Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Paul Van Eecke, Katrien Beuls

We present PyFCG, an open source software library that ports Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG) to the Python programming language. PyFCG enables its users to seamlessly integrate FCG functionality into Python programs, and to use FCG in combination with other libraries within Python's rich ecosystem. Apart from a general description of the library, this paper provides three walkthrough tutorials that demonstrate example usage of PyFCG in typical use cases of FCG: (i) formalising and testing construction grammar analyses, (ii) learning usage-based construction grammars from corpora, and (iii) implementing agent-based experiments on emergent communication.

Heng Zheng, Haochen You, Zijun Liu et al.

Text-attributed graphs require models to effectively integrate both structural topology and semantic content. Recent approaches apply large language models to graphs by linearizing structures into token sequences through random walks. These methods create concise graph vocabularies to replace verbose natural language descriptions. However, they overlook a critical component that makes language expressive: grammar. In natural language, grammar assigns syntactic roles to words and defines their functions within sentences. Similarly, nodes in graphs play distinct structural roles as hubs, bridges, or peripheral members. Current graph language methods provide tokens without grammatical annotations to indicate these structural or semantic roles. This absence limits language models' ability to reason about graph topology effectively. We propose \textbf{G2rammar}, a bilingual grammar framework that explicitly encodes both structural and semantic grammar for text-attributed graphs. Structural grammar characterizes topological roles through centrality and neighborhood patterns. Semantic grammar captures content relationships through textual informativity. The framework implements two-stage learning with structural grammar pre-training followed by semantic grammar fine-tuning. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that G2rammar consistently outperforms competitive baselines by providing language models with the grammatical context needed to understand graph structures.

Henning Fernau, Lakshmanan Kuppusamy, Indhumathi Raman

Matrix grammars are one of the first approaches ever proposed in regulated rewriting, prescribing that rules have to be applied in a certain order. Originally, they have been introduced by Ábrahám on linguistic grounds. In traditional regulated rewriting, the most interesting case shows up when all rules are context-free. Typical descriptional complexity measures incorporate the number of nonterminals or the matrix length, i.e., the number of rules per matrix. When viewing matrices as program fragments, it becomes natural to consider additional applicability conditions for such matrices. Here, we focus on attaching a permitting and a forbidden string to every matrix in a matrix grammar. The matrix is applicable to a sentential form~$w$ only if the permitting string is a subword in~$w$ and the forbidden string is not a subword in~$w$. We call such a grammar, where the application of a matrix is conditioned as described, a semi-conditional matrix grammar. We consider $(1)$ the maximal lengths of permitting and forbidden strings, $(2)$ the number of nonterminals, $(3)$ the number of conditional matrices, $(4)$ the maximal length of any matrix and $(5)$ the number of conditional matrices with nonempty permitting and forbidden strings, as the resources (descriptional complexity measures) of a semi-conditional matrix grammar. In this paper, we show that certain semi-conditional matrix grammar families defined by restricting resources can generate all of the recursively enumerable languages.

Marko Schmellenkamp, Thomas Zeume, Sven Argo et al.

We propose a scalable framework for deciding, proving, and explaining (in-)equivalence of context-free grammars. We present an implementation of the framework and evaluate it on large data sets collected within educational support systems. Even though the equivalence problem for context-free languages is undecidable in general, the framework is able to handle a large portion of these datasets. It introduces and combines techniques from several areas, such as an abstract grammar transformation language to identify equivalent grammars as well as sufficiently similar inequivalent grammars, theory-based comparison algorithms for a large class of context-free languages, and a graph-theory-inspired grammar canonization that allows to efficiently identify isomorphic grammars.

Cem Bozsahin

TheBench is a tool to study monadic structures in natural language. It is for writing monadic grammars to explore analyses, compare diverse languages through their categories, and to train models of grammar from form-meaning pairs where syntax is latent variable. Monadic structures are binary combinations of elements that employ semantics of composition only. TheBench is essentially old-school categorial grammar to syntacticize the idea, with the implication that although syntax is autonomous (recall \emph{colorless green ideas sleep furiously}), the treasure is in the baggage it carries at every step, viz. semantics, more narrowly, predicate-argument structures indicating choice of categorial reference and its consequent placeholders for decision in such structures. There is some new thought in old school. Unlike traditional categorial grammars, application is turned into composition in monadic analysis. Moreover, every correspondence requires specifying two command relations, one on syntactic command and the other on semantic command. A monadic grammar of TheBench contains only synthetic elements (called `objects' in category theory of mathematics) that are shaped by this analytic invariant, viz. composition. Both ingredients (command relations) of any analytic step must therefore be functions (`arrows' in category theory). TheBench is one implementation of the idea for iterative development of such functions along with grammar of synthetic elements.

Andi Febriana Tamrin, Miselin Adveni, Basri Basri

This study analyses the types of neurotic needs experienced by Griffin through three kinds of neurotic conditions, which indicate that he has a neurotic disorder. This study uses psychoanalysis social by Karen Horney's theory about the types of neurotic needs, namely the neurotic need for power, the neurotic need to exploit others, the neurotic need for self-sufficiency, and independence. This study aimed to determine the types of neurotic conditions experienced by Griffin. This research method uses descriptive qualitative. The data Source of this research is the novel The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells, published in 1897 but using the 2016 version, which consists of 250 pages and 28 chapters. Meanwhile, the instrument in this study is note-taking. The data analysis technique of this research uses the theory of Miles and Huberman, namely, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and verification. This study found that Griffin experienced three types of neurotic needs: the neurotic need for power, the neurotic need to exploit others, the neurotic need for self-sufficiency, and independence, which proves that he has a neurotic disorder or mental disorder. Social, cultural, and childhood life are the factors that influenced Griffin in a way to experience some types of neurotic needs.

Tarja Alatalo

Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om läsförståelseundervisning i svenskämnet i mellanstadiet. Material från en observationsstudie i två klasser i årskurs 6 analyseras för att förstå och beskriva hur lärare undervisar i läsförståelse utifrån skönlitterära böcker som eleverna valt själva, så kallade tystläsningsböcker, respektive ett läromedel i svenskämnet. Genom innehållsanalys synliggörs vad som kan vara undervisning för att förstå ett specifikt textinnehåll respektive förståelsestrategier. Trots olika utgångspunkter vad gäller texter och läsaktiviteter ställer båda lärarna frågor och genererar diskussioner på hög nivå. De utmanar även eleverna att tänka om textens innehåll, form och budskap, men undervisar i låg grad om strategier för att förstå och komma ihåg textinnehåll. Ingen av lärarna påpekar explicit för eleverna att det sätt som de tar sig an läsaktiviteterna hjälper dem att förstå textinnehåll och att liknande strategier kan användas vid all läsning. En slutsats är att lärare behöver bli medvetna om att det inte räcker med att låta elever träna på att synliggöra textinnehåll eller att knyta textinnehåll till sig själva, utan det behövs också direkt undervisning om det. Potential att undervisa explicit om när och hur olika strategier kan användas för att stötta elever att bli självständiga läsare diskuteras. English abstract Teaching Reading Comprehension in Grade 6 Using Fiction and a Textbook in Swedish This article aims to contribute to knowledge about the teaching of reading comprehension in the subject Swedish in middle school. Material from an observational study in two grade six classes is analysed to learn about and describe how teachers teach reading comprehension using fiction books chosen by students (so-called silent reading books) and a Swedish textbook, respectively. A content analysis makes visible teaching that supports students in understanding the content of a text, as well as teaching that provides students with reading strategies. Despite differences in their use of texts and reading activities, the teachers in both classrooms ask questions and initiate high-level discussions. They also challenge students to think about the content, form, and message of texts. However, strategies for understanding and remembering text content are taught to a low degree. None of the teachers explicitly point out to students that the way they approach reading activities can help them understand text content and that similar strategies can be used for all reading. One conclusion is that teachers need to become aware that it is not enough to let students practice making text content visible or to connect text content to themselves; explicit teaching about comprehension strategies is also needed. The article also discusses when and how different strategies can be used to support students to become independent readers.

Patrizia Giampieri

Fixed lexical or syntactical expressions and formulae hallmark legal language. They serve both linguistic and legal purposes, and should be rendered accordingly in a target language and legal system. Most of the times, however, formulaic expressions are translated by resorting to calques, false cognates, or phrases that are uncommon in the target legal language (and legal system). This paper is aimed at exploring how and if corpus analysis can dispel doubts and help find acceptable translation candidates. As there are currently no publicly available legal corpora addressing corporate documents such as contracts and agreements, this paper wishes to bridge this gap by building and relying on an ad hoc corpus of authentic agreements written in English as a first language according to the laws of England and Wales. In this way, corpus evidence can help find equivalents and, possibly, address recurrent mistranslations from Italian into English. During the corpus analysis process, the paper shows and discusses search queries and how equivalents can be obtained. At the same time, it questions dictionary entries. The paper findings highlight that the consultation of the ad hoc corpus allows to find acceptable translations of Italian legal formulae and address recurrent mistranslations. English formulaic expressions, in fact, can be rendered satisfactorily thanks to the possibility of noticing word usages in context, keywords in contexts and collocations. Further research can encompass a wider variety of formulae and/or legal documents so that scholars and translators can be equipped with useful reference tools.

Dayoung Gong, Joonseok Lee, Deunsol Jung et al.

Sequence prediction on temporal data requires the ability to understand compositional structures of multi-level semantics beyond individual and contextual properties. The task of temporal action segmentation, which aims at translating an untrimmed activity video into a sequence of action segments, remains challenging for this reason. This paper addresses the problem by introducing an effective activity grammar to guide neural predictions for temporal action segmentation. We propose a novel grammar induction algorithm that extracts a powerful context-free grammar from action sequence data. We also develop an efficient generalized parser that transforms frame-level probability distributions into a reliable sequence of actions according to the induced grammar with recursive rules. Our approach can be combined with any neural network for temporal action segmentation to enhance the sequence prediction and discover its compositional structure. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly improves temporal action segmentation in terms of both performance and interpretability on two standard benchmarks, Breakfast and 50 Salads.

María Eugenia Alava Carrascal

Abelardo Linares (1952) es el fundador de la editorial Renacimiento en 1977, que comenzó siendo tres años antes una librería de viejo establecida en el barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla, enriquecida con la compra de un millón de libros de la colección del librero Eliseo Torres de Nueva York. Además de todo ello, su labor poética, objeto de este trabajo, aunque no ha sido su prioridad, está recogida en cuatro volúmenes con voluntad antológica que dan cuenta de lo prolijo de sus versos: Mitos: Poesía reunida en 1979, Sombras en 1986, Espejos de 1991 y Y ningún otro cielo de 2010. El penúltimo de 1991, que hoy se analiza, fue Premio de la Crítica. En el presente trabajo estudiaremos la poesía de Espejos y trataremos de proponer el componente de la nostalgia como fundamental para el traslado del compromiso en la poesía de Abelardo Linares. Trataremos de concluir que es precisamente el componente nostálgico el que ayuda a potenciar el compromiso en la poesía linariana y cómo esta se constituye entonces como una muestra más de divergencia, de entre las muchas que ya se han puesto de manifiesto en las últimas décadas, con respecto a las líneas maestras de la llamada Generación del 70. Con este análisis recuperamos también la obra de un poeta parcialmente apartado del canon de las generaciones para tratar de renovar el interés por su poesía y ayudar a su inclusión paulatina en el discurso sobre la historia de la literatura de finales del siglo pasado.

Francesca Mussi

Interweaving ecocriticism, settler-colonial studies, and Indigenous studies, this essay interrogates the concepts of climate change and the apocalypse, repositioning them alongside Indigenous experiences of broken kinship relationships. Focusing on the Canadian Indigenous context, first, I discuss the settler-colonial implications of environmental apocalypse, arguing that Indigenous peoples are already living in a post-apocalyptic condition. Secondly, I explore the Indian Residential School policy as an example of how settler-colonialism contributed to creating the post-apocalyptic situation with which Indigenous peoples live today. Thirdly, through analysis of Lee Maracle’s “The Void” and Daniel H. Justice’s “The Boys Who Became the Hummingbirds”, I discuss how both stories employ imagination to place environmental disasters in conversation with settler-colonial practices, thus re-shaping understandings of the past, present, and future. Ultimately, both stories, as I argue, promote Indigenous traditional knowledge systems and kinship values as a way to maintain respectful and reciprocal kinship relationships among humans and between humans and the land.

Reza Morad Sahraee, Shohrehalsadat Sajjadi, Shiva Majidi et al.

Corona is a phenomenon that the living human being has not experienced before, and it happens so suddenly that it causes the closure of Persian language classes in the world. There are 14 Lebanese students studying at the Center of Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages at Allameh Tabataba'i University, who were getting ready to attend academic study in Iranian universities for the year 1399. They have spent half of their Persian-learning course in face-to-face classes where they have encountered Coronavirus problems. In order to solve their problem, Azfa center has shifted their class to virtual online classes. This article reports the result of the virtual Persian classes that took place in this center. The question of this research is: Whether virtual online classes can be replaced with face-to-face education in emergency conditions? The results showed that the rate of language learners' progress in Coronavirus epidemic conditions (virtual education) was not significantly different from face-to-face teaching. Lebanese learners were also largely satisfied with learning Persian virtually. It can be concluded that in emergency situations, the web platform can be used for language teaching. In order to answer the question of the research, we have used students' progress tests and compared the grades of face-to-face classes with virtual online classes and also used a researcher-made questionnaire to measure students' satisfaction.

Hossein Parsifar, Fereshteh Miladi, Neda Asanghi

In each of his works, Abbas Maroufi has considered the social, political, and historical conditions of the society by considering one of the social classes, and through this, he has challenged the situation of the society with a critical point of view combined with humor and elaboration. The "intellectual" class, women "victims and surrender" and "exiles" are among the groups that play the main characters in the three novels "Symphony of the Dead", "Year of the Riot" and "Totally Special". "Man" and "His Concerns" are the main focus of famous novels, and his main way of processing his fictional characters is to "look back" and "childhood" of the characters in order to examine the problems, internal conflicts, and pay attention to their disorders. The novel "Symphony of the Dead" can be considered a new interpretation of the story of Abel and Cain with a surrealist atmosphere that examines the social, political, and historical conditions of Iranian intellectuals at that historical period. The novel "Year of Rebellion" is a narrative of violence and coercion that has been noticed by women throughout history, and Nosha, as a character who represents women in society, is a "victim and surrender" character who does not give up to save herself and surrenders to forced marriage. The novel "Totally Special" is also a story about the life of Abbas Irani, an exiled journalist who is forced to emigrate from Iran to Germany. In this work, the author has included various aspects of his biological experiences. This research tries in a descriptive-analytical way to answer the question that what are the most important components of modernism in Abbas Maroufi's "human-centered" novels? The findings indicate that "tendency to the world within the characters", "fluid flow of the mind", "internal conflict", "rejection of the narrative method in the novel" and "different way of characterization" are the most important components. The manifestations of modernism are in the novels in question.

Yanni Zhang, N. Akhtar, Q. Farooq et al.

Critical discourse analysis aims to explore the dialectical relationship between discourse and ideology. Based on psycholinguistic research, this paper analyzes the Chinese and American media's news reports and comments on the COVID-19. It aims to expose the hidden psychological messages and ideologies behind the words. The corpus in this paper is mainly from the official media of China Daily and Time from December 2019 to January 2021 in China and the United States. This paper uses Wang Zhenhua's Appraisal Theory and Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar as tools to make a comparative analysis of the corpus. At the textual level, languages are classified and lexical choices are analyzed followed by the analysis of the reporter's ideology after reviewing the motivation of the reporters of two countries. On the level of social responsibility expression and discourse, the paper analyzes the news reports, which are characterized by the combination of the reporter's views on the news. In the aspect of social practice, the social and cultural factors and background of news reports are analyzed. China calls for strengthening cooperation and exchanges with other countries to jointly fight the epidemic. The Chinese government has actively shared its experience and made corresponding contributions to international economic recovery. However, the US government shirks its responsibility by claiming that the effective implementation of Chinese methods and experience in China does not mean that it can achieve corresponding results in Europe and the US. At the same time, the United States provides medical supplies to other countries. This study hopes to help awaken readers' critical thinking and increase their awareness of the anti-control of mass discourse. At the same time, it is hoped that readers can view the epidemic from a more scientific perspective, understand the facts and reject the unwarranted panic. It will also help reshape Chinese and American discourse.

Nataliya V. Novospasskaya, Новоспасская Наталья Викторовна, O. Lazareva et al.

The editorial describes the principles of selection of the issues material and its continuity with already published research. The articles of the issue are devoted to new trends in the study of lexis and grammar in modern languages. Such tendencies of synchronic linguistics as comparative studies of the linguistic picture of the world, the axiological aspect in linguistics of word, text and discourse, as well as contrastive lexicography, translation studies, corpus linguistics, discourse practices and text studies are noted.

Farzaneh Khodabndeh

Xiaodong Jia, Ashish Kumar, Gang Tan

In this paper, we present a derivative-based, functional recognizer and parser generator for visibly pushdown grammars. The generated parser accepts ambiguous grammars and produces a parse forest containing all valid parse trees for an input string in linear time. Each parse tree in the forest can then be extracted also in linear time. Besides the parser generator, to allow more flexible forms of the visibly pushdown grammars, we also present a translator that converts a tagged CFG to a visibly pushdown grammar in a sound way, and the parse trees of the tagged CFG are further produced by running the semantic actions embedded in the parse trees of the translated visibly pushdown grammar. The performance of the parser is compared with a popular parsing tool ANTLR and other popular hand-crafted parsers. The correctness of the core parsing algorithm is formally verified in the proof assistant Coq.

Rini Anggraini, Sawirman Sawirman, Rina Marnita

This study explains the discourse structure of antagonism in one of Trump’s political speeches. The analysis also describes the function of antagonistic discourse for Trump’s political purposes against his opponents from the Democratic Party like Joe Biden and Elizabeth Warren. CDA is the approach used in this research. The theories of political frontier antagonism from Malmberg, Howarth, and Stravakakis supported by the annihilating dynamics of meaning from O’Dawyer are applied to the data taken from the transcription of Trump’s political speeches. The findings show that Trump utilizes specific nouns modified by adjectives to form a political barrier of antagonism between him against the opponents of the Democratic Party. The structure of discourse found in this study shows that Trump uses antagonism in his political speech to inflict a heavy blow to his opponents’ political image.  

AJ Piergiovanni, Anelia Angelova, Alexander Toshev et al.

In this paper we propose an adversarial generative grammar model for future prediction. The objective is to learn a model that explicitly captures temporal dependencies, providing a capability to forecast multiple, distinct future activities. Our adversarial grammar is designed so that it can learn stochastic production rules from the data distribution, jointly with its latent non-terminal representations. Being able to select multiple production rules during inference leads to different predicted outcomes, thus efficiently modeling many plausible futures. The adversarial generative grammar is evaluated on the Charades, MultiTHUMOS, Human3.6M, and 50 Salads datasets and on two activity prediction tasks: future 3D human pose prediction and future activity prediction. The proposed adversarial grammar outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, being able to predict much more accurately and further in the future, than prior work.

Thomas Grano, Howard Lasnik

A bound pronoun in the subject position of a finite embedded clause renders the clause boundary relatively transparent to relations ordinarily confined to monoclausal, control, and raising configurations. For example, too/enough-movement structures involving a finite clause boundary are degraded in sentences like *This book is too long [for John to claim [that Bill read ___ in a day]] but improved when the finite clause has a bound pronominal subject as in ?This book is too long [for John1 to claim [that he1 read ___ in a day]]. This bound pronoun effect holds across a wide range of phenomena including too/enough-movement, tough-movement, gapping, comparative deletion, antecedent-contained deletion, quantifier scope interaction, multiple questions, pseudogapping, reciprocal binding, and multiple sluicing; we confirm the effect via a sentence acceptability experiment targeting some of these phenomena. Our account has two crucial ingredients: (a) bound pronouns optionally enter the derivation with unvalued ϕ-features and (b) phases are defined in part by convergence, so that under certain conditions, unvalued features void the phasal status of CP and extend the locality domain for syntactic operations.