Hasil untuk "Bridge engineering"

Yequan Xiao, Chao Feng, Jie Fu et al.

K. L. Kirkpatrick

The theoretical foundation of neuroscience differs from that of artificial intelligence, and to bridge this gap with AI, we would need a new computing paradigm that describes both fields well. The gap came from mathematicians’ invention of computability theory, which was deliberately narrower than cognition and yet became a cornerstone of computer science and cognitive science. It has resulted in circular logics for computational biology and biological computing: the computability model of human mathematical activities can limit the sort of technology we build, and in turn, the engineering constraints on our technologies can limit our understanding of brain systems. Here we study several important mathematical and biological activities that computability neglects, helping to bridge the gap between neurobiology and (aspirational) AGI. One such activity is mathematicians’ producing proofs of theorems that lie outside artificial computers’ logic. Another is neurons’ functions that are more complex than transistors, informed by recent neurobiological findings. We end by surveying candidates and inspiration for a new synthesis of AGI with neurobiology, presenting the hypothesis that a new paradigm would have to thoroughly integrate cognition and motion.

Cláudio Lúcio do Val Lopes, João Marcus Pitta, Fabiano Belém et al.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into clinical settings presents a software engineering challenge, demanding a shift from isolated models to robust, governable, and reliable systems. However, brittle, prototype-derived architectures often plague industrial applications and a lack of systemic oversight, creating a ``responsibility vacuum'' where safety and accountability are compromised. This paper presents an industry case study of the ``Maria'' platform, a production-grade AI system in primary healthcare that addresses this gap. Our central hypothesis is that trustworthy clinical AI is achieved through the holistic integration of four foundational engineering pillars. We present a synergistic architecture that combines Clean Architecture for maintainability with an Event-driven architecture for resilience and auditability. We introduce the Agent as the primary unit of modularity, each possessing its own autonomous MLOps lifecycle. Finally, we show how a Human-in-the-Loop governance model is technically integrated not merely as a safety check, but as a critical, event-driven data source for continuous improvement. We present the platform as a reference architecture, offering practical lessons for engineers building maintainable, scalable, and accountable AI-enabled systems in high-stakes domains.

Zhou Zhenquan, Kou Yuping, Fan Xiang et al.

It is widely agreed that the Industry 4.0 period has been a key promoter of facilitating the digital transformation of global industries, leading to more efficient ways of working. The construction industry is recognised as a significant contributor to the impact of energy use and carbon emissions, which are relevant to global warming and related correlational risks. Based on this situation, many scholars support the sustainable transformation of the building sector by promoting modular construction projects, which represent an innovative approach to building. However, attitudinal resistance from some stakeholders still needs to be improved in order to increase the use of modular constructions, which is not a positive signal for the current sustainable development strategy. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the key benefits of using prefabricated constructions, drawing on a thorough literature review and comparative analysis. It finds that developing and developed countries have gradually accepted this off-site construction method, and the stakeholder support significantly facilitates its effective promotion. Meanwhile, enhancements in construction management effectiveness, improvements in building safety, and contributions to project sustainability modification are several major motivations for employing this innovative approach in building project development. The analytical findings can facilitate the widespread adoption of prefabricated constructions, thereby enhancing environmental performance and contributing to the sustainable development of the building sector in various regions. Further research should consider reducing subjectivity in collated viewpoints by employing the multi-criterion analysis method.

Yanshuo Liu, Hongxia Li, Gang Liu et al.

Offshore structures frequently confront complex and variable marine environments, and the frequency-domain approach is often used in engineering to predict the fatigue damage of structures. To bridge the gap between stress spectra and stress range distributions, this paper proposes a novel stress range probability density distribution model comprising two stress range distribution functions, which can be well adapted to the shapes of the stress power spectral density (PSD) in various cases, and provides a more accurate representation of the rain-flow range probability density function (PDF). This study initially analyzes the stress range distributions of bimodal spectra using the rain-flow counting RFC method. Subsequently, and the unknown parameters of the stress range PDF are determined using the 1st-order moment of rain-flow stress amplitudes and polynomial relationships derived from normalized mean frequency and shape parameters. The proposed model is validated through the use of stress time-series data generated from random combinations of normal distribution functions.

Adnan Khan, Muhammad Luqman, Xu Jun et al.

Abstract The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven research into alternative aggregates to reduce reliance on natural resources. This study comprehensively evaluates the mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating steel slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregates at replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. An extensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate compressive, tensile, flexural, and shear strengths, as well as acid resistance and microstructural stability using XRD. The results show that a 50% slag replacement achieved optimal mechanical performance, with the highest compressive and flexural strengths, improved tensile capacity, and superior shear resistance. Specifically, the 50% slag mix demonstrated a 7.9% increase in flexural strength (from 1090.7 psi to 1164.3 psi), maintaining over 82% of the compressive strength of the control at 28 days. The 25% and 75% mixes also demonstrated balanced strength and ductility characteristics. XRD analysis showed that slag-blended concretes retained key hydration products such as Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and Quartz after exposure to sulfuric acid, indicating improved chemical resistance. A newly proposed durability index, integrating both mass loss and strength retention, was used to quantify durability performance, with the 50% mix exhibiting a durability index DI2p of 84.3%, significantly higher than the control’s 73.8%, confirming that slag incorporation improves both mechanical and chemical resilience. These findings underscore the potential of steel slag, particularly at 25–50% replacement levels, as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to natural sand in concrete production, contributing to eco-friendly construction practices and enabling the development of more durable concrete for aggressive environments and critical infrastructure applications.

Mevan Mustafa, Samir Hasan, Lokman Abdulkareem

This study aims to enhance the performance of asphalt mixes by improving the physical characteristics of bitumen across various temperatures. The focus is on the use of innovative modified bitumen to optimize both fundamental and rheological properties. Bituminous binders are tested with varying additive contents (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by binder weight), incorporating iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) into Grade (40/60) bitumen. A comprehensive range of testing methods is employed to evaluate the binders, including penetration, ductility, softening point, aging resistance under heat and air exposure, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), and direct tension test. The results demonstrate that the addition of iron oxide and zinc oxide NPs significantly alters the physical behavior of the binders, leading to increased viscosity and improved aging resistance. Notably, the modified bitumen shows an increased softening point and decreased penetration and ductility, indicating a hardening effect, while elastic recovery improves with higher additive percentages, enhancing flexibility. These findings provide valuable insights into the modification of asphalt binder and its impact on the performance of asphalt concrete mixtures, particularly in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) applications at elevated temperatures, highlighting the novelty of this approach.

Haibo Wang, Zhuolin Xu, Shin Hwei Tan

Refactoring is the process of restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior while improving its internal structure. Refactoring engines are integral components of modern Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) and can automate or semi-automate this process to enhance code readability, reduce complexity, and improve the maintainability of software products. Similar to traditional software systems such as compilers, refactoring engines may also contain bugs that can lead to unexpected behaviors. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called RETESTER, a LLM-based framework for automated refactoring engine testing. Specifically, by using input program structure templates extracted from historical bug reports and input program characteristics that are error-prone, we design chain-of-thought (CoT) prompts to perform refactoring-preserving transformations. The generated variants are then tested on the latest version of refactoring engines using differential testing. We evaluate RETESTER on two most popular modern refactoring engines (i.e., ECLIPSE, and INTELLIJ IDEA). It successfully revealed 18 new bugs in the latest version of those refactoring engines. By the time we submit our paper, seven of them were confirmed by their developers, and three were fixed.

Ziyou Li, Agnia Sergeyuk, Maliheh Izadi

Large Language Models are transforming software engineering, yet prompt management in practice remains ad hoc, hindering reliability, reuse, and integration into industrial workflows. We present Prompt-with-Me, a practical solution for structured prompt management embedded directly in the development environment. The system automatically classifies prompts using a four-dimensional taxonomy encompassing intent, author role, software development lifecycle stage, and prompt type. To enhance prompt reuse and quality, Prompt-with-Me suggests language refinements, masks sensitive information, and extracts reusable templates from a developer's prompt library. Our taxonomy study of 1108 real-world prompts demonstrates that modern LLMs can accurately classify software engineering prompts. Furthermore, our user study with 11 participants shows strong developer acceptance, with high usability (Mean SUS=73), low cognitive load (Mean NASA-TLX=21), and reported gains in prompt quality and efficiency through reduced repetitive effort. Lastly, we offer actionable insights for building the next generation of prompt management and maintenance tools for software engineering workflows.

Marina Araújo, Júlia Araújo, Romeu Oliveira et al.

[Context] Domain knowledge is recognized as a key component for the success of Requirements Engineering (RE), as it provides the conceptual support needed to understand the system context, ensure alignment with stakeholder needs, and reduce ambiguity in requirements specification. Despite its relevance, the scientific literature still lacks a systematic consolidation of how domain knowledge can be effectively used and operationalized in RE. [Goal] This paper addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive overview of existing contributions, including methods, techniques, and tools to incorporate domain knowledge into RE practices. [Method] We conducted a systematic mapping study using a hybrid search strategy that combines database searches with iterative backward and forward snowballing. [Results] In total, we found 75 papers that met our inclusion criteria. The analysis highlights the main types of requirements addressed, the most frequently considered quality attributes, and recurring challenges in the formalization, acquisition, and long-term maintenance of domain knowledge. The results provide support for researchers and practitioners in identifying established approaches and unresolved issues. The study also outlines promising directions for future research, emphasizing the development of scalable, automated, and sustainable solutions to integrate domain knowledge into RE processes. [Conclusion] The study contributes by providing a comprehensive overview that helps to build a conceptual and methodological foundation for knowledge-driven requirements engineering.

Sonja M. Hyrynsalmi, Grischa Liebel, Ronnie de Souza Santos et al.

The discipline of software engineering (SE) combines social and technological dimensions. It is an interdisciplinary research field. However, interdisciplinary research submitted to software engineering venues may not receive the same level of recognition as more traditional or technical topics such as software testing. For this paper, we conducted an online survey of 73 SE researchers and used a mixed-method data analysis approach to investigate their challenges and recommendations when publishing interdisciplinary research in SE. We found that the challenges of publishing interdisciplinary research in SE can be divided into topic-related and reviewing-related challenges. Furthermore, while our initial focus was on publishing interdisciplinary research, the impact of current reviewing practices on marginalized groups emerged from our data, as we found that marginalized groups are more likely to receive negative feedback. In addition, we found that experienced researchers are less likely to change their research direction due to feedback they receive. To address the identified challenges, our participants emphasize the importance of highlighting the impact and value of interdisciplinary work for SE, collaborating with experienced researchers, and establishing clearer submission guidelines and new interdisciplinary SE publication venues. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the current state of the SE research community and how we could better support interdisciplinary research in our field.

Nima Ghahremani Nezhad, R. Rahman, Yahaya M. Normi et al.

Xin Chen, Lihang Chen, Dong Liang

Receiving inspection plays a crucial role in ensuring construction quality after the completion of engineering projects. Traditional inspection measurement methods, such as manual observation means and optical equipment measurement methods, have limitations in terms of the number of measurement sites and the range of measurements. These traditional methods fail to provide accurate curve parameters and continuous spatial morphology information for large-span curved bridge structures. This paper proposes a reverse model measurement method to address this issue. The reverse model is built based on point cloud data acquired by 3D laser scanning technology. Finally, take the Taizicheng No. 1 Bridge as an example, the validity of the proposed method is verified.

Łukasz Bednarek, Nadzeya Fialkouskaya

Due to climate change and the recent increase in the number of floods in urbanized areas, there is a growing need for the introduction of new technologies into the road material market. One such technology is water- permeable mineral-resin surfaces, which are becoming increasingly popular. However, due to a lack of clear requirements and solution approval procedures, they are not commonly used in public investments. This paper first describes the materials used for preparing surface samples, including bulk density and granulometric aggregate tests, consistency, colour, and density at 20 °C testing of the hardener and resin. It then outlines the process of sample preparation and provides a brief description of the materials used. The tests conducted on the prepared material samples included flexural and compressive strength tests, frost resistance tests under normal conditions and in the presence of salts, and skid resistance tests. Based on the results obtained, it can be generally concluded that, in the case of permeable surfaces, the type of aggregate is an important factor, as evidenced by the results of the strength tests. The same can be stated about the influence of atmospheric factors. Tests conducted with granite aggregate proved to be more resistant to cyclically changing temperatures, even in the presence of salt.

Sawaluddin Sawaluddin, Abdul Kadir, Romy Suryaningrat Edwin

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menemukan solusi konstruksi yang paling ekonomis untuk lantai jembatan cable stayed yang akan digunakan dalam pembangunan jembatan penghubung Pulau Muna dan Buton dengan penerapan rekayasa nilai atau value engineering (VE). Analisa kekuatan struktur jembatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software analisa struktur CSI Bridge v.24. Tahap informasi, tahap kreatif, tahap analisis, dan tahap rekomendasi merupakan 4 (empat) tahapan dalam langkah kerja metodologi penelitian rekayasa nilai. Untuk memilih jenis jembatan yang akan dirancang, informasi awal tentang lokasi jembatan diidentifikasi pada tahap informasi. Tahap kreatif dilakukan dengan menentukan jenis lantai jembatan yang akan dianalisis. Tahap analisis menentukan model lantai jembatan dengan cara analisis siklus hidup jembatan. Tahap rekomendasi dilakukan dengan merekomendasikan model lantai jembatan yang paling ekonomis untuk digunakan sebagai lantai jembatan kabel. Hasil analisis menggunakan rekayasa nilai dengan pendekatan analisis biaya siklus hidup (life cycle cost/LCC) menunjukkan bahwa dari beberapa model lantai jembatan yang dievaluasi, model 2 menunjukkan sebagai yang paling efisien dari segi biaya yakni sebesar Rp.648.346.291.191,68 dengan nilai pembangunan sebesar Rp.750.178.311.773,30 dan nilai penghematan sebesar 43,58% dan 14,42% terhadap lantai jembatan model 1 dengan nilai sisa Rp.866.921.706.028,59, nilai pembangunan Rp.1.100.038.825.447,22 dan nilai sisa model 3 sebesar Rp.1.649.977.529.597,29, nilai pembangunan Rp.1.751.809.550.178,90. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa lantai jembatan model 2 lebih menghemat penggunaan biaya dibanding lantai jembatan model 1 dan 3.

Umm-e- Habiba, Markus Haug, Justus Bogner et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) permeates all fields of life, which resulted in new challenges in requirements engineering for artificial intelligence (RE4AI), e.g., the difficulty in specifying and validating requirements for AI or considering new quality requirements due to emerging ethical implications. It is currently unclear if existing RE methods are sufficient or if new ones are needed to address these challenges. Therefore, our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of RE4AI to researchers and practitioners. What has been achieved so far, i.e., what practices are available, and what research gaps and challenges still need to be addressed? To achieve this, we conducted a systematic mapping study combining query string search and extensive snowballing. The extracted data was aggregated, and results were synthesized using thematic analysis. Our selection process led to the inclusion of 126 primary studies. Existing RE4AI research focuses mainly on requirements analysis and elicitation, with most practices applied in these areas. Furthermore, we identified requirements specification, explainability, and the gap between machine learning engineers and end-users as the most prevalent challenges, along with a few others. Additionally, we proposed seven potential research directions to address these challenges. Practitioners can use our results to identify and select suitable RE methods for working on their AI-based systems, while researchers can build on the identified gaps and research directions to push the field forward.

James S. Wheaton, Daniel R. Herber

Traditional requirements engineering tools do not readily access the SysML-defined system architecture model, often resulting in ad-hoc duplication of model elements that lacks the connectivity and expressive detail possible in a SysML-defined model. Without that model connectivity, requirement quality can suffer due to imprecision and inconsistent terminology, frustrating communication during system development. Further integration of requirements engineering activities with MBSE contributes to the Authoritative Source of Truth while facilitating deep access to system architecture model elements for V&V activities. The Model-Based Structured Requirement SysML Profile was extended to comply with the INCOSE Guide to Writing Requirements updated in 2023 while conforming to the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 standard requirement statement templates. Rules, Characteristics, and Attributes were defined in SysML according to the Guide to facilitate requirements definition and requirements V&V. The resulting SysML Profile was applied in two system architecture models at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, allowing us to explore its applicability and value in real-world project environments. Initial results indicate that INCOSE-derived Model-Based Structured Requirements may rapidly improve requirement expression quality while complementing the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook checklist and guidance, but typical requirement management activities still have challenges related to automation and support with the system architecture modeling software.

Sayan Chatterjee, Ching Louis Liu, Gareth Rowland et al.

The increasing popularity of AI, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has significantly impacted various domains, including Software Engineering. This study explores the integration of AI tools in software engineering practices within a large organization. We focus on ANZ Bank, which employs over 5000 engineers covering all aspects of the software development life cycle. This paper details an experiment conducted using GitHub Copilot, a notable AI tool, within a controlled environment to evaluate its effectiveness in real-world engineering tasks. Additionally, this paper shares initial findings on the productivity improvements observed after GitHub Copilot was adopted on a large scale, with about 1000 engineers using it. ANZ Bank's six-week experiment with GitHub Copilot included two weeks of preparation and four weeks of active testing. The study evaluated participant sentiment and the tool's impact on productivity, code quality, and security. Initially, participants used GitHub Copilot for proposed use-cases, with their feedback gathered through regular surveys. In the second phase, they were divided into Control and Copilot groups, each tackling the same Python challenges, and their experiences were again surveyed. Results showed a notable boost in productivity and code quality with GitHub Copilot, though its impact on code security remained inconclusive. Participant responses were overall positive, confirming GitHub Copilot's effectiveness in large-scale software engineering environments. Early data from 1000 engineers also indicated a significant increase in productivity and job satisfaction.

Pai Xu, Daiqiang Zhu, Zhong Li et al.

Thermal radiation has a great effect on personnel evacuation when the train is on fire in the rack railway tunnels. However, the influence of the longitudinal slope, especially the large longitudinal slope, is not clear. The critical location of a disaster caused by thermal radiation is proposed. Based on the FDS, the correction models of maximum temperature rise and longitudinal temperature decay of rack railway tunnel with slope are obtained for random evacuation mode and fixed-point evacuation mode. And the theoretical model for the critical location is established. The results show that the maximum temperature rise and the longitudinal temperature attenuation are related to the cubic and quadratic equations of the longitudinal slope, respectively. A decreasing effect is observed in the maximum temperature rise of the rail railway tunnel with a large longitudinal slope, and the degree of longitudinal attenuation is extremely small. In this case, the thermal radiation under the random evacuation mode is less risky than that under fixed-point evacuation mode, which is more conducive to evacuation. The accuracy of the theoretical model is high, and the maximum error is 21.4%. The results can support emergency works, such as rescue engineering design and personnel evacuation induction.

Renjie Wu, Renjie Wu, Zheng Li et al.

Rock slopes have the characteristics of complex geological conditions, weak structural surface development, steep slope, and great damage. In this study, the Sujiaba overpass slope in Chongqing was selected as the evaluation object, and the main stability evaluation methods of rock slope were analyzed. Combined with the special geological conditions and geographical location of the rock slope, through a geological survey, the slope was qualitatively analyzed based on the stereographic projection method, and the slope stability safety factor was calculated by using the finite element strength reduction method. FLAC3D was used to simulate the initial stress state of the unstable rock mass, the limit state stability of the unstable rock mass before bolt support, and the stability after bolt support. The simulation results show that the stability coefficients of selected unstable rock masses W1, W2, W6, and W7 under the limit state before bolt support are, respectively, 1.22, 1.80, 5.90, and 2.10. Unstable rock masses separate from the parent rock, causing a large displacement due to their instability and downward sliding. After bolt support, stability coefficients for those four unstable rock masses are 1.60, 2.40, 8.60, and 3.20, respectively. Under the same reduction coefficient, rock masses are stable and the displacement is small. The results show that the calculation results of the initial stress state of the rock slope are consistent with the theoretical understanding and field investigation. After the implementation of bolt support, the anti-sliding stability of unstable rock is obviously improved. The research results have important scientific guiding significance and practical value for revealing the failure mechanism of rock slope and analyzing the stability of unstable rock mass.