Hasil untuk "Dairy processing. Dairy products"

A. Slavov

The milk processing industry is one of the world's staple industries, thus the treatment possibilities of dairy effluents have been attracting more and more attention. The purpose of the paper is to review contemporary research on dairy wastewater. The origin, categories, as well as liquid by-products and general indicators of real dairy wastewater are described. Different procedures applied for dairy wastewater management are summarised. Attention is focused on in-factory treatment technologies with the emphasis on biological processes. Aerobic and anaerobic methods with both their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail. Consecutive anaerobic and aerobic systems are analysed, too. Finally, future research niches are identified.

Marialetizia Ponte, Marianna Pipi, Gabriele Busetta et al.

ABSTRACT: Sulla is a forage legume species exploited mainly by grazing ruminants, greatly appreciated for its high protein content and moderate levels of condensed tannins with antioxidant activity. This study was aimed to explore the potential of sulla in relation to its seasonal utilization, as fresh or stored forage, and to improve the quality traits of sulla forage stocks, proposing dehydration as alternative to haymaking. Two experiments were carried out in different seasons, spring and autumn, both involving Valle del Belìce ewes fed different diets evaluated in terms of dairy production. In the spring experiment, diets consisting of fresh sulla forage (SUL) or fresh barley forage (BAR) provided ad libitum were compared using 12 ewes at 70 DIM divided into 2 groups and fed the 2 diets in a 2 × 2 Latin square design. In the autumn experiment, pellets of dehydrated sulla forage (DSF) obtained from an early (April) or a late (May) cutting time were compared with sulla hay (SH) using 9 ewes at 60 DIM divided into 3 groups and fed the following 3 diets in a 3 × 3 Latin square design: 2 kg/d per ewe of April pellets and SH ad libitum (A-DSF); 2 kg/d of May pellets and SH ad libitum (M-DSF); and SH ad libitum (SHL). Concentrate feed was supplied to all ewes (600 or 800 g/d in spring and autumn, respectively). In both experiments, cheeses manufactured from bulk milk of the different groups were sampled at 15 and 30 d of storage. In spring, compared with BAR, SUL improved the milk casein content, and in cheeses increased the level of PUFA, especially rumenic and α-linolenic acids, reduced redness index (a*) and fat content. In autumn cheese, DSF diets enhanced total PUFA, especially due to linoleic and α-linolenic acids, and polyphenol contents, whereas the A-DSF diet tended to improve the cheese antioxidant capacity, regardless of storage time. The microbiological profile of spring and autumn cheeses was almost similar among diets, indicating no negative effect of stored forages on fermentation process. In triangle tests, the panel was able to distinguish cheese from different diets for both seasons and storage times, without recording differences in their acceptance degree. These results highlight the advantages of dehydration as an alternative to haymaking, and confirm the promising potential of DSF in ensuring adequate dairy production during periods of limited fresh forage availability.

Stefania Sardellitti

Learning the graph Laplacian from observed data is one of the most investigated and fundamental tasks in Graph Signal Processing (GSP). Different variants of the Laplacian, such as the combinatorial, signless or signed Laplacians have been considered depending on the type of features to be extracted from the data. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of a parametric Laplacian, called the deformed Laplacian, defined as a quadratic matrix polynomial that provides a parametric dictionary for graph signal processing. The deformed Laplacian can be interpreted as the generator of a parametric linear reaction-diffusion dynamics on graphs, capturing the interplay between diffusive coupling and nodal reaction effects. It is a parametric polynomial matrix that enables the design of novel topological operators tailored to both the underlying graph structure and the observed signals. Interestingly, we show that several Laplacian variants proposed in the literature arise as special cases of the deformed Laplacian. We then develop a method to jointly learn the deformed Laplacian and the graph signals from data, showing how its use improves signal representation across a broad class of graphs compared to standard Laplacian forms. Through extensive numerical experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets, including financial and communication networks, we assess the benefits of the proposed method in terms of graph signal reconstruction error and sparsity of the representation.

Hsiao-Wen Huang, Chiao-Ping Hsu, Chung‐Yi Wang

High hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal pasteurization technology which has already been applied in the food industries. Besides maintaining the food safety and quality, HPP also has potential applications in the enhancement of the health benefits of food products. This study examines the current progress of research on the use of HPP in the development of health foods. Through HPP, the nutritional value of food products can be enhanced or retained, including promotes the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the food materials, retains immunoglobulin components in dairy products, increases resistant starch content in cereals, and reduces the glycemic index of fruit and vegetable products, which facilitates better control of blood glucose levels and decreases calorie intake. HPP can also be utilized as a hurdle technology in combination with existing processing technologies for the development of low-sodium food products and the maintenance of microbial safety, thereby lowering the risk of triggering cardiovascular disease. Additionally, HPP can be used to enhance the diversity of probiotic food products. Appropriate sporogenous probiotics can be screened and added to various high-pressure processed food products as a certain bacterial count is still retained in the products after HPP. As HPP causes physical damage to the structures of food products, it can also be used as a synergistic extraction technology to enhance the extraction efficiency of functional components, thereby reducing extraction time. By applying HPP in the extraction of functional components from food waste, the production costs of such components can be effectively reduced. This study provides a summary of the mechanisms by which HPP enhances the health benefits of food products and the current progress of relevant research. HPP possesses huge potential in the development of novel health foods and may provide an abundance of benefits to human health in the future.

Ting Wu, Shuai Guo, Lai-Yu Kwok et al.

ABSTRACT: The Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ProSci-92 (ProSci-92) strain was isolated from traditional fermented yak milk in the Shangri-La Tibetan region, China. Initial screening revealed its promising potential for lactose and protein hydrolysis. This study monitored the growth and metabolic dynamics of ProSci-92 and during a 60-h milk fermentation process using nontargeted metabolomics. Fermented milk samples were collected every 12 h, enabling comparative metabolomic profiling at adjacent time points. By the end of fermentation, the viable cell count reached 4.59 × 109 cfu/mL, accompanied by significant changes in acidity (both pH and titratable acidity). ProSci-92 exhibited active growth, particularly within the first 24 h of fermentation. Notably, the metabolic profiles of fermented milk at different fermentation stages were closely correlated with key fermentation characteristics, including pH, titratable acidity, and the viable cell count in Procrustes analysis (M2 = 0.4085). Our findings revealed significant enrichment of metabolites and pathways associated with AA metabolism and ABC transporters throughout fermentation. Substantial differences in metabolomic profiles were noted between the start (0 h) and end (60 h) of fermentation, marked by an increase in health-promoting metabolites and nutrients, including essential AA, short-chain fatty acids, organic acids, and purines (variable importance in projection score >1). This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the metabolome during ProSci-92 milk fermentation, providing valuable insights into metabolomic transformations over extended fermentation periods. The findings underscore the potential of ProSci-92 as a beneficial starter culture for enhancing the nutritional and health-promoting attributes of fermented milk beverages.

Andrea Santoro, Marco Nurisso, Giovanni Petri

Traditional graph signal processing (GSP) methods applied to brain networks focus on signals defined on the nodes. Thus, they are unable to capture potentially important dynamics occurring on the edges. In this work, we adopt an edge-centric GSP approach to analyze edge signals constructed from 100 unrelated subjects of the Human Connectome Project. Specifically, we describe structural connectivity through the lens of the 1-dimensional Hodge Laplacian, processing signals defined on edges to capture co-fluctuation information between brain regions. We demonstrate that edge-based approaches achieve superior task decoding accuracy in static and dynamic scenarios compared to conventional node-based techniques, thereby unveiling unique aspects of brain functional organization. These findings underscore the promise of edge-focused GSP strategies for deepening our understanding of brain connectivity and functional dynamics.

Ben Hayes, Srivatsav Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, Leonel Robert

We study selflessness in the general setting of reduced free products of $C^*$-algebras. Towards this end, we develop a suitable theory of rapid decay for filtrations in arbitrary $C^*$-probability spaces. We provide several natural examples and permanence properties of this phenomenon. By using this framework in combination with von Neumann algebraic techniques involving approximate forms of orthogonality, we are able to prove selflessness for general families of reduced free product $C^*$-algebras. As an instance of our results, we prove selflessness and thus strict comparison for the canonical $C^*$-algebras generated by Voiculescu's free semicircular systems. Our results also provide new examples of purely infinite reduced free products.

Fernando Llorente, Daniel Waxman, Sanket Jantre et al.

Gaussian processes (GPs) offer a flexible, uncertainty-aware framework for modeling complex signals, but scale cubically with data, assume static targets, and are brittle to outliers, limiting their applicability in large-scale problems with dynamic and noisy environments. Recent work introduced decentralized random Fourier feature Gaussian processes (DRFGP), an online and distributed algorithm that casts GPs in an information-filter form, enabling exact sequential inference and fully distributed computation without reliance on a fusion center. In this paper, we extend DRFGP along two key directions: first, by introducing a robust-filtering update that downweights the impact of atypical observations; and second, by incorporating a dynamic adaptation mechanism that adapts to time-varying functions. The resulting algorithm retains the recursive information-filter structure while enhancing stability and accuracy. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a large-scale Earth system application, underscoring its potential for in-situ modeling.

Marianne Villettaz Robichaud, Marie-Pascale Morin, Gilles Fecteau et al.

The objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to describe the transport conditions of calves at the time of their arrival at the 2 major livestock auction markets in the province of Québec, Canada, and to identify characteristics that affect bedding cleanliness. A particular emphasis was placed on the transport environment of young dairy calves commonly being marketed for veal production. During 4 d per auction site (n = 2 sites), 2 d in summer and 2 d in winter, the descriptive characteristics including type of transports, number of calves per transport, separation from other transported animals, as well as presence of ventilation sources (e.g., open holes allowing natural ventilation), bedding, and bedding cleanliness, were determined. A total of 507 different transports were included, representing a total of 4,054 calves sold during these 8 d. The vast majority of calves (95% [n = 3,845]) were transported by commercially designed trailers (long commercial trailers (n = 358; 70.6% of all transport types), short commercial trailers (n = 62; 12.2%), or multideck trailers (n = 15; 3%). A minority of calves (5%) were either transported by homemade trailers (n = 30; 5.9% of transport) or other types of transports (n = 42; 8.3%). The presence of any ventilation source in the calves' transportation area was observed in 86% of transports and increased in summer versus winter (odds ratio: 2.75 [95% CI: 1.58–4.79]). Bedding was present in 96% of evaluated transports. The majority (68%) of calves' transport flooring area was considered clean, with less than 33% of the calves' area soiled with manure. The dirtiness of calves' transport flooring area was lower in winter than in summer (odds ratio = 0.63 [0.43–0.92]) and in site B than in site A (odds ratio = 0.57 [0.38–0.94]). This study gives interesting insight into transportation and unloading conditions of surplus calves in commercial auction markets.

Mousaab Alrhmoun, Thomas Zanon, Katja Katzenberger et al.

Abstract:: The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of altitude on the quality of milk from dairy cows housed in small-scale farms in alpine areas. Therefore, a dataset comprising 5,680 bulk milk samples from 32 farms located at different geographical altitudes was considered. Milk traits such as fat, protein, lactose, free fatty acids, casein, milk urea nitrogen content, pH value, and somatic cell score were examined in the laboratories of the South Tyrolean Dairy Association using mid-infrared spectroscopy. The data were analyzed using a statistical model that considered altitude category, grazing practice, housing system, and season of milk analysis as fixed effects. The findings revealed a positive association between altitude and milk fat, free fatty acids, and somatic cell count. Conversely, lactose content, milk urea nitrogen, and pH value in milk from cows kept on farms at higher altitude (>1,200 m above sea level) showed a negative relationship with altitude. Farms located at altitudes above 1,200 m exhibited higher fat, protein, urea, and somatic cell content than farms located at lower levels. The results provide new insights into a production effect that has so far received little attention and should be considered in farm management (e.g., feeding management, breed decision) to ensure animal health and the associated animal welfare as well as the productivity of dairy cows reared in traditional small-scale mountain dairy farms.

Joanna Smoluk-Sikorska

Consumers perceive the level of organic food prices as the major obstacle to increasing purchases. The main objective of the presented study is to recognize the differences between the prices of organic and non-organic food (so-called price premiums) in the Polish organic food market. Consequently, in order to determine these differences, prices of organic and non-organic food were noted in 45 retail outlets providing both types of food products. The investigation was performed within the Poznań agglomeration for nine months, from October 2022 to June 2023. The research showed that organic food price premiums ranged between 35% and over 270%. The lowest premiums were observed in tomato passata, cereal and dairy products, and eggs and olive oil. The highest occurred in chocolate, tea, juices, rapeseed oil, and chicken. Compared to previous studies, premiums observed in the conducted research, although high, have decreased for most investigated products. Moreover, the differences in price premiums were noted depending on the outlet type—they were lower in supermarket and hypermarket chains than in small retail shops. It should be highlighted that measures to maintain organic market development should be carried out with particular emphasis on the continued participation of retail chains in the distribution of organic food and the increased participation of large companies in processing organic food.

L.T. Casarotto, A. De Vries, J.D. Chapman et al.

ABSTRACT: The use of the immunomodulator OmniGen-AF (OMN) feed supplement, where the response in milk yield, health, and reproduction is uncertain, allows for an application of type I (use the product when it is not profitable) and type II (do not use the product when it is profitable) analysis to aid decision-making regarding its profitability. This study applies a type I and II error analysis to quantify the economic risk of investing in OMN feed supplementation using data from a controlled study and a field dataset collected on dairy farms. Four prediction models were applied considering the expected value and SD of the response in milk yield; milk and health; milk and reproduction; and milk, health, and reproduction. Uncertainty in the milk response was modeled following a normal distribution with mean 0.15 kg/cow per day and SD 0.81 kg/cow per day. This distribution was left-truncated at 0 kg, which resulted in a mean (expected) response of 0.7 kg/cow per day. Based on the field dataset, the reduction in health costs and reproduction were estimated at $0.086 and $0.33/cow per day. All 3 responses were assumed to be present or not in the first 90 DIM. The increase in milk yields necessary to pay for the OMN supplementation considering a response in milk yield only; milk and health; milk and reproduction; and milk, health, and reproduction were 0.45, 0.19, −0.56, and −0.82 kg/cow per day, respectively. The break-even OMN cost per cow per day when considering the increases in milk yield; milk and health; milk and reproduction; and milk, health, and reproduction were $0.23, $0.31, $0.56, and $0.65, respectively. Production responses resulted in costs exceeding revenue with a type I error cost of $2.62 for milk and $0.47 for milk and health response for the broke even. There was no type I error cost associated when considering the responses in milk and reproduction, and the combination of milk, health, and reproduction, which implies that there is no risk of using OMN when it is not profitable (= the product is profitable for certain). Type II costs were associated with returns that are unrealized because of failing to use OMN when it is profitable with an opportunity cost of $9.92, $15.53, $37.23, and $45.08 per cow per day for the responses in milk yield; milk and health; milk and reproduction; and milk, health, and reproduction, respectively. We concluded that a type I and II error analysis applied to the use of the OMN feed additive provided additional insights beyond a break-even analysis to support economic decision-making when the response on dairy farms is uncertain. The type I and II error analysis can aid in decision-making process to evaluate the adoption of a new technology.

Nafiseh Ghasemi, Jon Alvarez Justo, Marco Celesti et al.

Recent advancements in deep learning techniques have spurred considerable interest in their application to hyperspectral imagery processing. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in this field, focusing on methodologies, challenges, and emerging trends. Deep learning architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Autoencoders, Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are examined for their suitability in processing hyperspectral data. Key challenges, including limited training data and computational constraints, are identified, along with strategies such as data augmentation and noise reduction using GANs. The paper discusses the efficacy of different network architectures, highlighting the advantages of lightweight CNN models and 1D CNNs for onboard processing. Moreover, the potential of hardware accelerators, particularly Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), for enhancing processing efficiency is explored. The review concludes with insights into ongoing research trends, including the integration of deep learning techniques into Earth observation missions such as the CHIME mission, and emphasizes the need for further exploration and refinement of deep learning methodologies to address the evolving demands of hyperspectral image processing.

Jiadi Bao, Mengtao Zhu, Yunjie Li et al.

De-interleaving of the mixtures of Hidden Markov Processes (HMPs) generally depends on its representation model. Existing representation models consider Markov chain mixtures rather than hidden Markov, resulting in the lack of robustness to non-ideal situations such as observation noise or missing observations. Besides, de-interleaving methods utilize a search-based strategy, which is time-consuming. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel representation model and corresponding de-interleaving methods for the mixtures of HMPs. At first, a generative model for representing the mixtures of HMPs is designed. Subsequently, the de-interleaving process is formulated as a posterior inference for the generative model. Secondly, an exact inference method is developed to maximize the likelihood of the complete data, and two approximate inference methods are developed to maximize the evidence lower bound by creating tractable structures. Then, a theoretical error probability lower bound is derived using the likelihood ratio test, and the algorithms are shown to get reasonably close to the bound. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods are highly effective and robust for non-ideal situations, outperforming baseline methods on simulated and real-life data.

K. Bella, P. Rao

L. Jaiswal, M. Worku

Abstract Cow’s milk is a highly nutritious biological fluid that provides nourishment and immunity to infants when breastfeeding declines. However, some infants, children, and adults are allergic to cow’s milk because milk contains potential allergens in the form of proteins. Casein and whey proteins and their coagulated sub-fractions in the milk such as αS1-casein, αS2-casein, β-casein, κ-casein and α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, respectively are the major etiological determinant of cow’s milk allergy (CMA). Moreover, milk processing techniques such as homogenization and pasteurization alter the milk fat and whey protein’s molecular structure and serve them as allergens to the immune system of allergic individuals. Strict exclusion of nutrient-rich milk and other dairy products from diet puts children with CMA at higher nutritional risk. Thus, regular nutritional monitoring, the inclusion of protein and mineral-rich supplements as a substitute for cow’s milk, management of animal genetics (sheep, goats, buffaloes, camel, mare, donkey, yak), and milk processing to produce non-allergenic milk by inactivating allergic proteins for designer nutrition is essentially required. This review paper details the prevalence, molecular profiling of milk allergens (proteins), body immune response against CMA, consequences of milk processing, treatment, and novel role of galectins as potentially allergy suppressors.

M. Reig, X. Vecino, J. Cortina

The use of treatments of segregated process streams as a water source, as well as technical fluid reuse as a source of value-added recovery products, is an emerging direction of resource recovery in several applications. Apart from the desired final product obtained in agro-food industries, one of the challenges is the recovery or separation of intermediate and/or secondary metabolites with high-added-value compounds (e.g., whey protein). In this way, processes based on membranes, such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), could be integrated to treat these agro-industrial streams, such as milk and cheese whey. Therefore, the industrial application of membrane technologies in some processing stages could be a solution, replacing traditional processes or adding them into existing treatments. Therefore, greater efficiency, yield enhancement, energy or capital expenditure reduction or even an increase in sustainability by producing less waste, as well as by-product recovery and valorization opportunities, could be possible, in line with industrial symbiosis and circular economy principles. The maturity of membrane technologies in the dairy industry was analyzed for the possible integration options of membrane processes in their filtration treatment. The reported studies and developments showed a wide window of possible applications for membrane technologies in dairy industry treatments. Therefore, the integration of membrane processes into traditional processing schemes is presented in this work. Overall, it could be highlighted that membrane providers and agro-industries will continue with a gradual implementation of membrane technology integration in the production processes, referring to the progress reported on both the scientific literature and industrial solutions commercialized.

Anusha Ganta, Yasser Bashir, Sovik Das

A milk-processing plant was drafted as a distinctive staple industry amid the diverse field of industries. Dairy products such as yogurt, cheese, milk powder, etc., consume a huge amount of water not only for product processing, but also for sanitary purposes and for washing dairy-based industrial gear. Henceforth, the wastewater released after the above-mentioned operations comprises a greater concentration of nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and organic and inorganic contents that can pose severe ecological issues if not managed effectively. The well-known processes such as coagulation–flocculation, membrane technologies, electrocoagulation, and other biological processes such as use of a sequencing batch reactor, upflow sludge anaerobic blanket reactor, etc., that are exploited for the treatment of dairy effluent are extremely energy-exhaustive and acquire huge costs in terms of fabrication and maintenance. In addition, these processes are not competent in totally removing various contaminants that exist in dairy effluent. Accordingly, to decrease the energy need, microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) can be effectively employed, thereby also compensating the purification charges by converting the chemical energy present in impurities into bioelectricity and value-added products. Based on this, the current review article illuminates the application of diverse METs as a suitable substitute for traditional technology for treating dairy wastewater. Additionally, several hindrances on the way to real-world application and techno-economic assessment of revolutionary METs are also deliberated.

Nicoleta-Maricica Maftei, Alina-Viorica Iancu, Alina Mihaela Elisei et al.

Limitations of dairy products, such as lactose intolerance, problems related to a high cholesterol intake in diet, malabsorption, and the requirement for cold storage facilities, as well as an increasing demand for new foods and tastes, have initiated a trend in the development of non-dairy probiotic products. The possibility of producing beverages based on soy milk, sea buckthorn powder, and fermented by <i>Bifidobacterium bifidus</i> (<i>Bb-12^®</i>, Bb) strain at different temperatures (30 °C and 37 °C) was examined. Strain viability, pH, and titratable acidity were measured during the fermentation period while the viability, pH, titratable acidity, and water holding capacity were determined during the storage time at 4 °C ± 1 °C within 14 days. Additionally, the survival and stability of <i>Bb-12^®,</i> inoculated into a functional beverage when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, were assessed. The results obtained in this study revealed that the content of potent bioactive compounds in fermented soy milk and sea buckthorn powder depends on the processing conditions, the bacteria used in the fermentation step, and storage time.

M.F. Miguel, H.M.N. Ribeiro-Filho, R. Delagarde

ABSTRACT: Effects of corn silage supplementation on milk production of grazing dairy cows depend in part on the substitution rate between the 2 forages, which may be influenced by grazing management. The aim of this study was to compare 2 grazing management strategies for measuring substitution rate between herbage and corn silage, in interaction with grazing intensity. Six treatments were compared, with 2 grazing intensities and 3 supplementation strategies investigated at both grazing intensities. The 2 grazing intensities were severe and light grazing, defined by either (1) herbage allowance (HA) of 15 (severe) or 30 (light) kg dry matter (DM)/cow per d at 3 cm above ground level or (2) postgrazing sward height, depending on the supplementation strategy. The 3 supplementation strategies were as follows: (U) an unsupplemented treatment, (A) 5 kg DM/d of corn silage offered at a similar HA as in U, and (H) 5 kg DM/d of corn silage offered at a similar postgrazing sward height as in U. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design and divided in 2 groups for the entire experiment, one for each grazing intensity. Within each grazing intensity group, the corn silage supplementation strategy was studied using a 3 × 3 Greco-Latin square design, with 3 periods of 14 d. Supplementing cows with corn silage increased total DM intake only for severe grazing by 1.7 kg DM/d. The substitution rate between corn silage and grazed herbage was lower for severe than for light grazing, averaging 0.63 and 1.23, respectively. Herbage dry matter intake was lower by 1.2 kg/d for strategy H than A, leading to lower substitution rates (0.81 vs. 0.99, respectively), irrespective of grazing intensity. Milk production increased with silage supplementation for severe grazing (+1.0 kg/d milk) and was unaffected by silage supplementation for light grazing (−0.4 kg/d milk). The milk production response to corn silage supplementation averaged +0.23 and −0.08 kg of milk per kg DM of silage for severe and light grazing, respectively. Fat-corrected milk production tended to be lower by 0.4 kg/d for strategy H than A, leading to lower milk production response (+0.00 vs. +0.12 kg of milk per kg DM of silage, respectively). Milk protein concentration increased with silage supplementation for severe grazing (+1.0 g/kg) but decreased with silage supplementation for light grazing (−0.6 g/kg). Milk fat concentration did not differ among treatments. On average, daily grazing time (−47 min/d, i.e., −9%) and herbage intake rate (−4.9 g of DM/min, i.e., −14%) decreased when cows were supplemented, with greater grazing time reduction at severe than light grazing, and greater herbage intake rate reduction at light than severe grazing. In conclusion, the greater substitution rate and the lower 4% fat-corrected milk production when corn silage was provided at a similar postgrazing sward height rather than at a similar HA to those of unsupplemented cows explain why supplementing grazing dairy cows with conserved forages has no strong effect in practice from a production point of view.