Hasil untuk "Cattle"

R. Loftus, D. MacHugh, D. Bradley et al.

J. Santos, W. Thatcher, R. Chebel et al.

R. Evershed, S. Payne, A. Sherratt et al.

Dimar Sari Wahyuni, Komang Gede Wiryawan, Roni Ridwan et al.

Background and Aim: Enteric methane emissions from ruminants contribute significantly to greenhouse gas production, prompting research into sustainable feed additives. Macroalgae, rich in bioactive compounds, show promise in modulating rumen fermentation, improving digestibility, and reducing methane output. Indonesia’s diverse native macroalgae remain largely unexplored for these purposes, necessitating comparative evaluation to identify promising species for ruminant nutrition. This study aimed to conduct the first comparative in vitro evaluation of rumen fermentation patterns, digestibility characteristics, gas production kinetics, and enteric methane emissions using 14 native Indonesian macroalgae species, including brown (Sargassum sp., Padina sp., Turbinaria ornata), green (Boergesenia forbesii, Caulerpa racemosa, Ulva lactuca), and red (Palmaria palmata, Gelidium sp., Halymenia durvillei, Gracilaria verrucosa, Eucheuma cottonii, Gracilaria gigas, Eucheuma spinosum, Gracilaria coronopifolia) algae, to identify candidates for sustainable ruminant feed additives. Materials and Methods: Macroalgae samples were collected from various Indonesian locations, dried, and analyzed for chemical composition (dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract). In vitro fermentation was performed using a completely randomized design with five replicates per species. Samples (0.5 g) were incubated at 39°C for 72 h in buffered rumen fluid from fistulated Ongole crossbreed cattle. Parameters measured included total gas production, methane emissions (estimated via volatile fatty acid [VFA] profiles), ammonia, total and partial VFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, iso-butyrate, iso-valerate), acetate-to-propionate ratio, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), partitioning factor, microbial protein synthesis, and gas production kinetics. Data were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance with significance at p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, followed by post-hoc tests. Results: Chemical composition varied widely; red algae like Palmaria palmata had high crude protein (22.39 % dry matter), while brown algae like Padina sp. were ash-rich (74.39 % dry matter). Total gas production was highest in B. forbesii (54.75 mL; p < 0.01) and lowest in T. ornata (10.94 mL). Methane emissions and methane per incubated dry matter were lowest in Sargassum sp. (1.87 mM and 3.75 mM/g dry matter; p < 0.01), with Sargassum sp. and C. racemosa reducing methane by 71.86 %. Ammonia levels were similar across species (p > 0.05). Total VFA and propionate were highest in H. durvillei and B. forbesii (p < 0.01), with reduced acetate-to-propionate ratios. IVDMD and IVOMD were highest in H. durvillei (81.72 % and 69.53 %; p < 0.01). Gas kinetics showed B. forbesii with the highest asymptote (201.97 mL; p < 0.01) but slowest rate (0.01 mL/h). Positive correlations existed between crude protein and VFA/ammonia, while crude fiber inversely correlated with gas production and digestibility. Conclusion: H. durvillei emerged as optimal for enhancing rumen fermentation and digestibility, while Sargassum sp. excelled in methane mitigation. These species hold promise as natural additives for reducing environmental impacts in ruminant production, warranting in vivo validation for optimal inclusion rates and long-term effects.

Ruixue Pan, Yuexia Ding, Jinju Peng et al.

ABSTRACT: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its robust biofilm-forming capability pose severe threats to public health, livestock production, and food safety, and underscores the urgent need for novel antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel bacteriocin, PFB252, derived from Bacillus velezensis through a multistep purification process involving acid precipitation, TA-GF75 gel column chromatography, Tiderose Q HP anion-exchange chromatography (TRUKING, Changsha, China), and reversed-phase HPLC. PFB252 exhibited remarkable thermal stability, pH tolerance, and resistance to enzymatic degradation, and demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against MRSA. At subinhibitory concentrations (1/32× minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and 1/16× MIC), PFB252 significantly disrupted biofilm formation and impaired the metabolic viability of embedded bacteria, and it drastically reduced extracellular polysaccharide, the key component of the biofilm matrix. Transcriptional analysis further revealed that PFB252 at subinhibitory concentrations downregulated critical biofilm-associated genes. PFB252 exhibited strong antimicrobial efficacy in dairy applications and could reduce MRSA counts in milk from 103 to <10 cfu/mL within 4 d at MIC and maintain suppression in cheese below 102 cfu/g over 7 d. These properties highlight PFB252's potential as a natural biopreservative for combating MRSA in food systems and offer a promising solution for food safety applications.

R. Collier, G. Dahl, M. Vanbaale

I. Sutherland, D. Leathwick

Mayra del C. Fragoso-Medina, Armando Navarrete-Segueda, Eliane Ceccon et al.

Tropical rainforests offer a diverse array of real or potential forest products (FP). However, the ongoing conversion of these forests to agriculture raises concerns about the future availability and sustainability of FP. In this study, we examined the changes in availability (tree density and above-ground biomass) and species richness of native trees, recognized by local communities as sources of FP, with the forest-to-agriculture conversion in a Mesoamerican tropical rainforest region. Specifically, we tested hypotheses on whether species with FP had a higher, equal, or lower reduction in the availability, diversity, and probability of persistence than species without FP with the forest conversion. We interviewed landowners to identify tree species with FP and documented management practices and regulations for using these species. In fourteen 1 km2 landscapes, encompassing the entire range of forest-to-agriculture conversion (from 0 % to ∼100 % old-growth forest cover), we analyzed changes in the availability and richness of species with and without FP. In each landscape, we randomly established 30 plots (each 706.8 m2, totaling 420 plots and 29.7 ha sampling area) covered by old-growth forest, secondary forest, or agricultural fields (mostly cattle pastures). Over four years, we surveyed all trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm in these plots. With the forest conversion, assemblages of tree species with FP exhibited a higher reduction in aboveground biomass than species without FP. However, assemblages of species with FP exhibited a significantly lower reduction in abundance, species richness, and a higher probability of persistence than assemblages of species without FP. Furthermore, we found evidence of implementing forest management practices favoring the preservation of species with FP in agricultural lands. Thus, we conclude that people intentionally foster the persistence of valuable species in their agricultural fields, which could have important implications for the structure and composition of future regenerating forests on abandoned agricultural lands. In the long term, this might lead to an overabundance of locally valuable species, as observed in old-growth tropical rainforests that native people ancestrally managed.

L. P. Cherenova, R. S. Arakelyan, A. R. Bogdalova et al.

Objective. The purpose of the work was to study the clinical picture of acute brucellosis in patients of brucellosis in the Astrakhan region at the present stage. Due to the presence of epizootic foci of brucellosis in AO and the incidence of brucellosis among people, clinicians should pay attention to the clinical and epidemiological picture and diagnosis of this disease.Materials and methods. A clinical retrospective analysis of 46 case histories of patients with acute brucellosis who were treated at the regional Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital named after A. M. Nichoga in 2012-2021 was carried out. A descriptive method was used to study the medical histories of patients with acute brucellosis. The epizootic situation of brucellosis in JSC was studied on the basis of data from Rospotrebnadzor (reporting forms for 2012-2021, form 2).Results. Among the patients, 38 males (82.6%) prevailed. There were 8 women (17.4%). The age of patients with acute brucellosis ranged from 18 years to 77 years. The patients were mainly young and middle-aged people (under 50 years old) – 36 patients (78.3%). There were 10 patients aged 51-77 years (21.7%). The average age was 41.4 ± 2.39 years. Acute brucellosis was recorded mainly in the spring and summer period of the year. In March-August, 39 cases (84.8%) were detected, in autumn – 6 cases (13.0%), in winter – 1 case (2.2%). In most patients, the disease began acutely with chills (84.8%), in some patients with tremendous chills and a rapid increase in body temperature to high numbers (39-40 °C). Fever was observed in all patients (100%). In most cases (69.6%), the fever was subfebrile, did not exceed 38.0 °C. 11 (23.9%) patients had febrile body temperature (up to 40.0 °C) and 3 patients had hyperpyretic (up to 40.6 °C). However, febrile fever was short-lived and persisted for 5-8 days. Then the body temperature dropped to subfebrile numbers. In general, the fever in patients with brucellosis was undulating and lasted 10-15 days.Conclusion. Thus, in the Astrakhan region, the epidemiological and epizootic situation for brucellosis is unstable. The incidence of brucellosis in cattle and small cattle is registered annually in the region. Acute brucellosis in humans is registered annually in isolated cases and has a moderate course.

Alann Caderhoussin, David Couvin, Gaëlle Gruel et al.

IntroductionThis study aimed to understand the origin and to explain the maintenance of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae isolated from food-producing animals in a third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-free farm.MethodsCulture and molecular approaches were used to test molecules other than 3GC such as antibiotics (tetracycline and oxytetracycline), antiparasitics (ivermectin, flumethrin, fenbendazol, and amitraz), heavy metal [arsenic, HNO3, aluminum, HNO3, cadmium (CdSO4), zinc (ZnCl2), copper (CuSO4), iron (FeCl3), and aluminum (Al2SO4)], and antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene) as sources of selective pressure. Whole-genome sequencing using short read (Illumina™) and long read (Nanopore™) technologies was performed on 34 genomes. In silico gene screening and comparative analyses were used to characterize the genetic determinants of resistance, their mobility, and the genomic relatedness among isolates.ResultsOur analysis unveiled a low diversity among the animal ESBL-producing strains. Notably, E. coli ST3268 was recurrently isolated from both flies (n = 9) and cattle (n = 5). These E. coli ST3268/blaCTX-M-15/blaTEM-1B have accumulated multiple plasmids and genes, thereby representing a reservoir of resistance and virulence factors. Our findings suggest that flies could act as effective mechanical vectors for antimicrobial gene transfer and are capable of transporting resistant bacteria across different environments and to multiple hosts, facilitating the spread of pathogenic traits. A significantly higher mean minimum inhibitory concentration of oxytetracycline (841.4 ± 323.5 mg/L vs. 36.0 ± 52.6 mg/L, p = 0.0022) in ESBL E. coli than in non-ESBL E. coli and blaCTX-M-15 gene overexpression in oxytetracycline-treated vs. untreated ESBL E. coli (RQOxy = 3.593, p = 0.024) confirmed oxytetracycline as a source of selective pressure in ESBL E. coli.DiscussionThe occurrence of ESBL E. coli in a farm without 3GC use is probably due to an as yet undefined human origin of Enterobacteriaceae blaCTX-M-15 gene transmission to animals in close contact with cattle farm workers and the maintenance of the local ESBL E. coli reservoir by a high fly diversity and oxytetracycline selective pressure. These findings highlight the critical need for stringent vector control to mitigate antimicrobial resistance spread for preserving public health. Addressing this issue necessitates a multifaceted approach combining microbial genetics, vector ecology, and farm management practices.

Armelle Prudence Kouengoua Kouengoua, Yves Ledoux Tsissa, Nestor Denakpo Noudeke et al.

Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a contagious and notifiable disease, which is prevalent in cattle populations of many countries and in several wildlife species worldwide. However, the role of wildlife in the transmission and/or maintenance of bTB at the human-wild animal-animal interface and the epidemiology of zoonotic disease are poorly understood in Cameroon, where many wildlife species exist. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and zoonotic risk factors of bTB at the cattle-wildlife-human interface in the South and East regions of Cameroon. Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from May to October 2022 in the southern region (Vallée du Ntem and Dja et Lobo) and eastern region (Haut Nyong and Lom et Djérem) of Cameroon to determine risk factors for bTB in Zebu Bororo, Goudali, Ndama, and Simmental cattle breeds. A comparative intradermal tuberculin testing (CIDT) was performed on 160 cattle randomly selected from herds using the threshold recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. An interviewee-administered questionnaire was used to gather epidemiological data on sociodemographics, interaction between cattle and wildlife, and awareness of zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) from 90 cattle professionals. The prevalence of bTB at the herd level and associated risk factors were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. Results: Based on the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT), the estimated prevalence of bTB in 160 cattle (Zebu Bororo, Goudali, Ndama, and Simmental) in South and East Cameroon was 6.8% (4.35%-9.41%) and 1.8% (0%-3.6%) for threshold values 3 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The prevalence obtained by simple intradermal tuberculin test (IDT) was 0.6% (0%-1.2%) for a threshold value 4 mm. Univariate analysis revealed three risk factors associated with bTB with significant odds ratios (OR; p = 0.05): herd size (OR = 4.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-32.56); cattle aged>10 years (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05-0.53); and victims of bTB organ seizure (OR = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.002-0.067). Multivariate analysis showed that being a cattle herder and contact between wildlife and livestock due to forage was significantly associated with bTB exposure (adjusted OR = 0.02; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Bovine TB is prevalent in cattle of the South and East Cameroon. Comparative IDT of cattle reared in the epidemiological and environmental context of the study areas yielded better results at a threshold of 3 mm than at a threshold of 4 mm recommended by the World Health Organization. Factors associated with exposure to/appearance of bTB were high herd size, cattle aged >10 years old, seizures of tuberculous organs, shepherding as a profession, and contact between cattle and wildlife can be due to lack of forage.

Ibrahim R.I., Sahara L.O., Syahruddin

This research aims to analyze the characteristics of livestock cultivation systems in beef cattle development areas and breeders' preference factors for beef cattle straw in Gorontalo Regency. The total sample was 98 people with an error limit in sampling of 0.1. Primary and secondary data were collected through distributing questionnaires, observation and documentation. The distribution of data collected is tabulated, processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics through calculating averages, percentages and standard deviations. The results of the research show that 70.87% of breeders cultivate Balinese cattle, 71.17% of the source of livestock seeds comes from purchases, 48.98% raise livestock using a semi-intensive pattern, and 52.04% are oriented towards breeding. The average intrinsic aspect score is 295 with an average level of agreement of 60.20%. The highest score for the intrinsic aspect is found in the indicator of ease of giving birth to AI results of 386 out of a total ideal score of 490 with an approval level of 78.78%, making it a priority consideration in breeders' preferences for beef cattle straw. The average score for the extrinsic aspect is 345 with an average level of agreement of 70.31%. The selling price indicator for AI-produced livestock has the highest score of 435 with an approval level of 88.78%, making it a priority consideration in breeders' preferences for beef cattle straw.

E. Murgueitio, Z. Calle, F. Uribe et al.

George T Mensah, Patrick F Ayeh-Kumi, Abraham K Annang et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous enteric protozoan pathogen infecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife worldwide. It is a waterborne pathogen with recognized zoonotic potential and a definite cause of diarrhea and nutritional disorders in institutional and community settings. One challenge facing the world's supply of clean drinking water is contamination from feces and soil. It has been established that small quantities of oocysts, the infective stage, can cause human disease. Also, their resistance to chlorination and other water treatment procedures has been demonstrated. Kpong, a community in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana, is one of the primary sources of water supply to Accra, the capital city of Ghana. Being able to determine the effectiveness of water treatment processes and identifying sources of contamination of this pathogen in our water bodies is thus of public health importance. The study aimed to conduct molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>A total of 230 samples, 180 fecal samples from cattle and 50 water samples (tap water and well water) were collected from the following communities: Kpong, Akwernor, Ablotsi, Nuaso, and Atua, all in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium by microscopy and PCR. The 18S rRNA gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the final product was sequenced. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium from the fecal samples was estimated as 10% (18/180) by microscopy, while all 50 water samples were negative. However, PCR gave the prevalence of Cryptosporidium as 47.8% (86/180) for fecal samples and 20% (10/50) for water samples. Based on the 18S rRNA gene, three sequenced samples showed high homology to C. parvum species. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed this as these sequences clustered with C. parvum sequences from other countries.<h4>Conclusion/significance</h4>Cryptosporidium parvum was identified as the persistent species in the study communities. This outcome supports the evidence that domesticated animals serve as potential reservoirs of zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis. The persistence of cryptosporidiosis in cattle indicates its presence in the human population. In addition, the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in the wells makes it alarming and necessary to consider a holistic approach such as One Health Strategies to identify and control cases in humans.

F. Maunsell, A. R. Woolums, D. Francoz et al.

M.J. Doran, F.J. Mulligan, M.B. Lynch et al.

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study are to evaluate the effects of (1) a potential interaction between supplement crude protein (CP) concentration and differing cow genotypes on milk production, (2) differing cow genotypes on milk production, and (3) decreasing the supplement CP concentration on milk production and N excretion during the main grazing season within a spring-calving herd. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement experiment, with 2 feeding strategies [14%; n = 30 (lower CP; LCP) and 18%; n = 28 (higher CP; HCP) CP concentrate supplements] offered at varying levels according to pasture availability and days in milk (DIM) was conducted over the main grazing season from April 3 to September 3, 2019, at University College Dublin Lyons Farm. Cows were also grouped into 2 genotype groups: lower milk genotype; n = 30 [LM; milk kg predicted transmitting ability (PTA): 45 ± 68.6 (mean ± SD); fat kg PTA: 10 ± 4.9; and protein kg PTA: 7 ± 2.3] and higher milk genotype; n = 28 [HM; milk kg PTA: 203 ± 55.0; fat kg PTA: 13 ± 3.8; and protein kg PTA: 10 ± 2.4]. A total of 46 multiparous and 12 primiparous (total; 58) Holstein Friesian dairy cows were blocked on parity and balanced on DIM, body condition score, and Economic Breeding Index. Cows were offered a basal diet of grazed perennial ryegrass pasture. The N partitioning study took place from August 25 to 30, 2019 (187 ± 15.2 DIM). No interactions were observed for any milk production or milk composition parameter. No effect of supplement CP concentration was observed for any total accumulated milk production, daily milk production, or milk composition parameter measured. The HM cows had increased daily milk yield (+1.9 kg), fat and protein (+0.15 kg), and energy-corrected milk (+1.7 kg), compared with the LM cows. Furthermore, HM cows had decreased milk protein concentration (−0.1%) compared with LM cows. For the N partitioning study, cows offered LCP had increased pasture dry matter intake (PDMI; +0.9 kg/d), dietary N intake (+0.022 kg/d), feces N excretion (+0.016 kg/d), and decreased N partitioning to milk (−2%), and N utilization efficiency (−2.3%). In conclusion, offering cows LCP had no negative influence on milk production or milk composition over the main grazing season where high pasture quality was maintained. However, any potential negative effects of offering LCP on milk production may have been offset by the increased PDMI. Furthermore, offering cows LCP decreased N utilization efficiency due to the higher PDMI and feed N intake associated with cows on this treatment in our study.

Getu Kitaw, Mulisa Faji, Geberemariyam Terefe

Abstract Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is the amplest by-product of the brewing process. The fresh BSG is currently used as low-cost cattle feed due to its microbiological instability and high perishability. While recent research looked at the effects of storage time and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as ruminant feeds. Three storage temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) and periods (2, 4 and 6 days) were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Surface spoilage was not apparent at 15 °C throughout the storage periods. Deterioration was not also observed at 20 °C until the fourth day of storage where slight mold growth was apparent. Extensive mold growth was detected late in the sixth day at 20 °C and continued manifestations up until the last day of storage at 25 °C. Changes in major nutrients, DM losses, and yeast and mold colony count were significantly affected by the interaction of storage temperatures and durations (P < 0.05). Except for samples stored at 15 °C, nutrients contents decreased concomitantly (exceptions are ADF, lignin, and loss in DM) with prolonged storage times (p < 0.05) and increasing temperatures (p < 0.05). Contrast analysis indicated that it would be safe to store under aerobic storage conditions and feed the WBG for dairy cattle.

Zerika M. Scales, Elif Narbay, Rosalee S. Hellberg

American bison (<i>Bison bison</i>) meat is susceptible to species mislabeling due to its high value and similar appearance to meat from domestic cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>). DNA barcoding is commonly used to identify animal species. However, as a result of the historical hybridization of American bison and domestic cattle, additional genetic testing is required for species confirmation. The objective of this study was to perform a market survey of bison meat products and verify the species using DNA barcoding combined with polymerase chain reaction-satellite fragment length polymorphism (PCR-SFLP). Bison products (<i>n</i> = 45) were purchased from a variety of retailers. Samples that were positive for domestic cattle with DNA barcoding were further analyzed with PCR-SFLP. DNA barcoding identified bison in 41 products, red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) in one product, and domestic cattle in three products. PCR-SFLP confirmed the identification of domestic cattle in two samples, while the third sample was identified as bison with ancestral cattle DNA. Overall, mislabeling was detected in 3 of the 45 samples (6.7%). This study revealed that additional DNA testing of species that have undergone historical hybridization provides improved identification results compared to DNA barcoding alone.

Luciana Bergamasco, Lily N. Edwards-Callaway, Nora M. Bello et al.

Castration is a common management procedure employed in North American cattle production and is known to cause a pain response. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of unmitigated surgical castration on the electroencephalography (EEG) responses and plasma substance P (SP) concentrations in calves of different ages under the same experimental conditions. Thirty male Holstein calves in three age categories [<6 weeks (6W); 3 months (3M); 6 months (6M); 10 calves per age group] were used in the study. Calves were subjected to a simulated castration session (SHAM) followed 24 h later by surgical castration (CAST) without analgesia. An EEG analysis was performed before the procedure (i.e., baseline), at treatment, and 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 min post-treatment for both SHAM and CAST, respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to both treatments (time 0) and again at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after both treatments. The EEG results showed a three-way interaction between treatment, age, and time for delta and beta absolute power, beta relative power, total power, and median frequency (<i>p</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.04, <i>p</i> = 0.03, and <i>p</i> = 0.008, respectively). Following CAST, EEG total power decreased, and median frequency increased relative to SHAM in 6W and 3M calves only following treatment. For 6W and 3M calves, delta and beta absolute power increased at CAST and at later time points relative to SHAM. Marginal evidence for two-way interactions was noted between time and treatment and between age and treatment on the concentration of SP (<i>p</i> = 0.068 and <i>p</i> = 0.066, respectively). Substance P concentrations decreased in CAST treatment compared to SHAM at the later times (8 h: <i>p</i> = 0.007; 12 h: <i>p</i> = 0.048); 6W calves showed lower SP concentration at CAST relative to SHAM (<i>p</i> = 0.017). These findings indicate variation in EEG responses and in SP concentrations following unmitigated surgical castration in calves and that these responses may be age specific. These EEG findings have implications for supporting the perception of the pain associated with surgical castration in young calves and emphasize the urgency of pain mitigation strategies during routine husbandry practices such as castration, as typically implemented in North American cattle management.

D. Bickhart, Yali Hou, Steven G. Schroeder et al.