Hasil untuk "Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica"

Khang X. Vu

What explains China’s decision to sign an alliance treaty with North Korea in 1961? The treaty was redundant to deter the United States and South Korea because China had credibly established its resolve and capability to defend North Korea after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950. The treaty even increased the risk of China’s entrapment in a Korean conflict. This article develops a triangular theory of alliance formation to show that China’s signing of the treaty was intended to drive a wedge between North Korea and the Soviet Union, not to deter South Korea and the United States. China was thus willing to incur more risk to neutralize North Korea from a pro-Soviet position. This article tests the theory by process tracing events in the China–North Korea–Soviet Union triangle from 1948 to 1961 with a plausibility probe of the China–North Vietnam–Soviet Union triangle from 1954 to 1965. The article concludes with implications for the contemporary China–North Korea–Russia bloc and the study of alliance politics in the Asian context.

Tyler Rongxuan Chen

There has been a decade-long debate in the studies of Malaysian politics on whether there is indeed an urban–rural difference when it comes to elections. Studies using aggregated election data suggest stark differences in parties’ performance in urban and rural electoral districts, while studies relying on survey data tend to downplay urban–rural differences in voting patterns. Notwithstanding the ecological fallacy problem inherent in studies using aggregated election data, the consistent differences between studies using individual and aggregated data are puzzling, and cast a shadow over our understanding of electoral politics in Malaysia. This article argues that in Peninsular Malaysia the urban–rural differences supported by aggregated election data may have been overestimated due to results being driven by a few large urban centers. Combining survey data from the fifth wave of Asian Barometer and aggregated election data from the fourteenth general election in Malaysia, this article demonstrates that both kinds of data in fact point to the same conclusion. Once we specifically control for inter-state and local heterogeneity in population density, the association between population density and party performance attenuates.

Kukla M.P., Zagorulko P.E.

Over the past several decades since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the trade and investment cooperation between the Republic of Korea and Vietnam has reached an unprecedented level. Since 2022 Vietnam ranks third among the Republic of Korea's trading partners, while South Korea has been the leading investor in Vietnam. The article examines the dynamics and structure of investment and trade cooperation between South Korea and Vietnam from 1992 to 2024. Particular attention is paid to changes in the sectoral structure of trade and investment, as well as the influence of cultural, historical, and political factors on the development of cooperation. The study particularly focuses on assessing the current state of cooperation in the field of direct investment. It is determined by a number of internal and external factors, such as changes in Vietnam’s investment policy, including the introduction of restrictive measures in investment legislation (raising the minimum wage, applying a global corporate tax, and introducing a selective investment screening system), the effects of the pandemic on global production networks, as well as increasing competition for the Vietnamese market among major investors from Northeast Asia. The authors believe these factors will limit quantitative growth in trade and investment, but will serve as drivers for the development of scientific and technological partnership between the two countries.

Zhiyuan Zhang

What shapes the ways in which citizens participate in politics? This article investigates the association between private homeownership and the forms of citizens’ political behaviors using a Chinese nationwide social survey. Exploiting the abolishment of the welfare housing system in the late 1990s as a quasi-natural experiment, I find that owning a home and experiencing home value appreciation increases citizens’ willingness for political engagement as well as participatory behaviors through formal channels, but reduces their confrontational behaviors towards government such as participation in protests. Further evidence on political attitudes suggests that homeowners are more critical of government performance, yet they report higher political trust in the state and a stronger preference for maintaining the status quo. These findings highlight the critical role of asset ownership in preventing conflict and promoting stability by shaping the political behaviors and beliefs of citizens.

Yang Gyu Kim, Sangmi Jeong

The dominant view in proliferation research holds that security guarantees from nuclear patrons reduce client states’ incentives to pursue nuclear armament. Yet in South Korea, public support for indigenous nuclear capabilities remains high despite strong trust in US extended deterrence. Drawing on the “better-now-than-later” logic from preventive war theory, we argue that this support reflects public forward-looking pessimism about the security environment, shaped by perceptions of the relative decline of the US and North Korea’s advancing nuclear capabilities. Analysis of the 2023 EAI Public Opinion Poll shows that concerns about systemic power shifts and pessimism about future inter-Korean relations are significantly associated with support for nuclear armament. South Korean public assessments of US extended deterrence and North Korea’s military threat do not align with conventional alliance theory expectations that high trust in extended deterrence should reduce support for nuclear armament. These findings underscore the need for reassurance strategies that address enduring alliance credibility.

Semenova N.K.

The article describes the state of the modern port industry on the sea coast of the People's Republic of China, highlighting its features and characteristics. The author analyzes the form ation and development of large-scale, intensive and modern groups of seaports in China, whose economic structure, volume, cargo flows and turnover are significantly differentiated. The article discusses the strategic role of the government in developing the modern transport and logistics systems of the PRC, creating an effective institutional system and improving the regulatory framework. The author comes to the conclusion that Chinese seaports are developing in the direction of increasing scale, intensif ication and modernization, enhancing the efficiency of transportation and creating a modern logistics system that meets the requirements of sustainable and rapid development.

Safronova E.I.

Global events of recent years indicate that it is the turn of the Developing World to take the lead in international relations. China, which positions itself as the «largest developing country», a «member of the Global South», but at the same time a «responsible world power», cannot stay away from this trend. The article examines the reasons for the recent rise of the Developing World to the forefront of international life, which include: the cumulative economic growth of the South, the increase in its political importance in the balance of power on the world stage, the growth of self-esteem of the South, whose stance, being consonant with the interests of the East, contributes to the loss of the West's ability in dictating conditions to the world majority, etc. In addition, the author considers important to determine the semantic content of the terms «Global South», «third world», «developing world» for a better understanding of the essence of the great global phenomenon that these definitions have denoted at different times. It seems that these definitions not only reflect the realities of the times that gave birth to them, but also undergo internal upgrade, becoming not just a «signboard», but also a characteristic of the phenomenon they designate. The main burden of the article falls on the analysis of the Chinese factor in the modern evolution of the Global South. It is characterized through the prism of why the importance of the South for China is growing and how Beijing is trying to provide relations with «southern» countries with additional qualitative support. The article also attempts to identify new challenges facing China in the processes of its further «rooting» in the Developing World. The article ends with a number of conclusions, among which is the author's opinion on whether the reformatting of relations between China and the Global South is taking place as a reaction to an increase in its global weight, or whether they are «simply» undergoing a stage of timely optimization.

Alexandrova M.V., Mustafaeva E.Dzh.

Shipbuilding is a typical strategic industry and, due to its high importance, is known as a complex one. The authors, based on foreign primary sources, for the first time in Russian scientific literature explore the path that the shipbuilding industry of the PRC has taken from “emergence from nothing” to the position in the largest shipbuilding country in the world, i.e. five main stages of development. The article describes the key steps taken towards the formation of the industry, both at the level of the creation of ministries and departments, and at the level of the emergence and development of scientific centers. The important government documents related to maintaining and stimulating the development of shipbuilding are studied in sufficient detail. The authors analyze the achievements and weaknesses of the modern Chinese shipbuilding industry. It is shown how China gradually rose to a leading position in the world shipbuilding from stage to stage, and what efforts were made by the state along this path.

Blaise Iyamba Valentin, Merveille Bobina Mposo, Augustin Bedidjo Ular et al.

Ce travail analyse les conflits des droits de propriété entre l’Etat congolais et les communautés locales autour des ressources naturelles du Parc des Virunga. Il a pour finalité de proposer les pistes des solutions efficaces face à la problématique liée notamment, à l’antériorité des droits de propriété des communautés locales sur les territoires des Virunga ainsi qu’à la disqualification des droits fonciers traditionnels par la loi dite Foncière en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). L’étude note que l’Etat n’est pas la seule autorité de création des droits, les communautés peuvent les créer aussi. Et, lorsque l’autorité étatique veut ignorer les règles communautaires au nom de la souveraineté sur ses ressources, ces dernières peuvent se défendre du principe de l’autodétermination économique, sociale ou culturelle. Si l’exploitation des ressources naturelles du Parc des Virunga peut servir à redistribuer d’une manière équitable les richesses nationales et s’il n’y a rien d’importance de les réserver, l’Etat peut procéder à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles de ce dernier tout en garantissant les droits et intérêts des communautés locales pour privilégier le climat social.

Kirichenko M.A.

The article is devoted to the state of Russian-Japanese relations at the level of civil diplomacy for the period of 2022 – the first half of 2023. Special attention is paid to the activities of Japanese public figures and scientists, holding events, publishing printed materials and interviews. Examples are given both from open sources, including Japanese ones, and from resources not accessible from Russia due to the restrictions or because of absence of electronic versions, as well as from the author's personal material. Some names and titles are mentioned and described in works of the Russian researchers for the first time. The analysis of publications and work of Japanese organizations allows us to conclude that despite the extreme aggravation of Japanese-Russian relations, there is a stratum of people in Japan who want to understand Russia's position, develop further ties with it, convey ideas unavailable in Japan due to the one-sided presentation of information related to Russia's special military operation.

Filippov D.A.

The article examines the views of Japanese Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio (2009–2010) on Japan’s foreign policy and its role in the international community. Hatoyama’s views and rhetoric are analysed within the context of Japan’s political elites’ longstanding search for alternatives to the Yoshida doctrine, which underpinned Japan’s grand strategy throughout the Cold War. While Hatoyama’s attempts to modify Japan’s diplomatic approach have often been considered incoherent or naive, the article argues that, drawing partially from the concepts regarding Japan’s role on the international stage that were introduced in the 1990s, Prime Minister consistently advocated development of a new strategy. Its parameters were different from both the Yoshida doctrine and the emerging course towards a more robust security policy, which was fully implemented under the second administration of Abe Shinzo (2012–2020). This strategy was based on Japan’s proactive role in upholding global stability through non- military means, reducing its dependence on the US, deepening integration in East Asia, and achieving friendly ties with China.

Francis Kariuki, Enyinna Sodienye Nwauche

On 27th August 2020, the Kenyan Judiciary together with its partners formally launched the AJS Framework Policy and the AJS Baseline Policy (AJS Policy Frameworks) which coincided with the ten-year anniversary of the promulgation of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya. The launch of the policy was awaited with huge expectations, as it was hoped that it would provide an appropriate framework for the operationalisation of “Autonomous Alternative Justice System” (AAJS) which is one of the institutions approved by the AJS Policy Frameworks to anchor Kenya’s emergent alternative justice system. This paper evaluates some of the options adopted by the AJS Policy Frameworks in the conception and implementation of the AAJS. Comparative lessons from the jurisprudence of ‘customary arbitration’ in Nigerian and Ghana, which are similar to the AAJS, are utilised to argue for more care and caution in the operationalisation of the AAJS Institutions in Kenya.

Noor Dzuhaidah Osman, Norman Zakiyy Chow Jen-T'chiang

A plethora of legal instruments and agencies currently control and enforce various biosafety, biosecurity and public health issues. This article proposes a regional ASEAN model of biosecurity regulations that include viruses, diseases, and biological agents as potentially dangerous organisms to protect human health, animals, plants and the environment. This work analyses and defines alternative methods of biosecurity governance through doctrinal legal research. This biosecurity paradigm will enable these bodies and organisations to better integrate with the various instruments charged with controlling biosafety, biosecurity, pandemics, and bioweapons. All actors involved in regulating should have some common ground or perhaps a new different body to coordinate all the various threats in the future. It is proposed to develop an integrated ASEAN approach to biosecurity, covering biosafety, pandemic and biological weapons issues. Despite pandemics and other potential threats, a common standard protocol in ASEAN region will allow unrestricted movement of people, trade, tourism, and other services.

Joseph Cihunda Hengelela, Nicole Djangi Ekila

Cet article démontre que le principe constitutionnel de la souveraineté permanente de l’Etat sur les ressources naturelles a été inscrit dans le système juridique congolais comme un antidote au modèle économique hérité de la colonisation. Les auteurs soutiennent qu’au regard de sa portée, il peut offrir une protection efficace aux ressources naturelles en République Démocratique du Congo à condition que certains préalables soient remplis. Il s’agit notamment de l’effectivité de l’application des lois, de l’efficacité du contrôle des activités d’exploitations des ressources naturelles, de la transparence dans la collecte et la redistribution équitable des revenus des industries extractives ainsi que de l’exercice du droit à l’indemnisation en cas de spoliation.

Alexandrova A.D.

The main idea of the article is how the early Russian symbols influenced the formation of heraldic images of the PRC in 1949. The author analyzes, how the same symbols can be interpreted depending on the cultural and political context. It becomes obvious, that the PRC relied on the experience of the USSR in forming its symbols that mark power. Based on the idea of Lenin's concept of building socialism and how the results of the 1917 revolution affected the future of Russia, China was able to «avoid the mistakes» of the USSR and build its own socialism, but with the Chinese characteristics

Ruchita Beri

Ignatov A.A.

On 28–29 June 2019 the G20 summit took place in Osaka. The main topics for discussion included fostering innovations, implementation of decisions on ecological issues, stable and inclusive growth and employment, promotion of human capital by means of state-of-art technologies, quality investments and building of inclusive society. Japan’s presidency demonstrated a high level of representation of national interests and secured succession with achievements of previous presidencies. The analysis on distribution of global governance functions shows that Japan’s presidency is characterized by a plentitude of concrete decisions, that demonstrates readiness of G20 to work collaboratively. It is expected that approved decisions and initiatives would be actively promoted during next presidencies.

Verena Alexander, Silke Benner, Eike Fesefeldt et al.

Balingene Kahombo

This paper examines the individual recourse for unconstitutionality under the Congolese Constitution of 18 February 2006. It focuses on practical modalities for its exercise rather than analysing the merits of cases dealt with by the Congolese Constitutional Court. This recourse is now affected by the ambiguity of its legal framework, which has reduced the scope of article 162(2) of the Constitution and its efficacy, because of a misunderstanding created by the Organic Law of 15 October 2013 and the diverging jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. This ambiguity is contrary to the aspirations of the Congolese people to democracy, respect for human rights, legal security and rule of law which have informed the opening of constitutional justice to individuals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to get out of this situation, the author recom- mends several legislative amendments or an appropriate jurisprudential option by the Con- stitutional Court concerning the basis of its competence ratione materiae and the admissi- bility of individual recourses submitted to its appreciation.

Younés Zakkari

La coopération Sud-Sud est au cœur de la politique étrangère du Maroc. La présence des champions marocains en Afrique Subsaharienne est plus visible depuis plusieurs années. Dans cet objectif, le Maroc déploie des efforts considérables afin de renforcer sa « politique juridique extérieure » en matière des investissements envers les pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Les TBI conclus par le Maroc et les autres pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne monte en puissance, toutefois la majorité de ces accords sont concentrés sur la région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et ne sont pas encore entrés en vigueur. Le contexte actuel, exige la mise à jour de ces TBI afin qu’ils puissent être adaptés aux différentes évolutions qui ont caractérisées le droit international des investissements.