogeneity in civil rights enforcement. Ultimately, by examining the relationship between private industry and civil rights, we can perhaps develop a new generation of forms of accountability in the process.

Joshua L. Wrigley

Recently, Abbadini and Guffanti gave an algebraic proof of Herbrand's theorem using a completion for Lawvere doctrines that freely adds existential and universal quantifiers. A more direct argument can be given by only completing with respect to existential quantifiers. We construct the free existential completion on a presheaf of distributive lattices, and deduce Herbrand's theorem for coherent logic from the explicit description. We also discuss the cases involving presheaves of meet-semilattices, due to Trotta, and presheaves of frames.

Amartya Goswami, Zurab Janelidze, Graham Manuell

The purpose of this short note is to fill a gap in the literature: Frobenius reciprocity in the theory of doctrines is closely related to modular connections in projective homological algebra and the notion of a principal element in abstract commutative ideal theory. These concepts are based on particular properties of Galois connections which play an important role also in the abstract study of group-like structures from the perspective of categorical/universal algebra; such role stems from a classical and basic result in group theory: the lattice isomorphism theorem.

Peter Henderson, Mark A. Lemley

Artificial intelligence (AI) model creators commonly attach restrictive terms of use to both their models and their outputs. These terms typically prohibit activities ranging from creating competing AI models to spreading disinformation. Often taken at face value, these terms are positioned by companies as key enforceable tools for preventing misuse, particularly in policy dialogs. But are these terms truly meaningful? There are myriad examples where these broad terms are regularly and repeatedly violated. Yet except for some account suspensions on platforms, no model creator has actually tried to enforce these terms with monetary penalties or injunctive relief. This is likely for good reason: we think that the legal enforceability of these licenses is questionable. This Article systematically assesses of the enforceability of AI model terms of use and offers three contributions. First, we pinpoint a key problem: the artifacts that they protect, namely model weights and model outputs, are largely not copyrightable, making it unclear whether there is even anything to be licensed. Second, we examine the problems this creates for other enforcement. Recent doctrinal trends in copyright preemption may further undermine state-law claims, while other legal frameworks like the DMCA and CFAA offer limited recourse. Anti-competitive provisions likely fare even worse than responsible use provisions. Third, we provide recommendations to policymakers. There are compelling reasons for many provisions to be unenforceable: they chill good faith research, constrain competition, and create quasi-copyright ownership where none should exist. There are, of course, downsides: model creators have fewer tools to prevent harmful misuse. But we think the better approach is for statutory provisions, not private fiat, to distinguish between good and bad uses of AI, restricting the latter.

Benjamín Suazo Zepeda

Advirtiendo la relevancia del concepto de salud psíquica, se propone una definición formal del mismo, fundamentada en la filosofía de santo Tomás de Aquino. Se comprende, así, como una disposición aptitudinal ordenada del apetito sensitivo, como parte en cuanto parte de la operación voluntaria. Tal definición permite comprender la salud psíquica en su especificidad, como perfección de la dimensión sensible superior, distinguiéndola, por un lado, de la salud corpórea y, por otro, de la virtud. A la vez, ella permite establecer un diálogo fecundo con tales realidades en orden a alcanzar la madurez humana.

Jarosław Kupczak

During his fourth pilgrimage to his homeland, John Paul II, in the face of deep divisions that in the Polish society taught about the need for a deeper understanding of freedom. Freedom gives man the ability to make decisions. The future is not subject to simple determinisms, these are the free human responsible choices that guide it. In his in-depth reflection on human freedom, John Paul II also pointed to the need to understand properly the freedom of speech. Speech can be used in many ways, including to slander and divide. Free speech, which is intended only to win a discussion, has little to do with freedom. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort for speech to become an instrument of truth, not hate. Despite critical reception at first of the Holy Father’s first pilgrimage to free Poland, today – after more than 30 years that have passed since then – it is possible to understand its message better. The necessity of the ethical foundations of human freedom and work on free speech are still valid guidelines that the Pope gives to the Polish nation, also in the face of the present divisions affecting the Homeland.

Mahdi Azadparvar

Abstract One of the important concerns of Islamic thinkers throughout history has been the correct knowledge of God Almighty. Mirza Mehdi Isfahani, by emphasizing verses and narrations, seeks to express a special method for knowing God Almighty, which is different from the method of philosophers and mystics. In the present study, the author evaluates Mirza Mehdi Isfahani's theory on the issue of knowing God Almighty. By referring to the works of Mirza Mehdi Isfahani and the commentators of his views, it becomes clear that according to Mirza Mehdi Isfahani, philosophical arguments not only do not lead us to God Almighty but are a veil for the knowledge of God Almighty and this knowledge stops us in recognizing mental concepts. According to Mirza Mehdi, the knowledge of the divine essence can be obtained only by God Almighty and with innate knowledge. Mirza Mehdi states that in the matter of knowing God, a distinction must be made between the two positions of proving God and knowing God. By referring to religious sources, which are important and emphasized sources of Mirza Mehdi Isfahani, it becomes clear that the distinction between the two positions of proof and knowledge of God is not correct and we have no choice but to use mental concepts to know God Almighty. Also, due to the simplicity of God Almighty, it becomes clear that the innate knowledge explained by Mirza Mahdi is impossible.

Francisco Henares Díaz

Es recensión de:  Hernández Martínez, José María, Claret y el protestantismo de su tiempo. Ed. Claret- y Ed. Clie 2018, pp., 288,  24 x 17 cm.

Davide Castelnovo, Marino Miculan

(Pre)closure spaces are a generalization of topological spaces covering also the notion of neighbourhood in discrete structures, widely used to model and reason about spatial aspects of distributed systems. In this paper we introduce an abstract theoretical framework for the systematic investigation of the logical aspects of closure spaces. To this end, we introduce the notion of closure (hyper)doctrines, i.e. doctrines endowed with inflationary operators (and subject to suitable conditions). The generality and effectiveness of this concept is witnessed by many examples arising naturally from topological spaces, fuzzy sets, algebraic structures, coalgebras, and covering at once also known cases such as Kripke frames and probabilistic frames (i.e., Markov chains). Then, we show how spatial logical constructs concerning surroundedness and reachability can be interpreted by endowing hyperdoctrines with a general notion of paths. By leveraging general categorical constructions, we provide axiomatisations and sound and complete semantics for various fragments of logics for closure operators. Therefore, closure hyperdoctrines are useful both for refining and improving the theory of existing spatial logics, but especially for the definition of new spatial logics for new applications.

Yaakov Malinovsky

The problem of the longest head run was introduced and solved by Abraham de Moivre in the second edition of his book Doctrine of Chances (de Moivre, 1738). The closed-form solution as a finite sum involving binomial coefficients was provided in Uspensky (1937). Since then, the problem and its variations and extensions have found broad interest and diverse applications. Surprisingly, a very simple closed form can be obtained, which we present in this note.

Davide Trotta, Matteo Spadetto

We contribute to the knowledge of the quantifier completions and their applications by using the language of doctrines. This algebraic presentation allows us to properly analyse the behaviour of the existential and universal quantifiers. We wish to convey the following points: the first is that these completions preserve the lattice structure and the distributive lattice structure of the fibres under opportune hypotheses which turn out to be preserved as well; the second regards the applications, in particular to the dialectica construction; the third is that these free constructions carry on some relevant choice principles.

Samuele Maschio

We present here an abstract notion of structure consisting of propositions and realizers (which we call PR-structures) giving rise to set based contravariant functors taking values in the category of sets endowed with binary relations. We will characterize those PR-structures giving rise to preorderal and posetal doctrines and we will study in particular the case of a PR-structure induced by a partial applicative structure.

Gabino Uríbarri Bilbao SJ

Gabino Uríbarri Bilbao SJ

La Cristología del Concilio de Calcedonia es normalmente reconocida como paradigma de una cristología descendente. Las limitaciones de esta teología se han puesto de manifiesto especialmente a partir del Concilio Vaticano II, cuya cristología de tipo ascendente, mayoritaria en la teología postconciliar, asume el giro antropológico de la Modernidad, redescubre la figura del Jesús histórico, se pregunta por la dimensión histórica de la relación entre humanidad y divinidad en Jesucristo, y recupera para la cristología la reflexión sobre el Espíritu y el acontecimiento escatológico de la Resurrección. Algunos de los planteamientos de esta cristología «desde abajo» fueron ya anticipados por la escuela antioquena, y en particular por uno de sus máximos representantes, Teodoro de Mopsuestia (350-428). Repasando sus homilías catequéticas, su obra mejor conservada, este estudio expone y valora sus aportaciones a la cristología. Aunque expresado con fórmulas algo lejanas a la sensibilidad actual, las propuestas de este autor pueden iluminar y estimular la reflexión cristológica actual.

Francesco Ciraulo, Tatsuji Kawai, Samuele Maschio

We characterize the category of Sambin's positive topologies as a fibration over the category of locales Loc. The fibration is obtained by applying the Grothendieck construction to a doctrine over Loc. We then construct an adjunction between the category of positive topologies and that of topological spaces Top, and show that the well-known adjunction between Top and Loc factors through the newly constructed adjunction.

Hallgeir Elstad, Reidar Hvalvik

Bibi Sadat Razi Bahabadi, Fereshteh Motamad Langrody

Abstract Atonement teaching is one of the most important and fundamental doctrines of the Christians which has a vital connection with the "original sin" (Romans 5, 12-20) and has been admitted by the main three sects of Christianity. This teaching expresses how to save mankind from the original sin, and is of such importance that without belief in the teaching, other Christianity teachings lose their importance. There are several interpretations of this teaching among which the Anselm's theory is the most famous one. According to this theory, all humans became sinful due to the Adam's sin. From the one hand, God's justice demands the punishment of man for the sin, and on the other hand His absolute mercy requires Him to save man with salvation. Hence, Jesus Christ as a man of God, in order to atone for Adam's sin and salvation, came onto the earth and was crucified. Sacrificing basic components are as follows: 1. The original sin of Adam (AS) 2-belief in Adam's original sin. 3. Man's original sin 4. The outcome of any sin: eternal death 5. Conflict between God’s mercy and justice outcome of any sin 6. Being human and God at the same (incarnation) 7. Sociability of anthropomorphic God with men 8. crucified and accursed God 8. 9-Jesus as an atonement to sins of believers even the whole world. This theory has been met with criticism Muslim and Christian scholars. Rashid Reza and Allameh Tabatabai review on the components of this theory. AL-Mizan draws all components of atonement in to criticism, but the most criticism of AL-menar is about the conflict of mercy and justice of God. This survey has examined the contiguity of AL-Menar and AL-Mizan about atonement theory. Based on the findings of this article, Rashid Reza has confined to rational criticism; while Allameh on the base of verse by verse interpretation of the Quran, with a rational approach, has been challenged “atonement”. Clarifying of AL-Manar and AL-Mizan from atonement concept are the same and adapted with Anselm's Compensation theory. Alalameh in denying that Adam sinned by eating forbidden fruit, brings two Quranic reasons: guidance of prohibition and being innocent of Adam. From the point of AL-Mizan view, the Quranic reason to pass the original sin of Adam is his repentance and the acceptance of it by God.(AL-Baqarah37). In the respestion of Quran, it is not correct to punish all humans due to a person’s sin.(Al-Najm:38-39) All sins are not equal, and every sin does not lead to eternal perdition because there are different views toward sins in the Quran, some are deadly sins and some are minor.(Al-Nesa/31) Some have mercy and forgiveness, but some cannot be forgiven like the polytheism which has not been forgiven without repentance.(Ibid/41) Adam’s disagreement with the forbidden fruit is not like infidelity and polytheism which has perpetual suffering and destruction. God's justice does not contradict his amnesty, but forgiveness is the greatest virtue. As God is free to punish the guilty, he can forgive him. Rashid Reza about the component of conflict between mercy and justice of God believes that sacrifice/atonement teaching requires the acceptance of ignorance of God. This means that when he created Adam(AS) he did not know Adam could commit a sin, and when Adam commit the sin, God did not know the requirements of justice and mercy. Until thousands of years after the creation of Adam with the incarnation of Jesus came to the conclusion how justice and mercy gather. Not only is God powerless to collect his mercy and justice, but with Christ's crucifixion these two attributes of God have been deprived. AL- Mizan in criticism embodiment says the incarnation of God is impossible. Due to this idea, creator of this world has to deliver by a woman! And has to change to a human; so all traits of a man, happen to him. Then his enemies captivate him angrily and robbers take him to cling on. God is innocent of these things. It is impossible God has children (Al-Baqarah, 117). Jesus is not the Son of God, he is a man like other men. (Al-maeedeh, 75). He was worshiping God (Al-Nissa, 172) and calling people to worship God (Al-Maeedeh, 72). Allameh in criticism of the components that Jesus is the sins of believers portrays that the necessity of being sacrifice, is futility of laws and canons and unreal divine punishment. If the only way to salvation is to sacrifice of Jesus Christ canonization laws before, during and after Christ will be in vain and there will not be legislation aimed correctly. Also, based on the guidelines of the Quran, one by following or not following the laws instructions, provides esoteric truths of the attributes of a virtuous or vicious evil in his soul, and these facts underline the blessing or penalty of hereafter, showed in the heaven and hell. And the reality of heaven and hell is proximity and distance from God. So good deeds and sins rely on true affairs that have real system not credit one. Rashid Reza considers intercession as a sacrifice and denies it; but, Allameh, meanwhile explaining the essential difference between sacrifice and intercession, calls Jesus as an intercessor not sacrifice through the Quran.

Jan Radkiewicz

Klaas Landsman

The Bohrification program is an attempt to interpret Bohr's mature doctrine of classical concepts as well as his earlier correspondence principle in the operator-algebraic formulation of quantum theory pioneered by von Neumann. In particular, this involves the study of commutative C*-algebras in relationship to noncommutative ones. This relationship may take the form of either exact Bohrification, in which one studies commutative unital C*-subalgebras of a given noncommutative C*-algebra, or asymptotic Bohrification, which involves deformations of commutative C*-algebras into noncommutative ones. Implementing the doctrine of classical concepts, exact Bohrification is an appropriate framework for the Kochen-Specker Theorem and for (intuitionistic) quantum logic, culminating in the topos-theoretic approach to quantum mechanics that has been developed since 1998. Asymptotic Bohrification was inspired by the correspondence principle and forms the right conceptual and mathematical framework for the explanation of the emergence of the classical world from quantum theory (incorporating the measurement problem and the closely related issue of spontaneous symmetry breaking). The Born rule may be derived from both exact and asymptotic Bohrification, which reflects the Janus faces of probability as applying to individual random events and to relative frequencies, respectively. We review the history, the goals, and the achievements of this program so far.

Isobel Falconer

During the last five years of his life, 1874-79, James Clerk Maxwell was absorbed in editing the electrical researches of Henry Cavendish, performed 100 years earlier. This endeavour is often assumed to be a work of duty to the Cavendish family, and an unfortunate waste of Maxwell's time. By looking at the history of Cavendish's papers, and the editorial choices that Maxwell made, this paper questions this assumption, considering the importance of Cavendish's experiments in Maxwell's electrical programme, and the implications that he may have derived for developing a doctrine of experimental method.