Hasil untuk "By period"

J. Burke

P. Hardin, Jeffrey C. Hall, M. Rosbash

W. Schmid

M. Khouja

B. Chouet

Anu Sharma, M. Dorman, A. Spahr

Xavier Sala-i-Martin

G. Kaati, L. Bygren, S. Edvinsson

P. Ramchandani, A. Stein, J. Evans et al.

K. Kosmidou

S. LeBlanc

This paper reviews the importance of energy metabolism in transition dairy cows, its associations with disease and reproduction, and strategies for monitoring cows under field conditions during this critical time. Essentially all dairy cattle experience a period of insulin resistance, reduced feed intake, negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, reduced immune function, and bacterial contamination of the uterus soon before, or in the weeks after calving. One-third of dairy cows may be affected by some form of metabolic or infectious disease in early lactation. Routine, proactive actions, observations, or analysis are intended to accurately and efficiently provide early detection of problems, to provide an opportunity for investigation and intervention in order to limit the consequences and costs of health problems and reduced animal performance or welfare. Methods of early detection include monitoring of disease and culling records, feed intake, milk production, body condition, and simple metabolic tests. Methods, strategies, and interpretation of measurement of peripartum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as indicators of aspects of energy status and disease risk are reviewed. High NEFA (> 0.4 mmol/l) in the last 7 to 10 days before expected calving is associated with increased risk of displaced abomasum (DA), retained placenta, culling before 60 days in milk, and less milk production in the first 4 months of lactation. Subclinical ketosis (serum BHB >1200 to 1400 micromol/l) in the first or second week after calving is associated with increased risk of DA, metritis, clinical ketosis, endometritis, prolonged postpartum anovulation, increased severity of mastitis, and lower milk production in early lactation. There are several validated and practical tools for cow-side measurement of ketosis.

C.L. van Zyl, H.K. Eriksson, E.A.M. Bokkers et al.

ABSTRACT: In cow-calf contact (CCC) systems breaking the maternal bond may induce stress for the cow, thereby affecting feed intake, milk yield, milk flow rate, and milk electrical conductivity. This study aimed to determine the consequences of weaning and separation strategies in CCC systems for feed intake and milking characteristics of the cow. In 2 experiments, Swedish Holstein and Swedish Red cows either had (experiment 1) whole-day CCC (CCC1, n = 12) for 8.5 ± 1.2 wk (mean ± SD) followed by 12 h of daytime CCC for 8 wk, before abrupt weaning and separation at 16.4 ± 1.2 wk, or (experiment 2) whole-day CCC for 16 ± 1.0 wk; thereafter half of the calves were weaned via nose flaps for 2 wk (NF, n = 10) before physical separation and half via nose flaps for 1 wk and fence-line contact for 1 wk (NFFL, n = 9). Cows were compared with conventionally managed cows (CONV1 or CONV2 in experiment 1 or 2) separated from their calves within 12 h postpartum. In experiment 1, the study period included the week before and after the system switch from whole-day to daytime CCC, and the week before and after separation. In experiment 2, the study period included the week before the start of weaning, during weaning, and 1 week after separation. All cows were milked in the same automatic milking unit. In experiment 1, feed intake of CCC1 cows at separation tended to be lower than CONV1 cows. In experiment 2, roughage intake of NF, NFFL, and CONV2 cows did not differ, but the concentrate intake of NF cows was lower than that of CONV2 cows. In experiment 1, the system switch did not affect milking characteristics. However, after separation, machine milk yield and milk electrical conductivity of CCC1 cows increased, remaining lower than CONV1 cows. In experiment 2, machine milk yield of NF and NFFL cows increased when calves were fitted with nose flaps, but remained lower than CONV2 cows. In the week after separation, milk yield of NFFL cows was similar to that of CONV2 cows, and the NF cows remained lower. In the week before weaning, milk flow rates of NF cows were lower than those of CONV2 cows, and the NFFL cows did not differ. Before weaning, milk electrical conductivity of NF and NFFL cows was lower than that of CONV2 cows, but not thereafter. In conclusion, machine milk yield of CCC cows remained lower either until the week of separation, for NFFL cows, or until 3 or 11 wk after weaning and separation for CCC1 and NF cows of experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Cow-calf contact reduced milk electrical conductivity, and milk and peak milk flow rates increased the week after separation of cow and calf. Not for experiment 2, but for experiment 1, cow roughage and concentrate intake decreased at separation and recovered within a week, indicating that abrupt separation exerted a greater impact on the cow than separation after nose flap weaning or fence-line contact. Future studies should compare both weaning strategies within the same experimental setup, also focusing on the consequences for calves.

S. Kuhlman, Nicholas D. Olivas, Elaine Tring et al.

Early sensory experience instructs the maturation of neural circuitry in the cortex. This has been studied extensively in the primary visual cortex, in which loss of vision to one eye permanently degrades cortical responsiveness to that eye, a phenomenon known as ocular dominance plasticity (ODP). Cortical inhibition mediates this process, but the precise role of specific classes of inhibitory neurons in ODP is controversial. Here we report that evoked firing rates of binocular excitatory neurons in the primary visual cortex immediately drop by half when vision is restricted to one eye, but gradually return to normal over the following twenty-four hours, despite the fact that vision remains restricted to one eye. This restoration of binocular-like excitatory firing rates after monocular deprivation results from a rapid, although transient, reduction in the firing rates of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons, which in turn can be attributed to a decrease in local excitatory circuit input onto PV interneurons. This reduction in PV-cell-evoked responses after monocular lid suture is restricted to the critical period for ODP and appears to be necessary for subsequent shifts in excitatory ODP. Pharmacologically enhancing inhibition at the time of sight deprivation blocks ODP and, conversely, pharmacogenetic reduction of PV cell firing rates can extend the critical period for ODP. These findings define the microcircuit changes initiating competitive plasticity during critical periods of cortical development. Moreover, they show that the restoration of evoked firing rates of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons by PV-specific disinhibition is a key step in the progression of ODP.

Eric Rivals

Overlaps between words are crucial in many areas of computer science, such as code design, stringology, and bioinformatics. A self overlapping word is characterized by its periods and borders. A period of a word $u$ is the starting position of a suffix of $u$ that is also a prefix $u$, and such a suffix is called a border. Each word of length, say $n>0$, has a set of periods, but not all combinations of integers are sets of periods. Computing the period set of a word $u$ takes linear time in the length of $u$. We address the question of computing, the set, denoted $Γ_n$, of all period sets of words of length $n$. Although period sets have been characterized, there is no formula to compute the cardinality of $Γ_n$ (which is exponential in $n$), and the known dynamic programming algorithm to enumerate $Γ_n$ suffers from its space complexity. We present an incremental approach to compute $Γ_n$ from $Γ_{n-1}$, which reduces the space complexity, and then a constructive certification algorithm useful for verification purposes. The incremental approach defines a parental relation between sets in $Γ_{n-1}$ and $Γ_n$, enabling one to investigate the dynamics of period sets, and their intriguing statistical properties. Moreover, the period set of a word $u$ is the key for computing the absence probability of $u$ in random texts. Thus, knowing $Γ_n$ is useful to assess the significance of word statistics, such as the number of missing words in a random text.

Bamidele Atteh, Bosede Orhevba, Abbas Sadiq

Optimum condition at 64.80% maize flour, 20% groundnut paste and 13.20 % palm oil was formulated to produced nutritionally enhanced aadun snack. The snack was stored in the different storage materials namely, sweet prayer plant leaves (control) which is usually used by most locals, low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and food grade plastic container (PC). The initial properties (energy, oxidative and sensory properties) of the enhanced aadun (before storage) were investigated and stored in each of the storage materials. The enhanced aadun samples in each storage material were analysed at two weeks interval for eighteen weeks. The results obtained were analysed statistically to examine the effect of the storage material on the aforementioned properties. The results for energy content decreased significantly (P>0.05) in across all the samples stored. The free fatty acid, acid valve and peroxide value increased significantly (P<0.05) in all the storage materials during the storage period but only the samples stored in PC and HDPE were within the recommended limit of FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) at the end of the storage period. The sensory quality of the control sample was acceptable up to 12 weeks while samples in other storage materials were still acceptable at the end of the storage period under ambient storage condition.

Xiaohu Sun, Fei Liu, Yu Zhao et al.

The threat power transmission and distribution projects pose to the ecological environment has been widely discussed by researchers. The scarcity of early environmental monitoring and supervision technologies, particularly the lack of effective real-time monitoring mechanisms and feedback systems, has hindered the timely quantitative identification of potential early-stage environmental risks. This study aims to comprehensively review the literature and analyze the research context and shortcomings of the advance warning technologies of power transmission and distribution projects construction period using the integrated space–sky–ground system approach. The key contributions of this research include (1) listing ten environmental risks and categorizing the environmental risks associated with the construction cycle of power transmission and distribution projects; (2) categorizing the monitoring data into one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional frameworks; and (3) constructing the potential environmental risk knowledge system by employing the knowledge graph technology and visualizing it. This review study provides a panoramic view of knowledge in a certain field and reveals the issues that have not been fully explored in the research field of monitoring technologies for potential environmental damage caused by power transmission and transformation projects.

Eduardo Traversi de Cai Conrado, Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha, Michelle Simões Reboita et al.

Since the beginning of the satellite era, only three tropical cyclones have been recorded over the South Atlantic Ocean. To investigate the potential occurrence of such systems since the 1900s, ERA20C, a centennial reanalysis, was utilised. This study first evaluates the performance of ERA20C in reproducing the climatology of all cyclone types over the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean by comparing it with a modern reanalysis (ERA5) for the period 1979–2010. Despite its simpler construction, ERA20C is able to reproduce key climatological features, such as frequency, location, seasonality, intensity, and thermal structure of cyclones similar to ERA5. Then, the Cyclone Phase Space (CPS) methodology was applied to determine the thermal structure at each time step for every cyclone between 1900 and 2010 in ERA20C. The cyclones were then categorised into different types (extratropical, subtropical, and tropical), and systems exhibiting a warm core at their initial time step were classified as tropical cyclogenesis. Between 1900 and 2010, 96 cases of tropical cyclogenesis were identified over the South Atlantic. Additionally, throughout the lifetime of all cyclones, a total of 1838 time steps exhibited a tropical structure, indicating that cyclones can acquire a warm core at different stages of their lifecycle. The coasts of southeastern and southern sectors of northeast Brazil emerged as the most favourable for cyclones with tropical structures during their lifecycle. The findings of this study highlight the occurrence of tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic prior to the satellite era, providing a foundation for future research into the physical mechanisms that enabled these events.

Megha K. Shah, Alannah L. Couper, Stephanie Sandanasamy et al.

This systematic review aimed to investigate the extent of nursing students' knowledge regarding climate change and its impact on health. A comprehensive and systematic review was conducted across several international electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The search employed keywords based on Medical Subject Headings, including "knowledge", "climate change", "nursing students", and "health". The search period was extended from these databases’ inception until May 28, 2024. The quality of the studies included in this review was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool). The systematic review encompassed five cross-sectional studies, collectively involving 2,150 nursing students. Among these participants, females constituted 75.81%. The geographical distribution of the studies included in this systematic review spanned several countries: Egypt (n=3), Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Palestine (n=1), China (n=1), and the United States (n=1). Findings from three studies indicate that nursing students’ mean knowledge level regarding climate change’s impact on health is 63.70%. The knowledge level of nursing students regarding climate change’s impact on health was moderate. Factors including education level, practice, academic year, gender, and rural areas were related to nursing students’ knowledge about climate change and its effect on health. Policymakers and healthcare administrators must enhance the educational framework by prioritizing factors that influence the knowledge base of nursing students. These factors include academic level, geographic location (such as rural areas), gender, and clinical practice experience.

Li Cai, Yangyu Fan, Yong Jiang

In both local and global settings, we establish explicit relations between Ichino triple product period and Waldspurger toric periods for CM forms via the theta lifting and the see-saw principle.

Mansour S Aljabry, Fahad Alabbas, Ghaleb Elyamany et al.

BACKGROUND: Rare bleeding disorder (RBDs) encompasses a deficiency of one or more of FXIII, FXI, FX, FVII, FV, FII, and FI clotting factors, leading to bleeding disorders with variable presentations and outcomes ranging from none or minimal to life-threatening events. RBDs are still underdiagnosed and underreported, especially in Saudi population with a high prevalence of consanguinity. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine the frequency of RBDs, grading of their bleeding severity, and assessment of clinical manifestations and management of RBDs in tertiary Saudi Arabian hospitals. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This retrospective study of RBDs describes the clinicopathological features of refereed cases to both Prince Sultan Military Medical City and King Khaled University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from September 2018 to September 2021. Any patient who had already been diagnosed or suspected to have RBDs was enrolled in the study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient's medical records were reviewed for demographic data, clinical presentations, bleeding and family history, consanguinity, treatment outcomes, and molecular testing. Samples were run in specialized coagulation laboratories. Patients with liver dysfunction or acquired factor deficiency were excluded. Patients were categorized into four groups according to the severity of bleeding episodes: asymptomatic, Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III. RESULTS: A total of 26 cases with RBDs were identified during the study period. Most of the included patients are males and pediatrics (<14 years) representing 15 (57.7%) and 14 (53.8%), respectively. FVII was the most common factor deficiency encountered in 9 (35%) patients, followed by FXIII in 5 (19%), FXI in 4 (15%), FX in 3 (11.5%), FV in 3 (11.5%), and combined factor deficiency in 2 (8%) patients. 17 (65.4%) RBD patients presented with bleeding manifestation either with Grade I (9%), Grade II (39%), or Grade III (15%), whereas 47% were asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: The study emphasizes on importance of establishing a national registry of RBDs in Saudi Arabia and the need for further genetic studies to clarify the genotype/phenotype relationships.