تاريخ الالقاب عند العرب والمسلمين واسع الميدان بعيد المدى وأغرب مافي تطور هذا اللقب أنه استعمل للمدح والتعظيم بعدما كان للذم والاحتقار، وكان العرب اذا ارادت تعظيم المخاطب به خاطبته بالكنية، ثم ترقوا عن الكنى الى الالقاب الحسنة.
لقد اهتم العرب بالالقاب وأخذت تشغل حيزاً كبيراً واولعوا بها وتفننوا وتفاخروا ببعضها الآخر في مجالسهم الادبية وحلقاتهم العلمية وكانوا يقولون (الالقاب تنزل من السماء).
وللالقاب ابعاد سياسية مهمة وما تمنحه لصاحبها من الامتيازات المعنوية ومادية وسياسية وتضفي له مكانة رفيعة.
بأنتقال الخلافة الى العباسيين أصبح للالقاب شأن عظيم في الدولة وذلك كصدى للتغيير الكبير الذي طرأ على الدولة الاسلامية والذي كان من مظاهرها الميل الى الاقتباس من الحضارة الفارسية وتقاليدها وكان من أثر ذلك أقتباس القاب جديدة.
لم يكد أن ينتصف العقد الرابع من القرن الرابع الهجري، القرن العاشر الميلادي الا وكان البويهييون([i]) على اعتاب أبواب بغداد، واستيلائهم على الحكم واستبدادهم بالسلطة، ازداد النفوذ الفارسي وربما كان من مظاهر ازدياد هذا النفوذ ازدياد العناية والاهتمام بالالقاب وتنظيمها فضلاً عن ظهور القاب جديدة فعرفت بالالقاب المضافة الى (الدولة) و (الملة) و (الامة). واتخذ البويهيون القاباً تنم عن تعظيم وتكريم لحاملها لمنزلة سياسية وصل اليها كأوحد الزمان مثل (الشاهنشاه) و (ملك الملوك).
وما للالقاب من اهمية فقد اختصت دراستنا للالقاب في فترة التلسط البويهي في العراق
(334-447هـ/945-1055م)، وتضمنت دراسة تاريخية للقب. وتطور المعنى التاريخي له، ومن ثم دراسة وتحليل القاب الامراء البويهيين معناها ودلالاتها وأبعادها والالقاب المضافة الى الالقاب، وكذلك الآراء الفقهية حول منح اللقب والمراسيم المتبعة في منح اللقب.
([i]) البويهيون: ينتسب البويهيون الى أبي شجاع بن بويه بن فناخسرو من قبلية (شيرزل اوند) من الديلم من جبال البرز في الجنوب الغربي لبحر قزوين. فقد اختلف المؤرخون في نسبهم، منهم من يرجعهم الى ملوك الفرس ومنهم من يرجعهم الى بني حنبة من العرب. ينظر: مسكويه، تجارب الامم، جـ5، ص5، المقريزي، السلوك، جـ1، ص129. ابن العديم، بغية الطلب، جـ7، ص3259. وللمزيد ينظر: غضبان، البويهيون في فارس، ص119-172.
In recent years, deep learning methods have been used with increasing frequency to solve architectural design problems. This paper aims to study the spatial functional layout of deep learning-assisted generation subway stations. Using the PointNet++ model, the subway station point cloud data are trained and then collected and processed by the author. After training and verification, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the feasibility of spatial deep learning for construction based on PointNet++ in the form of point cloud data is verified; (2) the effectiveness of PointNet++ for the semantic segmentation and prediction of metro station point cloud information is verified; and (3) the results show that the overall 9:1 training prediction data have 60% + MIOU and 75% + accuracy for 9:1 training prediction data in the space of 20 × 20 × 20 and a block_size of 10.0. This paper combines the deep learning of 3D point cloud data with architectural design, breaking through the original status quo of two-dimensional images as research objects. From the dataset level, the limitation that research objects such as 2D images cannot accurately describe 3D space is avoided, and more intuitive and diverse design aids are provided for architects.
In this study, the optimum spraying performance of a pressurized vortex atomizer using water as the working fluid was investigated experimentally by modifying the geometry of auxiliary air holes via the Taguchi method. The experimental results were also examined by CFD simulations. The four control factors of the auxiliary air holes are their numbers, areas, inclination angles, and lengths. With five levels for each control factor, an L25 orthogonal table was selected. Each case of the L25 orthogonal table was test repeatedly three times to obtain key average results. The auxiliary air holes were designed by a KISSlicer CAD tool and fabricated by 3D printing. The 3D printing was carried out by fused deposition of PLA with a resolution of about 30 μm. In the experiments, the spraying jet patterns were recorded, and the water droplet weights were measured. By using the signal to noise ratios and the smaller-the-better quality characteristic, the effect of the control factors of the auxiliary air holes in descending order is the numbers, areas, inclination angles, and hole lengths, respectively. The optimum air hole configuration is the one with six holes, an inclination angle of 20°, an area of 18 mm2, and a length of 8 mm. The optimum condition was confirmed by a signal to noise ratio of 20.5 dB with 95% confidence interval. The resulting smaller jet opening angle is about 42°, close to the simulated angle of 45°. That is, by the novelty of combining 3D printing with the Taguchi method, this study obtains the optimum design with fast prototyping and relatively few experiments.
The practice of life writing seems to exclude the incorporation of the writer’s death. How can autobiography come to terms with this blind spot? Are there any strategies that enable the horizon or end of the writer’s life (‘bios’) to be integrated into his or her reflections thereof? How can the impulses that are given within the scope of the writer’s contemplation of her/his transience be characterized – and how are they important for ‘life writing’? This contribution examines the autobiographical works by Saint Augustine, Petrarch, and Fontane to illustrate three different models of how life writing sets out to address the different roles that death – or rather, the awareness of human finitude – plays for the genre.
Maria Cristina Oliveira Bruno, Fabiana Comerlato, Carlos Alberto Santos Costa
et al.
O presente artigo apresenta diferentes narrativas sobre os trajetos da Rede de Museus e Acervos Arqueológicos e Etnográficos (REMAAE) no país, criada em 2008. Por meio da coleta de relatos e informações de diversas ordens entre suas/seus coordenadoras/es e integrantes, e da análise de publicações, artigos e documentos da Rede, exploramos os antecedentes dessa articulação, seus reposicionamentos e agendas ao longo do tempo, bem como os desafios identificados no presente, que possam orientar ações futuras. A perspectiva oferecida pelo campo da Memória Social permitiu, ademais, valorizar e reproduzir algumas das características mais pungentes da articulação de seus membros, como a polifonia e a não-hierarquização das áreas disciplinares de formação.
Incidence of auxiliary head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle has been described repeatedly. Accessory head has been noted arising from the lateral or more rarely from the medial border of the coronoid process of the ulna. During routine dissection, we found a rare case of an additional slip of tendinous origin of flexor pollicis longus muscle from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. However, such anomaly was not found on the left side. The embryological source and clinical impact of the current incident are discussed.
Debido al importante número de visitas y descargas a través de la red que recibe la revista electrónica de acceso abierto Journal of Lithic Studies (JLS) a través de su plataforma alojada por la School of History, Classics and Archaeology de la Universidad de Edimburgo, los responsables de la misma se pusieron en contacto conmigo para trabajar conjuntamente en su idea de editar números de JLS en idiomas distintos al inglés. El castellano había sido la lengua elegida para iniciar la serie, teniendo en cuenta el elevado número de hispanohablantes y la tradición científica de la lengua castellana en el ámbito de los estudios sobre las industrias líticas prehistóricas.
By the 13th century AD, Thule people - ancestors of today’s Inupiat - occupied most of Northwestern Alaska. Since then, and in a growing quantity after the 15th century and to the Contact Period in late 18th century, jade tools and objects become abundant in archaeological assemblages from northwestern Alaska. To explore the techniques that were used for the exploitation and manufacturing of jade objects, the status of this green stone and its role in the subsistence economy, since the emergence of Thule Culture (1200 AD - 1800 AD), a doctoral research on past jade economy in Alaska was developed. The objective of this study is to explore the potential socio-cultural relationship that existed within Thule communities and the social and economic relations maintained between the two sides of Bering Strait during the last millennium, as well as how these influenced (or not) the material culture of past communities in Northwest Alaska. This article is an overview of the reduction processes and manufacturing techniques of jade artifacts based on archaeological assemblages from Northwestern Alaska (Cape Espenberg), and of the status of jade tools and products such as perceived throughout the ethnographic litterature.
Two silver dirhams of Khwarezm, dated to 670 AH/1271AD, with an unusual tamga are analyzed in the article. The coins come from a hoard located in the territory of Turkmenistan, the exact place of discovery being unknown. On both coins under consideration, a new, previously unknown type of tamga has been discovered. Typologically, it belongs to the tamgas of the house of Chagatai. A comparison of the dates of the coins with the information about the 1270s events in Khwarezm made it possible to determine that the tamga belonged to Negubei of the house of Chagatai. The finding also confirms that Kaidu (Qaidu), the khan of the Chagataid state, retained the right of the Chagatai Ulus owners to participate in the distribution of income from Khwarezm from the beginning of his reign.
Waclaw Korta bound his professional life to the Wroclaw University. His research interests centered on the Sleza Mountain, the socio-economic history of the Middle Ages, historiography, the auxiliary sciences in historical research, and, above all, diplomatics. He also did editing work. In his twilight years, he took on preparing a synthesis of the history of Silesia to the end of the 18th century, which was published posthumously. He possessed the ability to “infect” his students with his science interests. Comitting oneself to studying the documents, allowed Korta’s students to develop their erudition. The demand for high quality work was not confined to the methods of work. The Professor endeavoured for the dissertartions’ topics to be innovative and to bring creative findings.