Hasil untuk "Botany"

Yanlin Wang, Shuo Yan, Shanshan Gao et al.

The distribution of suitable habitats for medicinal plants is affected by climate, soil, land use, and other factors. <i>Arnebiae Radix</i>, an important traditional Chinese medicinal resource in Xinjiang, includes <i>Arnebia euchroma</i> (Royle) I. M. Johnst. and <i>Arnebia guttata</i> Bunge and is at risk of over-exploitation. This study predicted suitable planting areas by integrating habitat and phytochemical suitability using the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS. The AUC values for <i>A. euchroma</i> and <i>A. guttata</i> were 0.977 and 0.952, with TSS values of 0.829 and 0.725, respectively, validating the high accuracy of the prediction model. Under the current scenario, the areas of suitable habitats for <i>A. euchroma</i> and <i>A. guttata</i> were 108,914 and 176,445 km², mainly distributed along the main mountains in Xinjiang. Under future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat area of <i>A. euchroma</i> increased by 11–18%, except in the ssp126-2090s scenario, while the suitable habitat area of <i>A. guttata</i> area decreased by 3–18%. Both species were influenced by land use/land cover and soil available nitrogen content; additionally, <i>A. euchroma</i> was affected by the precipitation in the driest month, and <i>A. guttata</i> by the mean diurnal range. The content of secondary metabolites was positively correlated with habitat suitability, with soil factors contributing 35.25% to the total secondary metabolite content. Their suitable habitats predominantly occur in grasslands (42–82%). As habitat and phytochemical suitability distributions aligned, the eastern and western sides of the northern Kunlun Mountain Pass emerged as key areas for cultivation. This research can provide a scientific foundation for selecting optimal planting regions for the two <i>Arnebia</i> species.

Junhong Dong, Qiaohua Deng, Minglan Chen et al.

In the ecosystem, wood-inhabiting fungi play an indispensable role in wood degradation and the cycle of substances. They are regarded as the “key player” in the process of wood decomposition because of their ability to produce various enzymes that break down woody lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. In this study, four new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Asterostroma paramuscicola, Radulomyces bambusinus, R. fissuratus, and R. sinensis, were collected from southwestern China and were proposed based on the morphological and molecular evidence. Asterostroma paramuscicola is characterised by the felted-membranous to pellicular basidiomata with pinkish to slightly salmon-buff, a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system, and generative hyphae bearing simple-septate and subglobose, thin-walled, echinulate basidiospores measuring as 8–8.8 × 7–8 µm. Radulomyces bambusinus is characterised by the resupinate basidiomata with pinkish-white to pink, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and subglobose, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 6–7.5 × 5.5–7.3 µm. Radulomyces fissuratus is characterised by the coriaceous basidiomata with grey to grey-buff, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and globose, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 7–9.5 × 6.5–8.5 µm. Radulomyces sinensis is characterised by the coriaceous basidiomata with straw to cinnamon to ocherous, a tuberculate hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, and broadly ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring as 7.5–9 × 6.2–7.5 µm. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS+nrLSU nuclear RNA gene regions showed that four new species were assigned to the genera Asterostroma and Radulomyces. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS sequences revealed that A. paramuscicola was closely associated with A. macrosporum and A. muscicola. Based on the ITS sequences, the topology showed that Radulomyces bambusinus was retrieved as a sister to R. zixishanensis. The taxon R. fissuratus forms a monophyletic lineage. The other one species, R. sinensis, was closely associated with R. molaris and R. yunnanensis.

Aisha Saleh Alwadai, Mona S. Al Wahibi, Mashail Fahad Alsayed et al.

Abstract Fungi in the genus Trichoderma are widespread in the environment, mainly in soils. They are used in agriculture because of their mycoparasitic potential; Trichoderma have the ability to increase plant health and provide protection against phytopathogens, making them desirable plant symbionts. We isolated, identified, and characterized Trichoderma from different regions of Saudi Arabia and evaluated the ability of Trichoderma to promote plant growth. Morphological and molecular characterization, along with phylogenetic studies, were utilized to differentiate between Trichoderma species isolated from soil samples in the Abha and Riyadh regions, Saudi Arabia. Then, plant growth-promoting traits of the isolated Trichoderma species were assessed. Eight Trichoderma isolates were characterized via morphological and molecular analysis; six (Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma lixii, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma brevicompactum, and Trichoderma velutinum) were from Abha and two (T. lixii and T. harzianum) were from Riyadh. The isolated Trichoderma strains belonged to three different clades (Clade 1: Harzianum, Clade 2: Brevicompactum, and Clade 3: Viride). The Trichoderma isolates varied in plant growth-promoting traits. Seeds treated with most isolates exhibited a high percentage of germination, except seeds treated with the T3-T. koningii isolate. 100% germination was reported for seeds treated with the T4-T. harzianum and T6-T. brevicompactum isolates, while seeds treated with the T1-T. koniniopsis and T5-T. lixii isolates showed 91.1% and 90.9% germination, respectively. Seeds treated with the T8-T. velutinum, T2-T. lixii, and T7-T. harzianum isolates had germination rates of 84.1%, 82.2%, and 72.7%, respectively. The Trichoderma isolate T5-T. lixii stimulated tomato plant growth the most, followed by T7-T. harzianum, T8-T. velutinum, T4-T. harzianum, T1-T. koniniopsis, T2-T. lixii, and T6-T. brevicompactum; the least effective was T3-T. koningii. A maximum fresh weight of 669.33 mg was observed for the T5-T. lixii-treated plants. The Abha region had a higher diversity of Trichoderma species than the Riyadh region, and most isolated Trichoderma spp. promoted tomato growth.

Alexa S. Tyszka, Eric C. Bretz, Holly M. Robertson et al.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own genomes, which have historically been and continue to be important sources of information for inferring the phylogenetic relationships among land plants. The organelles are predominantly inherited from the same parent, and therefore should exhibit phylogenetic concordance. In this study, we examine the mitochondrion and chloroplast genomes of 226 land plants to infer the degree of similarity between the organelles’ evolutionary histories. Our results show largely concordant topologies are inferred between the organelles, aside from four well-supported conflicting relationships that warrant further investigation. Despite broad patterns of topological concordance, our findings suggest that the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes evolved with significant differences in molecular evolution. The differences result in the genes from the chloroplast and the mitochondrion preferentially clustering with other genes from their respective organelles by a program that automates selection of evolutionary model partitions for sequence alignments. Further investigation showed that changes in compositional heterogeneity are not always uniform across divergences in the land plant tree of life. These results indicate that although the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes have coexisted for over 1 billion years, phylogenetically, they are still evolving sufficiently independently to warrant separate models of evolution. As genome sequencing becomes more accessible, research into these organelles’ evolution will continue revealing insight into the ancient cellular events that shaped not only their history, but the history of plants as a whole.

M Franquesa-Soler, JF Aristizabal, E Andresen et al.

Translocation is increasingly being used as a conservation tool in wildlife management, but long-term assessments of the animals’ establishment in the new habitat are rarely done. In addition, finding protected areas for translocations can often be a limitation, but habitat patches managed for productive purposes could potentially be used for translocations. Here, we present a translocation case study of the Endangered Mexican howler monkey Alouatta palliata mexicana into a forest fragment managed as an agroforest in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (Mexico). We compared the behavior of the translocated focal group 6 yr after translocation with that observed 1 yr after translocation (Year 1 vs. Year 6), and with reference parameters for conserved forest. We also examined the 14 yr trajectory of the translocated population through published data. We found that in Year 6, monkeys spent less time on locomotion and more time consuming fruit than in Year 1. The focal group in Year 6 had doubled its activity area compared to Year 1. All behavioral parameters during Year 6 were similar to those reported for the species in conserved forest. During the first 14 yr, the translocated population increased at a rate of 1.29 ind. yr-1. We conclude that this translocation succeeded in establishing a thriving population and that certain agroforestry systems may be adequate habitat for primate translocations. We also discuss how the translocation of howler monkeys into defaunated habitats might help restore ecological functions associated with these primates, such as the dispersal of large-seeded plants. Long-term information on successful primate translocations has high practical value for designing adequate conservation strategies in anthropogenic landscapes.

عاطفه رضایی, احسان بیژن زاده, علی بهپوری et al.

چکیدهسابقه و هدف: گندم مهمترین گیاه زراعی روی زمین است که از زمان اهلی شدن تاکنون همواره از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار بوده و بیشترین سطح زیر کشت را در بین محصولات زراعی به خود اختصاص داده است. در میان عوامل کاهش‌ دهنده تولید گندم کشور، علف‌های‌هرز از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار بوده است و بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده میانگین خسارت علف‌های‌هرز مزارع گندم کشور 23درصد‌ می‌باشد. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی اثر مهار علف‌های‌هرز بر انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در کشت مخلوط ارقام گندم و مقایسه آن با تک‌کشتی انجام شد.مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی مهار علف‌های‌هرز بر انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در کشت مخلوط ارقام گندم، آزمایشی به صورت بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 98-1397 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل مهار علف‌های‌هرز در شش سطح در مراحل پنجه‌زنی، ساقه‌رفتن، غلاف‌رفتن، ظهور‌ سنبله، شاهد بدون علف‌هرز و دارای علف‌هرز بود که در تمام مراحل، مهار علف‌های‌هرز به صورت دستی انجام ‌شد و تیمارهای سیستم کشت شامل تک‌کشتی سیروان، تک‌کشتی ستاره و مخلوط سیروان و ستاره به صورت ردیفی به نسبت یک به یک بودند. نتایج و بحث: اثرات اصلی مهار علف‌های‌هرز و سیستم کشت بر انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده، درصد مشارکت مواد پرورده، زیست توده علف-های‌هرز، ارتفاع گیاه، وزن هزاردانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع و عملکرد دانه معنی‌دار بود. هم‌چنین مقدار انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده، کارآیی انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده و مشارکت مواد پرورده در اثر ساده مهار علف‌های‌هرز در مرحله پنجه‌زنی به ترتیب، 7/37، 2/57 و 8/5 درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد بدون علف‌هرز داشت که این صفات در کشت مخلوط به ترتیب 7/29، 6/6 و 2/18 درصد نسبت به تک‌کشتی سیروان افزایش داشته است. زیست توده علف‌های‌هرز در کشت مخلوط نسبت به تک‌کشتی ستاره و سیروان به‌ترتیب 6/29 و 25/21 درصد کاهش داشت. هم‌چنین بیشترین عملکرد دانه در کشت مخلوط حاصل شد که نسبت به تک‌کشتی ستاره و سیراوان به‌ترتیب 8/22 و 2/11درصد افزایش داشت.مهار علف‌های‌هرز در مرحله پنجه‌زنی باعث کاهش 9/11 درصدی عملکرد دانه شد که کمترین کاهش عملکرد گندم مربوط به تیمار مهار علف‌های‌هرز در مرحله پنجه‌زنی نسبت به سایر تیمارهای مهار علف‌هرز بود و به همین دلیل نیز می‌تواند بهترین زمان برای مهار علف-های‌هرز در نظر گرفته شود.نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که کشت مخلوط ارقام گندم می‌تواند در مهار و رقابت با علف‌های‌هرز موفق تراز تک‌کشتی عمل کند به نحوی که زیست‌توده علف‌های‌هرز در کشت مخلوط کاهش بیشتری را نشان داده و این می‌تواند بدلیل سایه‌اندازی بیشتر روی علف‌های‌هرز در کشت مخلوط باشد. نتایج انتقال مجدد مواد پرورده نشان داد که رقم پاکوتاه ستاره از سیستم انتقال مواد پرورده کارآمدتری در مقابله با علف-های‌هرز برخوردار بود و رقم پابلندی مثل سیروان با مهار بهتر علف‌های‌هرز، برای پر نمودن دانه‌های خود کمتر به ذخایر ساقه نیاز داشت. هم‌چنین بیشترین عملکرد دانه در کشت مخلوط نسبت به تک‌کشتی ارقام حاصل شد و کشت مخلوط می‌تواند به عنوان یک راهکار مناسب جهت استفاده بهینه از عوامل محیطی برای ایجاد پایداری در تولید باشد.

Eman Abou El-Ghait, H.M.M. Abd Al Dayem, Y. Mohamed et al.

This study was carried out at a private farm in AL-Radisiya city, Markaz Edfu, Aswan Governorate, Egypt on the banks of Nile River and Experimental Laboratory of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, EL-Qaloubia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. A study was initiated through various biostimulant and chemical fertilizer aiming to evaluate effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) or seaweed extract and/or humic acid as well as chemical fertilizer (N.P and K) and the combination of them on vegetative growth, seed yield, chemical constituent's, fixed oil productivity and fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. Plants sprayed by biostimulants gave the significantly highest mean values for all of studied characteristics mentioned above, particularly T6: the combined of mycorrhiza, humic acid, seaweed and recommended dose of NPK followed by T5: recommended dose of NPK (350:200:100 kg/feddan) in the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, T4: seaweed (1 ml/l) ranked the third values in parameters mentioned before in this concern. Whereas, the richest fixed oil percentage was scored by T6, followed descendingly by T5 in the 1st and 2nd seasons. Chromatography analysis of chia fixed oil revealed the identification of four components. i.e. palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The main component was α-linolenic acid (43.34 to 53.28%). It can be concluded that T6 was the best for improving growth, seed yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of Salvia hispanica L. plant.

Denis V. Tumanov

A new species of the genus Mesobiotus is described from the Republic of South Africa using a traditional morphological approach (light and scanning electron microscopy) combined with molecular analysis (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI markers). Mesobiotus anastasiae sp. nov. differs from all known Mesobiotus species by having a unique combination of characters of the adult animals and the eggs. Adults of the new species have an oral cavity armature without elongate teeth in the second band, while the processes of the egg chorion have a basal collar and distinct rows of large pores. An updated key to the species of the genus Mesobiotus, including 66 of 70 currently described species, is given. An aquatic mite species from the Lobohalacarus weberi complex (freshwater Halacaridae) co-occurs with M. anastasiae sp. nov., suggesting that the newly described tardigrade inhabits constantly wet moss cushion habitats.

Lingfei Shangguan, Mengxia Chen, Xiang Fang et al.

Abstract Background Bud dormancy is a strategic mechanism plants developed as an adaptation to unfavorable environments. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most ancient fruit vine species and vines are planted all over the world due to their great economic benefits. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying bud dormancy between adjacent months, the transcriptomes of ‘Rosario Bianco’ grape buds of 6 months and three nodes were analyzed using RNA-sequencing technology and pair-wise comparison. From November to April of the following year, pairwise comparisons were conducted between adjacent months. Results A total of 11,647 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from five comparisons. According to the results of cluster analysis of the DEG profiles and the climatic status of the sampling period, the 6 months were divided into three key processes (November to January, January to March, and March to April). Pair-wise comparisons of DEG profiles of adjacent months and three main dormancy processes showed that the whole grapevine bud dormancy period was mainly regulated by the antioxidant system, secondary metabolism, cell cycle and division, cell wall metabolism, and carbohydrates metabolism. Additionally, several DEGs, such as VvGA2OX6 and VvSS3, showed temporally and spatially differential expression patterns, which normalized to a similar trend during or before April. Conclusion Considering these results, the molecular mechanisms underlying bud dormancy in the grapevine can be hypothesized, which lays the foundation for further research.

Jason M. Karakehian , Luis Quijada, Gernot Friebes et al.

Triblidiaceae is a family of uncommonly encountered, non-lichenized discomycetes. A recent classification circumscribed the family to include Triblidium (4 spp. and 1 subsp.), Huangshania (2 spp.) and Pseudographis (2 spp. and 1 var.). The apothecia of these fungi are persistent and drought-tolerant; they possess stromatic, highly melanized covering layers that open and close with fluctuations of humidity. Triblidialean fungi occur primarily on the bark of Quercus, Pinaceae and Ericaceae, presumably as saprobes. Though the type species of Huangshania is from China, these fungi are mostly known from collections originating from Western Hemisphere temperate and boreal forests. The higher-rank classification of triblidialean fungi has been in flux due in part to an overemphasis on ascospore morphology. Muriform ascospores are observed in species of Triblidium and in Pseudographis elatina. An intense, dark blue/purple ascospore wall reaction in iodine-based reagents is observed in species of Pseudographis. These morphologies have led, in part, to these genera being shuffled among unrelated taxa in Hysteriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Hysteriales) and Graphidaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales). Triblidiaceae has been placed within the monofamilial order Triblidiales (affinity Lecanoromycetes). Here, we demonstrate with a three-gene phylogenetic approach that triblidialean fungi are related to taxa in Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes). We synonymize Triblidiales under Rhytismatales and emend Triblidiaceae to include Triblidium and Huangshania, with Pseudographis placed within Rhytismataceae. A history of Triblidiaceae is provided along with a description of the emended family. We discuss how the inclusion of triblidialean fungi in Rhytismatales brings some rarely observed or even unique ascospore morphologies to the order and to Leotiomycetes.

Artur Adamczak, Anna Forycka, Tomasz M. Karpiński

Fruit teas are very popular on the market of food products in many countries, due to their attractive taste and aroma as well as pro-health and medicinal properties. They are also characterized by the great wealth and diversity of composition. The purpose of this study was to analyze selected products based on the information contained on their packaging. The research included the most popular fruit teas widely available on the Polish food market, i.e. raspberry, cranberry and rosehip teas, 82 products in total. It was found that plant raw materials appearing in the tea names often constitute a small percentage of their composition, while hibiscus and apple occur very often and in the large quantities. The analysis of the content of the basic ingredient of raspberry and cranberry teas showed that they are characterized by a large diversity of quality. In addition to products with a relatively high amount of raspberry or cranberry (mean: 43.8 and 27.2%, respectively), there were teas with a very low level of these ingredients (mean: 7.5 and 1.6%). Against this background, rosehip tea has stood out positively. In this category of products, Rosa spp. hips, as a widely available plant raw material, most often obtained content above 30-40%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175585

Marta Gruca, R. Cámara‐Leret, M. Macía et al.