Hasil untuk "Civil law"

Dara Hallinan, Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

The GDPR contains an accuracy principle, as most data privacy laws in the world do. In principle, data controllers must ensure that personal data they use are accurate. Some have argued that the accuracy principle does not apply to personal data in the form of opinions about data subjects. We argue, however, from a positive law perspective, that the accuracy principle does apply to opinions. We further argue, from a normative perspective, that the accuracy principle should apply to opinions.

Jon Crowcroft, Rute C. Sofia, Dirk Trossen et al.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming a foundational layer of social, economic, and cognitive infrastructure. At the same time, the training and large-scale deployment of AI systems rely on finite and unevenly distributed energy, networking, and computational resources. This tension exposes a largely unexamined problem in current AI governance: while expanding access to AI is essential for social inclusion and equal opportunity, unconstrained growth in AI use risks unsustainable resource consumption, whereas restricting access threatens to entrench inequality and undermine basic rights. This paper argues that access to AI outputs largely derived from publicly produced knowledge should not be treated solely as a commercial service, but as a fundamental civil interest requiring explicit protection. We show that existing regulatory frameworks largely ignore the coupling between equitable access and resource constraints, leaving critical questions of fairness, sustainability, and long-term societal impact unresolved. To address this gap, we propose recognizing access to AI as an \emph{Intergenerational Civil Right}, establishing a legal and ethical framework that simultaneously safeguards present-day inclusion and the rights of future generations. Beyond normative analysis, we explore how this principle can be technically realized. Drawing on emerging paradigms in IoT--Edge--Cloud computing, decentralized inference, and energy-aware networking, we outline technological trajectories and a strawman architecture for AI Delivery Networks that support equitable access under strict resource constraints. By framing AI as a shared social infrastructure rather than a discretionary market commodity, this work connects governance principles with concrete system design choices, offering a pathway toward AI deployment that is both socially just and environmentally sustainable.

L. Thomas van Binsbergen, Marten C. Steketee, Milen G. Kebede et al.

Compliance with the GDPR privacy regulation places a significant burden on organisations regarding the handling of personal data. The perceived efforts and risks of complying with the GDPR further increase when data processing activities span across organisational boundaries, as is the case in both small-scale data sharing settings and in large-scale international data spaces. This paper addresses these concerns by proposing a case-generic method for automated normative reasoning that establishes legal arguments for the lawfulness of data processing activities. The arguments are established on the basis of case-specific legal qualifications made by privacy experts, bringing the human in the loop. The obtained expert system promotes transparency and accountability, remains adaptable to extended or altered interpretations of the GDPR, and integrates into novel or existing distributed data processing systems. This result is achieved by defining a formal ontology and semantics for automated normative reasoning based on an analysis of the purpose-limitation principle of the GDPR. The ontology and semantics are implemented in eFLINT, a domain-specific language for specifying and reasoning with norms. The XACML architecture standard, applicable to both access and usage control, is extended, demonstrating how GDPR-based normative reasoning can integrate into (existing, distributed) systems for data processing. The resulting system is designed and critically assessed in reference to requirements extracted from the GPDR.

Yinsheng Li, Zhen Dong, Yi Shao

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown great potential for solving real-world problems and promise to be a solution for tasks automation in industry. However, more benchmarks are needed to systematically evaluate automation agents from an industrial perspective, for example, in Civil Engineering. Therefore, we propose DrafterBench for the comprehensive evaluation of LLM agents in the context of technical drawing revision, a representation task in civil engineering. DrafterBench contains twelve types of tasks summarized from real-world drawing files, with 46 customized functions/tools and 1920 tasks in total. DrafterBench is an open-source benchmark to rigorously test AI agents' proficiency in interpreting intricate and long-context instructions, leveraging prior knowledge, and adapting to dynamic instruction quality via implicit policy awareness. The toolkit comprehensively assesses distinct capabilities in structured data comprehension, function execution, instruction following, and critical reasoning. DrafterBench offers detailed analysis of task accuracy and error statistics, aiming to provide deeper insight into agent capabilities and identify improvement targets for integrating LLMs in engineering applications. Our benchmark is available at https://github.com/Eason-Li-AIS/DrafterBench, with the test set hosted at https://huggingface.co/datasets/Eason666/DrafterBench.

Lilian Gressthy Florencya Apituley, Wishnu Agung Baroto, Valentino Dinatra Soplantila

Introduction: This article will outline how the application of restorative justice in the civil law system, the common law system, and the Indonesian legal system compares. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the regulation and implementation of restorative justice across three legal systems - civil law, common law, and Indonesia’s hybrid legal system - and to identify best practices and challenges that can inform the development of restorative justice in diverse legal contexts. Methods of the Research: The study uses a normative legal method, combining a legal concept approach to examine the philosophical and ethical foundations of restorative justice with a statutory approach to analyze formal legal mechanisms. This methodology links legal theory with practice while highlighting the integration of normative principles within Indonesia’s socio-cultural context, including Pancasila and customary law. Results of the Research: This study compares restorative justice implementation in civil law, common law, and Indonesia’s legal system. Civil law is rigid and procedural, while common law allows flexible mechanisms such as victim–offender mediation. In Indonesia, despite Supreme Court Rule Number 1 of 2024, challenges include limited understanding among law enforcement, inconsistent application, and insufficient institutional support. Strengthening implementation requires harmonized regulations, professional training, community-based mechanisms rooted in local wisdom and customary law, and public awareness. Indonesia’s model highlights a transformative approach that integrates restorative principles with national values of humanity, justice, and social harmony.

Rostyslav Golovchak

The article examines lawful behavior as a key factor ensuring the stability, security, and integrity of the state. The author argues that lawful behavior is not only a result of legal norms but also a complex socio-economic phenomenon shaping an atmosphere of legality, order, and public trust. The theoretical section outlines major approaches to defining lawful behavior in legal scholarship, analyzes its functions, and highlights the role of legal, social, and institutional mechanisms that promote compliance with the law. Special attention is given to the importance of lawful behavior for strengthening the rule of law and enhancing citizens’ trust in state institutions. Empirical findings demonstrate a strong correlation between the level of lawful behavior within society and the effectiveness of the national security system, which includes law-enforcement bodies, the judiciary, and state institutions responsible for implementing security policy. The study explores different types of offenses resulting from violations of lawful behavior and discusses mechanisms for their prevention through legislative improvements, the development of legal education, and the strengthening of civil society institutions. The practical section emphasizes the role of education, media, and public communication in fostering legal awareness. The author stresses the need for an integrated approach combining effective legal regulation with social incentives that promote law-abiding behavior. Examples from international practice illustrate the success of such measures in enhancing state resilience and security. The conclusions emphasize that lawful behavior should be viewed not only as compliance with legal norms but also as an essential social phenomenon that contributes to democratic development, increases public trust, and reinforces national security. It represents a crucial component of social capital, ensuring the effectiveness and stability of state institutions.

Jnaneshwar Baslingker, Riddhipratim Basu, Sudeshna Bhattacharjee et al.

It is well-known that the largest eigenvalue of an $n\times n$ GUE matrix and the length of a longest increasing subsequence in a uniform random permutation of length $n$, both converge weakly to the GUE Tracy-Widom distribution as $n\to \infty$. We consider the sequences of the largest eigenvalues of the $n\times n$ principal minor of an infinite GUE matrix, and the the lengths of longest increasing subsequences of a growing sequence of random permutations (which, by the RSK bijection corresponds to the top row of the Young diagrams growing according to the Plancherel growth process), and establish laws of fractional logarithms for these. That is, we show that, under a further scaling of $(\log n)^{2/3}$ and $(\log n)^{1/3}$, the $\limsup$ and $\liminf$ respectively of these scaled quantities converge almost surely to explicit non-zero and finite constants. Our results provide complete solutions to two questions raised by Kalai in 2013. We affirm a conjecture of Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), and give a new proof of $\limsup$, due to Paquette and Zeitouni (Ann. Probab., 2017), who provided a partial solution in the case of GUE minor process.

Anna Kawakami, Daricia Wilkinson, Alexandra Chouldechova

The responsible AI (RAI) community has introduced numerous processes and artifacts (e.g., Model Cards, Transparency Notes, Data Cards) to facilitate transparency and support the governance of AI systems. While originally designed to scaffold and document AI development processes in technology companies, these artifacts are becoming central components of regulatory compliance under recent regulations such as the EU AI Act. Much prior work has explored the design of new RAI artifacts or their use by practitioners within technology companies. However, as RAI artifacts begin to play key roles in enabling external oversight, it becomes critical to understand how stakeholders--particularly those situated outside of technology companies who govern and audit industry AI deployments--perceive the efficacy of RAI artifacts. In this study, we conduct semi-structured interviews and design activities with 19 government, legal, and civil society stakeholders who inform policy and advocacy around responsible AI efforts. While participants believe that RAI artifacts are a valuable contribution to the broader AI governance ecosystem, many are concerned about their potential unintended, longer-term impacts on actors outside of technology companies (e.g., downstream end-users, policymakers, civil society stakeholders). We organize these beliefs into four barriers that help explain how RAI artifacts may (inadvertently) reconfigure power relations across civil society, government, and industry, impeding civil society and legal stakeholders' ability to protect downstream end-users from potential AI harms. Participants envision how structural changes, along with changes in how RAI artifacts are designed, used, and governed, could help redirect the role of artifacts to support more collaborative and proactive external oversight of AI systems. We discuss research and policy implications for RAI artifacts.

Ignacio Santoro

Objective/context: In 2019, promoted by President Martín Vizcarra, the Congress of the Republic of Peru sanctioned a law on mandatory primary elections for voters and political parties. However, the regulation was not implemented, given that it was suspended by the Legislative Branch for the general elections in 2021 and the regional elections in 2022. Methodology: This paper studies the reform process of mandatory, simultaneous, and open primaries (PASO, for its acronym in Spanish) in Peru and its counter-reform based on its suspension on two occasions (2021 and 2022). Twenty-three key actors were interviewed for this research, including congresspersons, ministers, electoral officials, and researchers, in addition to the revision of secondary sources and newspapers of legislative sessions. Conclusions: The paper concludes that PASO were a “decorative” reform, i.e., a law passed without the intention of implementing it. Its sanction was the product of a reformist coalition between civil society and the President of the nation, where the objectives of increasing popular support for President Vizcarra and the need to improve the legitimacy of the political system converged. The reform was resisted by congresspersons who formed two counter-reformist coalitions that suspended the PASO on two occasions. Originality: The research shows that these counter-reform coalitions are intrinsically linked to the atomization and personalization of the Peruvian party system, characterized by hyper-personalism and a lack of party structures. In addition, it generates theoretical contributions to studying the processes of reforms and counter-reforms in the context of institutional weakness.

Paolo Grossi

With a point of departure in the relation from the civil law professor Pugliatti about property and properties, the article proposes to use the plural form in order to relativize the absolutist conception of property that has triumphed during the 19th century. The medieval experience is the one of another relationship between Man and Things, based on the possession and exploitation of land, and leading to the idea of a plurality of properties upon the same thing. Appeared during the early Middle Ages, this superposition of ownerships was theorized, thanks to the rediscovery of Justinian’s compilation, through the notions of dominium utile and divided domain. Although it was founded on a contradiction in the very terms of dominium utile, this juridical construction was anchored in mentalities during centuries. Finding its origin in the thought of theologians and of philosophers from the 14th century, the new anthropologic conception of the relationship of Man and Things gave birth to the possessive individualism and to the ‘modern’ property.

Georges-André Silber

We present preliminary results about Legistix, a tool we are developing to automatically consolidate the French and European law. Legistix is based both on regular expressions used in several compound grammars, similar to the successive passes of a compiler, and on a new specialized language of functional type, allowing to describe the changes applied to the texts. Instead of creating manually a full consolidated version of a text at each modification date, Legistix generates automatically programs from legal documents written in natural language to automatically create the consolidated versions.

Claire Barale

Our project aims at helping and supporting stakeholders in refugee status adjudications, such as lawyers, judges, governing bodies, and claimants, in order to make better decisions through data-driven intelligence and increase the understanding and transparency of the refugee application process for all involved parties. This PhD project has two primary objectives: (1) to retrieve past cases, and (2) to analyze legal decision-making processes on a dataset of Canadian cases. In this paper, we present the current state of our work, which includes a completed experiment on part (1) and ongoing efforts related to part (2). We believe that NLP-based solutions are well-suited to address these challenges, and we investigate the feasibility of automating all steps involved. In addition, we introduce a novel benchmark for future NLP research in refugee law. Our methodology aims to be inclusive to all end-users and stakeholders, with expected benefits including reduced time-to-decision, fairer and more transparent outcomes, and improved decision quality.

O.G. Khrishcheva

У статті проводиться дослідження поняття «сільськогосподарська кооперація», а також «кооперація» та «кооператив», запропонованих в науковій літературі та закріплених у національному законодавстві. Визначено ознаки, які відображають сутність категорії «сільськогосподарська кооперація». Аналізуючи поняття «кооперація» було встановлено, що в науковій літературі сформувалося декілька підходів до визначення цього поняття. Кооперація розглядається як суспільне явище; як економічне явище; як процес співпраці; як форма спільної діяльності; як сукупність специфічних організаційно-правових форм – кооперативів (вказаного підходу дотримується законодавець). В роботі висвітлено, що інколи поняття «кооперація» помилково застосовується як тотожне із поняттям «кооператив». Як наслідок це спричиняє певне термінологічне непорозуміння. Встановлено, що наявні наукові трактування вказаної категорії не повною мірою розкривають сутність кооперації. Визначення поняття «кооперація», закріплене в Законі України «Про кооперацію» є доволі поверховим, абстрагованим від сутнісних властивостей цього багатогранного поняття, та потребує доопрацювання. На основі проведеного аналізу сформовано авторське визначення поняття «кооперація». Визначено, що у системі кооперації особливе місце займає сільськогосподарська кооперація. Станом на сьогодні, в умовах дії Закону України «Про сільськогосподарську кооперацію» від 21 липня 2020 року № 819-IX спостерігається певний спад наукового інтересу до проблеми визначення поняття «сільськогосподарська кооперація». При цьому нормативне визначення вказаного поняття є доволі вузьким, таким що недостатньо розкриває сутність сільськогосподарської кооперації, яка є провідною категорією профільного кооперативного законодавства України, що є суттєвим недоліком. У статті наведено авторські ознаки поняття «сільськогосподарська кооперація». Запропоновано внести зміни до національного законодавства України та закріпити на законодавчому рівні у частині 1 статті 1 Закону України «Про сільськогосподарську кооперацію» авторське визначення поняття «сільськогосподарська кооперація», з урахуванням наведених ознак.

Mohammad Bagherbandi, Mohammad Bagherbandi, Masoud Shirazian et al.

Determination of the Earth’s gravity field and geopotential value is one of the fundamental topics in physical geodesy. Traditional terrestrial gravity and precise leveling measurements can be used to determine the geopotential values at a local or regional scale. However, recent developments in optical atomic clocks have not only rapidly improved fundamental science but also contributed to applied research. The latest generation of optical clocks is approaching the accuracy level of 10−18 when facilitating atomic clock networks. These systems allow examining fundamental theories and many research applications, such as atomic clocks applications in relativistic geodesy, to precisely determine the Earth’s gravity field parameters (e.g., geopotential values). According to the theory of relativistic geodesy, the frequency difference measured by an optical clock network is related to the gravity potential anomaly, provided that the effects of disturbing signals (i.e., tidal and non-tidal contributions) are filtered out. The relativistic geodesy principle could be used for a practical realization of global geodetic infrastructure, most importantly, a vertical datum unification or realization of height systems. This paper aims to review the background of relativistic (clock-based) geodesy and study the variations of optical atomic clock measurements (e.g., due to hydrology loading and land motion).

Juan Francisco Martín-Ugedo, Antonio Mínguez-Vera

This manuscript examines the influence of some variables relating to boards of directors that we consider to be proxies for power (gender diversity, duality, board size and insider ownership). Their influence on firm debt is explored. The sample examined, Spanish non-financial SMEs, has some particular characteristics. Share ownership, which is usually highly concentrated in the Civil Law context, is even more concentrated when we focus on SMEs. As a consequence, there is little separation between ownership and control. We have employed a power perspective as the main theoretical framework. Data were obtained from the SABI database, and the methodology employed is a panel data, applying the System GMM technique. This methodology makes it possible to control for endogeneity and individual heterogeneity. The results show that a larger proportion of female directors, larger boards, the separation of the roles of CEO and Chairman, and more shares owned by directors and by the CEO stimulate a decrease in firm debt. This evidence supports the hypotheses tested.

Piotr Sławicki, Viktor Kryzhanivskyi

The subject of this article is the use of ADR in sports disputes in association football under the Polish and Ukrainian law. Professional and amateur sport generates various types of disputes related to both disciplinary and civil cases, an example of which may be disputes arising during the execution of contracts binding players and football clubs. In the first part, the scope of disputes that are subject to ADR in association football is outlined. The next part presents legal solutions adopted under the Polish law in this respect, of which the activity of the Football Arbitration Court of the Polish Football Association is a particular example. The last chapter is devoted to the Ukrainian perspective on the resolution of disputes in association football.

Jack Murdoch Moore, Gang Yan, Eduardo G. Altmann

Power-law distributions are essential in computational and statistical investigations of extreme events and complex systems. The usual technique to generate power-law distributed data is to first infer the scale exponent $α$ using the observed data of interest and then sample from the associated distribution. This approach has important limitations because it relies on a fixed $α$ (e.g., it has limited applicability in testing the {\it family} of power-law distributions) and on the hypothesis of independent observations (e.g., it ignores temporal correlations and other constraints typically present in complex systems data). Here we propose a constrained surrogate method that overcomes these limitations by choosing uniformly at random from a set of sequences exactly as likely to be observed under a discrete power-law as the original sequence (i.e., regardless of $α$) and by showing how additional constraints can be imposed in the sequence (e.g., the Markov transition probability between states). This non-parametric approach involves redistributing observed prime factors to randomize values in accordance with a power-law model but without restricting ourselves to independent observations or to a particular $α$. We test our results in simulated and real data, ranging from the intensity of earthquakes to the number of fatalities in disasters.

Antonios E. Platsas

The paper examines the epistemic position of the subject of law vis-à-vis modernity, postmodernity and the related themes of modernism and postmodernism, taking Western jurisprudence as the analytical paradigm. Western jurisprudence is given a wider meaning, especially through the formalist devices thereof, as these have spread all over the globe in one way or another. Furthermore, inductive exemplification of the matter is achieved through referral to certain provisions of the Latvian Civil Code on the occasion of the presentation of this paper in the 73rd Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia in February 2015. Beyond this, drawing on wider theoretical matter from Western jurisprudence, the analysis concludes with a finding, which suggests that the epistemic position of law seems to maintain its largely modernist core still (albeit not without postmodernist challenge and/or benefit to the subject’s modernist credentials).

Kelvin Alfarisi Alkap

This study aims to determine and analyze the factors that cause land tenure without rights in Jambi City in the case of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt/2013 and the legal consequences of land tenure without rights in Jambi City in the case of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt. /2013. The formulation of the problems raised are 1) what are the factors that cause land tenure without rights in Jambi City in the case of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt/2013; 2). what are the legal consequences of land tenure without rights in Jambi City in the case of the Supreme Court's Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt/2013. The method used is the type of empirical juridical research. The results of the study show that 1) the factors that can cause land tenure without rights in the case of the Supreme Court Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt/2013 is an error in object. Farida Wan Hamid and the other defendants own the object of the case based on a grant from Defendant II as proof of ownership, namely Certificate of Ownership Number 511 dated July 11, 1972, issued by Defendant III, Jambi City Land Office; 2) land tenure without rights in the case of the Supreme Court's Decision Number 1935 K/Pdt/2013, is classified as an act against the law so that the actions of the party who did it can be filed in a civil lawsuit to ask for a sum of money for compensation. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya penguasaan tanah tanpa hak di Kota Jambi pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013 dan akibat hukum penguasaan tanah tanpa hak di Kota Jambi pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013.Perumusan masalah yang diangkat yaitu 1) apa saja faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya penguasaan tanah tanpa hak di Kota Jambi pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013; 2). bagaimanaakibat hukum penguasaan tanah tanpa hak di Kota Jambi pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013. Metode yang digunakan adalah tipe penelitian yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) faktor yang bisa menyebabkan terjadinya penguasaan tanah tanpa hak pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013 adalah keinginan untuk memiliki yang tinggi, disertai dengan adanya niat dan kesempatan untuk menguasai tanah yang jelas bukan miliknya; 2) penguasaan tanah tanpa hak pada kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1935 K/Pdt/2013, digolongkan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum sehingga tindakan pihak yang melakukannya dapat dilakukan gugatan secara pidana, pihak keluarga juga dapat mengajukan gugatan secara perdata untuk meminta sejumlah uang ganti rugi.

Peter Henderson, Ben Chugg, Brandon Anderson et al.

We explore the promises and challenges of employing sequential decision-making algorithms -- such as bandits, reinforcement learning, and active learning -- in law and public policy. While such algorithms have well-characterized performance in the private sector (e.g., online advertising), the tendency to naively apply algorithms motivated by one domain, often online advertisements, can be called the "advertisement fallacy." Our main thesis is that law and public policy pose distinct methodological challenges that the machine learning community has not yet addressed. Machine learning will need to address these methodological problems to move "beyond ads." Public law, for instance, can pose multiple objectives, necessitate batched and delayed feedback, and require systems to learn rational, causal decision-making policies, each of which presents novel questions at the research frontier. We discuss a wide range of potential applications of sequential decision-making algorithms in regulation and governance, including public health, environmental protection, tax administration, occupational safety, and benefits adjudication. We use these examples to highlight research needed to render sequential decision making policy-compliant, adaptable, and effective in the public sector. We also note the potential risks of such deployments and describe how sequential decision systems can also facilitate the discovery of harms. We hope our work inspires more investigation of sequential decision making in law and public policy, which provide unique challenges for machine learning researchers with potential for significant social benefit.