Hasil untuk "Diplomatics. Archives. Seals"

Adam Mahamat

Kourgui est un établissement d’esclaves créé à l’initiative des sultans du Wandala au XIXe siècle. Son nom a fait l’objet de controverse et renvoie à deux significations. Le contexte de création du village est associé au Tliksé Bladi, l’un des souverains les plus connus du royaume. Les esclaves de Kourgui  venaient des régions de plaine, peuplées majoritairement des non croyants. A cause de la fertilité de son sol, le village alimenta la cour de Wandala   en produits agricoles. Comparés aux esclaves de palais, ceux de Kourgui menaient une existence précaire. La présence coloniale ne fut pas sans conséquence pour la localité. De nos jours, le poids des incapacités continue d’influer sur le vécu quotidien d’une classe autrefois dévaluée, mais dont une partie a trouvé le salut dans la migration et le brassage avec d’autres migrants.

Adrian Jarosz

Artykuł opisuje nowe możliwości badań z zastosowaniem analizy DNA. Opisano kilka przykładów wykorzystania nowej technologii w badaniach archiwalnych (historycznych) i genealogicznych, a także przedstawiono potencjał DNA jako nośnika informacji. Przywołane przykłady pokazują, że analiza genetyczna może potwierdzić albo obalić wcześniejsze przypuszczenia.

Boris Tomanič

The article examines the termination of the diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria in April 1941 and the expulsion of Yugoslav diplomatic personnel from Sofia. The first part of the article gives a brief overview of the events that ultimately resulted in two neighboring Balkan countries taking the opposite sides in the new world conflict, while the second part analyzes the causes and consequences of the closure of the Yugoslav legation in Sofia. The work is based on unpublished archival material from the archives in Serbia and Bulgaria, published sources and literature.

Lingling Chen

This paper focuses on the first state-organised nationwide postal censorship in China during World War I (WWI). The war had far-reaching effects on China, both in terms of the subsequent development of the internal political situation and her international relations. Although scholars share a meaningful view of China’s ‘internationalisation’ during and after WWI, the immediate impact on China is rarely discussed. One area where the war did have a significant effect was Sino-European postal communication, as this was probably the first time that mail was subjected to censorship in China. This research draws on material from the diplomatic archives to discuss how the nationwide postal censorship was established in China and how it impacted the public during the war. It argues that WWI was a crucial moment for the Chinese government in establishing a comprehensive and nationwide system of postal censorship. Censorship was a government policy for war purposes and, most of all, something that was requested by both China’s allies and enemies. This article suggests that this form of censorship during and after WWI overall reflects both that the Chinese government regarded it as a strategy to prevent information leakage, but that it was also a useful tool in domestic policy and diplomacy.

Frank Avilés Morgado

The focus of this article is the process of the creation and installation of the consular network of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i in Chile (1851–57), which was headed by Eduard Beyerbach, its first consul in the South American country. With competition between the powers of the northern hemisphere for dominating territories in the Pacific, the sovereignty and independence of the island Kingdom of Hawai‘i was seriously threatened. This explains Honolulu’s interest in creating, maintaining and increasing its consular presence in the main ports of the world in general and, in this particular case, in those of the Chilean South Pacific. This study, based on an analysis of Chilean, American and Hawaiian primary sources of the time, stored in different historical and diplomatic archives, presents new information about Hawaiian foreign policy in relation to South America. It is argued that economic-commercial, national security and eventually humanitarian reasons explain the creation and enlargement of the Hawaiian Kingdom consular network in Chile in the 1850s. The research explores the precedents for the bilateral relationship and the identities and actions of those individuals – Beyerbach, in particular – who made possible its development.

Yingying Zhang

This article examines the occupational status of the British and Chinese translators and interpreters who worked in the British Legation in Beijing in the late 19th century. It draws primarily on the official archives of the British Legation and the British Foreign Office. Five status parameters were studied and possible factors behind the observed status manifestations and perceptions were explored. While the British translator-interpreters often had exceptional visibility, recognition and influence at the Legation, they suffered from low official rank and unattractive pay. The Chinese co-translators had lower rank, salaries, visibility and influence, yet their importance and expertise were no less valued in the institution. The Legation translators’ status was shaped by complex interactions between multiple macro, institutional, human and contingent factors, including the stage of Anglo-Chinese encounters, professionalisation level of diplomacy, bureaucratic tradition, material environments, personal contacts and translators’ ethnicity. The findings highlight the complexity of translator status as a multi-faceted and context-dependent construct in real-life settings.

Radosław Skrycki

W artykule zaprezentowano mało znaną aktywność Johanna Baptisty Homanna z Norymbergi, który kojarzony jest przede wszystkim jako kartograf i wydawca. Postawiono tezę, że w rodzinnym mieście jest to postać dzisiaj prawie nieznana i zapomniana, natomiast w epoce był bardzo aktywnym uczestnikiem życia gospodarczego, ale przede wszystkim – intelektualnego miasta. Wielka popularność jego map i atlasów powodowała, że w pewnym sensie stał się kreatorem wizerunku świata, zaś rozległe kontakty z uczonymi, artystami i bogatym kupiectwem włączały go w proces tworzenia środowiska norymberskiej elity. Johann Baptist Homann – a forgotten cartographer The article presents the little-known activity of Johann Baptist Homann from Nuremberg, who is known above all as a cartographer and publisher. It presents a thesis that today he is almost unknown and forgotten in his home town, however, in his time he was a very active participant of the economic and, above all, intellectual life of the town. The great popularity of his maps and atlases meant that he became, to some extent, the creator of the world’s image, while his extensive contacts with scholars, artists and rich merchants led to his involvement in creating the environment of the Nuremberg elite. KEY WORDS: history of cartography, early modern history, Nuremberg in the 18th century, Johann Baptist Homann, politics of memory

Purwanto Putra

Kajian dan tulisan mengenai konsep Total Arsip yang ditulis para akademisi dan praktisi bidang kearsipan di Indonesia ternyata masih sangat minim. Dari penelusuran awal dengan metode advanced search google, recall dan precision dari hasil pencarian tersebut dapat dihitung dengan jari. Sedangkan pencarian secara global ternyata ada banyak tulisan yang membahas tentang konsep ini. Konsep Total Arsip awal mulanya muncul di Kanada awal tahun 1970-an. Berdasarkan latarbelakang tersebut, pertanyaan yang kemudian muncul, apa pentingnya mengkaji dan menganalisis konsep Total Arsip tersebut. Apakah ada relevansi ketika dikaitkan dengan konteks teori dan praktik kearsipan di Indonesia. Maka inti gagasan penelitian ini ialah upaya mengarusutamakan kajian tentang Total Arsip dalam rangka memperkaya khazanah kearsipan Indonesia. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini mengeksplorasi sejarah dan perkembangan konsep Total Arsip yang berasal dari Kanada. Memaparkan kemungkinan hubungan antara konsep dan strategi Total Arsip dengan tradisi kearsipan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, dengan metode analisis arsip dan artikel jurnal yang mengulas tentan konsep Total Arsip. Di tengah keterbatasan kajian Total Arsip di Indonesia sekarang ini, melalui cara ini diharapkan dapat diperoleh gambaran yang holistik dan sistematis tentang konsep Total Arsip dan korelasinya dengan praktik kearsipan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa konsep Total Arsip memiliki relevansi dan urgensi untuk turut diadopsi dalam konsep dan praktik kearsipan di Indonesia. Salah satu filosofi konsep Total Arsip yaitu pilar keempat, yaitu pengembangan jaringan yang dulunya sulit diterapkan karena keterbatasan teknologi informasi dan internet. Saat ini menjadi semakin relevan dan mungkin untuk diterapkan dalam kerangka Jaringan Informasi Kearsipan Nasional (JIKN).

Natalia Timofeeva

On the basis of the archival materials from the Foundation of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the author considers the process of the book exchange in 1944–1946 between Soviet Orientalists and their Egyptian colleagues. That exchange played an important part in the Soviet-Egyptian relations, the genesis of which was interrupted with the beginning of the “Cold War”. The book transaction was carried out largely due to the activities of the Soviet Egyptologist, TASS correspondent M.A. Korostovtsev, who was sent to Egypt at the very beginning of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the USSR and Egypt. The documents of the above Foundation cover the contacts between the Orientalists within the framework of the major institutions: the French Institute of Oriental Archeology in Cairo and the Permanent Archaeological Mission of France in Lebanon, on the one hand, and the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the other. As part of the shipment, the Soviet side sent the works on Iranian studies by V.V. Bartold, Arabic studies by I.Yu. Krachkovsky, the textbooks on the History of the Ancient East by B.A. Turaev and V.V. Struve, the works of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the copies of the Journal of Ancient History for 1937–1941, as well as the five-volume edition of works by N.Ya. Marr. The article is based on the archival documents that are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Almazhan Kapan, Suphan Kirmizialtin, Rhythm Kukreja et al.

Text recognition technologies increase access to global archives and make possible their computational study using techniques such as Named Entity Recognition (NER). In this paper, we present an approach to extracting a variety of named entities (NE) in unstructured historical datasets from open digital collections dealing with a space of informal British empire: the Persian Gulf region. The sources are largely concerned with people, places and tribes as well as economic and diplomatic transactions in the region. Since models in state-of-the-art NER systems function with limited tag sets and are generally trained on English-language media, they struggle to capture entities of interest to the historian and do not perform well with entities transliterated from other languages. We build custom spaCy-based NER models trained on domain-specific annotated datasets. We also extend the set of named entity labels provided by spaCy and focus on detecting entities of non-Western origin, particularly from Arabic and Farsi. We test and compare performance of the blank, pre-trained and merged spaCy-based models, suggesting further improvements. Our study makes an intervention into thinking beyond Western notions of the entity in digital historical research by creating more inclusive models using non-metropolitan corpora in English.

Rita Hofstetter, B. Schneuwly

ABSTRACT Building on a historiography that is in full expansion, we are focusing our attention on the sociogenesis of “educational internationalism”, by studying the way in which agents and organisations which claim to belong to this movement have executed their commitments and reconfigured them over the decades. After having studied the groups which work within the International Bureau of Education (IBE) – which aims to build peace through science and education – here we are examining the way in which its director, Jean Piaget, shaped the implements and the operating methods of the IBE, and represented it on different international stages. The well-endowed archives that were analysed have prompted us to suggest that he is revealed as a diplomat of “educational internationalism”; while the IBE became the first intergovernmental agency (1929), it started working with UNESCO from 1946 before it became fully integrated in 1969. In particular, this article shows how, within the intergovernmental context of the IBE, this learned man adapted the concepts of teamwork and self-government that he had theorised. We are interested to see which diplomatic tools Piaget put to use in order to tackle the unavoidable contradictions that he came up against. How was one to preserve a strict neutrality and scientific objectivity, conditions of an educational internationalism which claims to be universalist, in the arenas where it is governmental and institutional delegates in struggle that debate, moreover on topics such as school – viewed as a space where national identities are fashioned?

Carly C. Dearborn, Michael Flierl

PurposeThis paper begins to construct a theoretical foundation for using a diplomatic-informed pedagogy that specifically addresses common concerns in archival instruction in a higher education environment. The authors utilize self-determination theory (SDT) to define student-centeredness and provide empirical guidance for creating a learning environment supporting student motivation, persistence and academic achievement. The proposed framework provides both structure and theoretical grounding for the archivist while also cultivating a learning environment which effectively motivates novice researchers.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on diplomatics and archival instructional literature to propose an instructional framework utilizing SDT.FindingsA diplomatic-informed pedagogy is a new, theoretically viable approach to archival instruction for novice researchers intending to replace common archival orientation and competency-based instruction. This pedagogical approach also provides a reproducible structure to the instructional archivist, helping to organize classroom learning outcomes, assessments and activities in alignment with evidence-based research and well-established archival theory.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a conceptual paper and based on subjective analysis of existing literature and theory. The proposed framework has not been tested in a practical application, but it is based in the pedagogical foundations of diplomatics and SDT's focus on student perceptions and motivations.Originality/valueDiplomatics, the foundation of archival science and legal theory, can be applied pedagogically to provide concrete guidance to teach students to use archives in more intentional, creative and disciplinary authentic ways. Diplomatics gives the instructional archivist a pedagogical foundation, structure and guiding methodology to approaching novice researchers in the archives, while SDT presents how to implement such an approach.

Vera A. Raikova

This paper studies the operations of the Embassy of the United States of America in Moscow headed by G. F. Kennan (May — September 1952) in the context of Cold War diplomatic history. Based on an analysis of documents located in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, this study focuses on such key international issues as peaceful settlement of the Korean war, resolution of the German issue, and the signing of a treaty protecting fur seals in the Pacific basin. This article highlights the role of the American Embassy in Moscow, and of Ambassador Kennan in particular, in the discussion of these issues, and the nature of the embassy staff members’ interactions with Soviet authorities. The archival materials concerning the Soviet-American relations in 1952 provide clear evidence that the diplomatic corps faced severe difficulties under the conditions of military and political confrontation of the Cold War. The paper also elucidates the reasons for declaring Kennan persona non grata. Finally, the author considers the influence of the Moscow ambassadorship on Kennan’s perception of communism and the Soviet social system. He became convinced not only of the Soviet political system’s bureaucratic inertia and clumsiness, its excessive centralization, and its total focus on Stalin’s personality, but also of the extreme straightforwardness and uncompromising nature of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union.

Leilani Konrad, Arielle Levine

Abstract Coastal urbanization and the recovery of many marine species has caused human interactions with marine wildlife to become more common, sometimes resulting in conflict. In La Jolla, CA, the increasing presence of Pacific harbor seals at Children’s Pool Beach (CPB) resulted in a 25 year conflict over appropriate beach use. Drawing on archival analysis, stakeholder interviews, and beach-goer surveys, we present a history of the conflict and explore the drivers that have enabled the conflict’s escalation and endurance. Many factors influence people’s polarized views about seals at CPB, including personal values and sense of identity, differing perceptions of what is “natural” at CPB, the threat of change and loss of beach access, and underlying inter-personal conflict. Politicization and inaction during the early stages of the conflict also precluded conflict resolution and contributed the conflict’s escalation. While overt conflict has decreased in recent years, polarized views about seals at CPB and legal challenges continue. In order to prevent conflict escalation and persistence, it is important that coastal managers work to address conflict over marine wildlife early and decisively. We present suggestions regarding minimally controversial management measures that could be undertaken early in a conflict, and suggest that managers prioritize commonly held values to facilitate stakeholder dialogue. While it may not be possible to generate solutions that appeal to all stakeholders, understanding the values and cultural frameworks driving conflict is an important first step toward understanding and generating workable solutions to conflict over wildlife.

Marcin Smoczyński

Artykuł powstał w oparciu o badania przeprowadzone w ramach realizacji projektu „Biurowość w czasach pandemii. Wpływ epidemii COVID-19 na informatyzację biurowości w administracji publicznej”, a jego głównym celem było określenie roli i znaczenia wykorzystania systemu EZD w okresie epidemii COVID-19 w jednostkach administracji samorządowej i rządowej w terenie. Na artykuł złożyły się – oprócz wprowadzenia i podsumowania – następujące części: System elektronicznego zarządzania dokumentacją (gdzie nakreślono w zarysie historię i prawne ramy wykorzystania systemów EZD w polskiej administracji), O badaniu (zawierającej opis poszczególnych etapów realizacji wspomnianego powyżej projektu badawczego i zgromadzonych danych), System EZD w badanych jednostkach – uwagi ogólne (w tej części omówiono proces wdrażania i wybrane aspekty użytkowania systemu EZD w jednostkach objętych badaniem), Organizacja pracy w czasie pandemii COVID-19 (przedstawienie praktycznych aspektów funkcjonowania urzędów w nowej, zmienionej pandemicznymi obostrzeniami rzeczywistości), System EZD w czasie pandemii (określenie roli systemu EZD w czasie epidemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2), Przygotowanie techniczne (ocena przygotowania technicznego oraz przybliżenie poczynionych inwestycji w sprzęt informatyczny niezbędny do pracy biurowej) oraz Przygotowanie merytoryczne (w tej części przedstawiono zapotrzebowanie urzędników na formy doszkalające).

Renato Crivelli, Maria Leandra Bizello

O artigo aborda o desenvolvimento da institucionalização dos arquivos pessoais no cenário arquivístico brasileiro por meio da análise de processos de três instituições custodiadoras: IEB, Cpdoc e Mast. Foram analisados processos administrativos de incorporação de acervos da data de suas fundações até 1999, no sentido de captar a forma de seleção praticada pelas instituições antes das publicações de suas políticas de acervo. Palavras-chave: arquivos pessoais; institucionalização; centros de documentação.

K. Heerah, S. Cox, P. Blévin et al.

Dive data collected from archival and satellite tags can provide valuable information on foraging activity via the characterisation of movement patterns (e.g. wiggles, hunting time). However, a lack of validation limits interpretation of what these metrics truly represent in terms of behaviour and how predators interact with prey. Head-mounted accelerometers have proven to be effective for detecting prey catch attempt (PrCA) behaviours, and thus can provide a more direct measure of foraging activity. However, device retrieval is typically required to access the high-resolution data they record, restricting use to animals returning to predictable locations. In this study, we present and validate data obtained from newly developed satellite-relay data tags, capable of remotely transmitting summaries of tri-axial accelerometer measurements. We then use these summaries to assess foraging metrics generated from dive data only. Tags were deployed on four female Weddell seals in November 2014 at Dumont d’Urville, and successfully acquired data over ~two months. Retrieved archival data for one individual, and transmitted data for four individuals were used to (1) compare and validate abstracted accelerometer transmissions against outputs from established processing procedures, and (2) assess the validity of previously developed dive foraging indices, calculated solely from time-depth measurements. We found transmitted estimates of PrCA behaviours were generally comparable to those obtained from archival processing, although a small but consistent positive bias was noted. Following this, dive foraging segments were identified either from (1) sinuosity in the trajectories of high-resolution depth archives, or (2) vertical speeds between low resolution transmissions of key depth inflection points along a dive profile. In both cases, more than 93% of the estimated PrCA behaviours (from either abstracted transmissions or archival processing) fell into inferred dive foraging segments (i.e. « hunting » segments), suggesting the two methods provide a reliable indicator of foraging effort. The validation of transmitted acceleration data and foraging indices derived from time-depth recordings for Weddell seals offers new avenues for the study of foraging activity and dive energetics. This is especially pertinent for species from which tag retrieval is challenging, but also for the post-processing of the numerous low-resolution dive datasets already available.

Minhui Guan, Jeffrey S. Hall, Xiaojian Zhang et al.

Subtype H10 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused sporadic human infections and enzootic outbreaks among seals. In the fall of 2015, H10N7 viruses were recovered from gulls in Iceland, and genomic analyses showed that the viruses were genetically related with IAVs that caused outbreaks among seals in Europe a year earlier. These gull-origin viruses showed high binding affinity to human-like glycan receptors. Transmission studies in ferrets demonstrated that the gull-origin IAV could infect ferrets, and that the virus could be transmitted between ferrets through direct contact and aerosol droplets. This study demonstrated that avian H10 IAV can infect mammals and be transmitted among them without adaptation. Thus, avian H10 IAV is a candidate for influenza pandemic preparedness and should be monitored in wildlife and at the animal-human interface. ABSTRACT Subtype H10 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been recovered from domestic poultry and various aquatic bird species, and sporadic transmission of these IAVs from avian species to mammals (i.e., human, seal, and mink) are well documented. In 2015, we isolated four H10N7 viruses from gulls in Iceland. Genomic analyses showed four gene segments in the viruses were genetically associated with H10 IAVs that caused influenza outbreaks and deaths among European seals in 2014. Antigenic characterization suggested minimal antigenic variation among these H10N7 isolates and other archived H10 viruses recovered from human, seal, mink, and various avian species in Asia, Europe, and North America. Glycan binding preference analyses suggested that, similar to other avian-origin H10 IAVs, these gull-origin H10N7 IAVs bound to both avian-like alpha 2,3-linked sialic acids and human-like alpha 2,6-linked sialic acids. However, when the gull-origin viruses were compared with another Eurasian avian-origin H10N8 IAV, which caused human infections, the gull-origin virus showed significantly higher binding affinity to human-like glycan receptors. Results from a ferret experiment demonstrated that a gull-origin H10N7 IAV replicated well in turbinate, trachea, and lung, but replication was most efficient in turbinate and trachea. This gull-origin H10N7 virus can be transmitted between ferrets through the direct contact and aerosol routes, without prior adaptation. Gulls share their habitat with other birds and mammals and have frequent contact with humans; therefore, gull-origin H10N7 IAVs could pose a risk to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of these IAVs at the wild bird-human interface should be continued. IMPORTANCE Subtype H10 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused sporadic human infections and enzootic outbreaks among seals. In the fall of 2015, H10N7 viruses were recovered from gulls in Iceland, and genomic analyses showed that the viruses were genetically related with IAVs that caused outbreaks among seals in Europe a year earlier. These gull-origin viruses showed high binding affinity to human-like glycan receptors. Transmission studies in ferrets demonstrated that the gull-origin IAV could infect ferrets, and that the virus could be transmitted between ferrets through direct contact and aerosol droplets. This study demonstrated that avian H10 IAV can infect mammals and be transmitted among them without adaptation. Thus, avian H10 IAV is a candidate for influenza pandemic preparedness and should be monitored in wildlife and at the animal-human interface.

C. Foley, H. Lynch

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were commercially exploited on the subantarctic island of South Georgia for over 100 years and nearly driven to extinction. Since the cessation of harvesting, however, their populations have rebounded, and they are now often considered a nuisance species whose impact on the terrestrial landscape should be mitigated. Any evaluation of their current population requires the context provided by their historic, pre‐exploitation abundance, lest ecologists fall prey to shifting baseline syndrome in which their perspective on current abundance is compared only with an altered state resulting from past anthropogenic disturbance. Estimating pre‐exploitation abundance is critical to defining species recovery and setting recovery targets, both of which are needed for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's recent efforts to develop a green list of recovering species. To address this issue, we reconstructed the South Georgia fur seal harvest from 1786 to 1908 from ship logbooks and other historical records and interpolated missing harvest data as necessary with a generalized linear model fit to the historical record. Using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, harvest data, and a stochastic age‐structured population model, we estimated the pre‐exploitation abundance of Antarctic fur seals on South Georgia was 2.5 million females (95% CI 1.5–3.5 million). This estimate is similar to recent abundance estimates, and suggests current populations, and the ecological consequences of so many fur seals on the island, may be similar to conditions prior to human harvest. Although the historic archive on the fur sealing era is unavoidably patchy, the use of archival records is essential for reconstructing the past and, correspondingly, to understanding the present.

Alessandro Antonello

The Greening of Antarctica investigates the development of an international regime of environmental protection and management for Antarctica between the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 and the signing of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. During those two decades the parties to the Antarctic Treaty and an international community of scientists surrounding the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research reimagined Antarctica from being a cold, sterile, and abiotic wilderness into a fragile and extensive regional ecosystem. This book investigates this change by analyzing the negotiations and developments surrounding four environmental agreements: the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals in 1972, a voluntary restraint resolution on Antarctic mining in 1977, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. The development of the Antarctic Treaty and the related conceptual changes occurred because states and scientists were continually searching for authority and power within various realms. All actors were balancing their search for power and authority with the desire to maintain stability and peace in the region. In this international and diplomatic context, the actors were not simply trying to keep relations between themselves orderly; they were also ordering the human relationship with the environment through treaties.