Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

E. Burgess

Marc Barthelemy

The `15-minute city' has emerged as a central paradigm in urban planning, promoting universal access to work and essential services within short travel times. Its feasibility-particularly for commuting to work-has however rarely been examined quantitatively. Here, we show that proximity to employment is fundamentally constrained by the internal structure of urban economies. Combining urban geometry with empirically observed firm-size distributions, we derive a lower bound on commuting times that holds independently of planning choices or transport technologies. This bound reveals a sharp transition: when employment is sufficiently concentrated, no spatial rearrangement of workplaces can ensure uniformly short commutes, even under optimal placement. Applied to Paris and its near suburbs, we find that achieving universal 15-minute commutes would require substantial economic restructuring or differentiated mobility strategies. The relevant question is therefore not whether an $x$-minute city is achievable, but what the minimal feasible $x$ is given a city's economic structure and spatial scale.

Marie Reinbigler, Romain Rouffet, Peter Naylor et al.

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, defined as a significant increase in temperature in urban environments compared to surrounding areas, is difficult to study in real cities using sensor data (satellites or in-situ stations) due to their coarse spatial and temporal resolution. Among the factors contributing to this effect are the properties of urban materials, which differ from those in rural areas. To analyze their individual impact and to test new material configurations, a high-resolution simulation at the city scale is required. Estimating the current materials used in a city, including those on building facades, is also challenging. We propose HeatMat, an approach to analyze at high resolution the individual impact of urban materials on the UHI effect in a real city, relying only on open data. We estimate building materials using street-view images and a pre-trained vision-language model (VLM) to supplement existing OpenStreetMap data, which describes the 2D geometry and features of buildings. We further encode this information into a set of 2D maps that represent the city's vertical structure and material characteristics. These maps serve as inputs for our 2.5D simulator, which models coupled heat transfers and enables random-access surface temperature estimation at multiple resolutions, reaching an x20 speedup compared to an equivalent simulation in 3D.

Zul Fadli, Imran M. Ismail, Zulfachry Zulfachry

This study examines the implementation of Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) Program as a national social policy aimed at strengthening children’s food security and improving educational motivation in urban settings, focusing on Panakkukang District, Makassar City. The research aims to evaluate the operational mechanisms of the MBG program in urban schools, assess its effects on students’ learning motivation, and identify social–institutional factors shaping policy effectiveness. A literature-informed field simulation design was employed, integrating systematic review findings, policy document analysis, and secondary data interpretation to construct an evidence-based model of implementation dynamics. Findings indicate that MBG delivery follows a multi-actor governance pattern involving local authorities, schools, parents, and community groups, producing positive impacts on student concentration, attendance, and classroom engagement, particularly among low-income households. Beyond nutritional gains, the program fosters social inclusion, strengthens school–community relations, and enhances intrinsic and extrinsic learning motivation, though sustainability challenges persist related to coordination, food quality, and funding. The study’s novelty lies in applying simulation-based inquiry to an emerging welfare policy and conceptualizing MBG as a hybrid model linking food security, educational welfare, and community-based protection. The research contributes to sociological scholarship by advancing theoretical understanding of school-based social policy and offering evidence-informed recommendations to strengthen welfare interventions in urban Indonesia.

Chunliang Hua, Daijun Chen, Mengyuan Niu et al.

The traditional paradigm for studying urban morphology involves the interpretation of Nolli maps, using methods such as morphometrics and visual neural networks. Previous studies on urban morphology discovery have always been based on raster analysis and have been limited to the central city area. Raster analysis can lead to fragmented forms, and focusing only on the central city area ignores many representative urban forms in the suburbs and towns. In this study, a vast and complex dataset was applied to the urban morphology discovery based on the administrative community or village boundary, and a new image deformation pipeline was proposed to enhance the morphological characteristics of building groups. This allows visual neural networks to focus on extracting the morphological characteristics of building groups. Additionally, the research on urban morphology often uses unsupervised learning, which means that the learning process is difficult to control. Therefore, we refined the NT-Xent loss so that it can integrate morphological indicators. This improvement allows the visual neural network to “recognize” the similarity of samples during optimization. By defining the similarity, we can guide the network to bring samples closer or move them farther apart based on certain morphological indicators. Three Chinese cities were used for our testing. Representative urban types were identified, particularly some types located at the urban fringe. The data analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of our image deformation pipeline and loss function, and the sociological analysis illustrated the unique urban functions of these urban types.

Francis Engwayo A Mgawadere, Mtafu Manda

Participation in urban planning is championed for entrenching democracy and development. Malawi passed the Local Government Act (1998) and Decentralization Policy (1998) to facilitate community participation in decision-making processes. Several studies have been conducted on decentralization and local governance on community participation. Little attention has been paid to examining the impact of the language used in planning processes on democracy and inclusivity envisaged in the law and policy. Using communicative action theory, the study examined challenges posed by language used in planning processes on inclusivity in the approval processes of urban plans. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, observations and document review and analyzed using thematic and discourse analysis. The findings show that while there is high participation at community planning levels, because planners communicate using local languages, participation is compromised in the service committees at city level where final planning decisions are made due to language barrier. Specifically, lack of sincerity, truthfulness, comprehensibility and therefore legitimacy are apparent. Planners are reluctant to simplify written language and translate planning jargon into local languages for councillors to understand. The study concludes that community participation in the urban planning process in Mzuzu fails to entrench democracy due to lack of inclusiveness owing to the language barrier at city level where final planning decisions are made. The study proposes a framework for inclusive participation in urban planning including the motivation, conditions for effective participation and outcomes of participation.

Rafael Prieto-Curiel, Carmen Cabrera-Arnau

Migration plays a crucial role in urban growth. Over time, individuals opting to relocate led to vast metropolises like London and Paris during the Industrial Revolution, Shanghai and Karachi during the last decades and thousands of smaller settlements. Here, we analyze the impact that migration has on population redistribution. We use a model of city-to-city migration as a process that occurs within a network, where the nodes represent cities, and the edges correspond to the flux of individuals. We analyze metrics characterizing the urban distribution and show how a slight preference for some destinations might result in the observed distribution of the population.

Zohar Barak, Nir Cohen

Abstract Scholarship on scientific mobility has long emphasized the structural and agentic difficulties faced by female researchers, especially in the male-dominated STEM disciplines. With notable exceptions, studies ignored the experience of early career female academics who travel internationally for professional reasons, including the various factors of support, which they draw on before and during relocation. This article examines narratives of Israeli PhD graduates who pursue an international postdoctoral fellowship (IPDF). Based on interviews with 24 female researchers in STEM disciplines who took up IPDF in North American universities, it explores the main support factors they draw on and examine their role in the relocation process. Our findings suggest that three factors were particularly instrumental; first, the support of their partners or husbands and, sometimes, their nuclear families, who were willing to make personal, social, and professional sacrifices for the mobility to materialize. Second, the support, both emotional and material, of their (post)doctoral advisors, and other academic colleagues, in their home or host institutions. Finally, prior experience - or familiarity - with academic or other forms of international mobility, were also salient. By analyzing the role of factors, which researchers rely on prior to and during their professional voyage, the study contributes to the field of academic mobility, nuancing the practical experience of ‘travelling’ (female) scientists. In so doing, it contributes to a better understanding of the pivotal, yet understudied, role of partners, families, and colleagues in academic mobilities, which could potentially reduce gender-based gaps in professional trajectories of early career scientists.

Yi-Hsuan Lin, Lalitphat Khongsomchit, Sakdirat Kaewunruen et al.

IntroductionBuilding Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a multidisciplinary methodology that integrates information-rich data with virtual representations to support the management of built assets throughout their lifecycle. While BIM is increasingly adopted in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries and demonstrates significant value in infrastructure projects; however, its application in the railway sector remains limited. The complexity of railway networks, combined with the growing demand for transit projects, presents unique challenges that hinder effective implementation.MethodsThis study investigates the barriers of BIM adoption within the railway industry through a structured questionnaire distributed to professionals and a subsequent detailed analysis of responses.ResultsThis study identifies critical gaps in current BIM practices and highlights several severe obstacles that require urgent attention. Feedback reveals key challenges across four main areas: (1) Technology, (2) Market, (3) Socio-cultural factors, and (4) Policy.DiscussionBy outlining these barriers and suggesting potential solutions, the study provides valuable insights for stakeholders and identifies future research directions to advance BIM integration in railway projects.

M. Cortez-arrevillaga

This research endeavors to describe the involvement of a selected group of Catholic Filipino youth in Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) and how such involvement contributes to their spiritual growth. The BEC has been integrated by some of the parishes in Metro Manila Area in their respective systems to mobilize manpower and enhance people involvement through the grassroot-level of evangelization. Utilizing the purposive sampling method, the researcher worked with the youth of Sagrada Familia Parish (Caloocan City), Sta. Quiteria Parish (Novaliches City) and San Jose Agudo Parish (Quezon City). Youth involvement was measured based on the length of membership in the BEC. Indicators of spiritual growth were incorporated in the survey questionnaires, with subscales on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The researcher-made instrument was content-validated by an expert in the BEC. It was also pre-tested and shown to have a correlation coefficient of 0.824. Results of the survey indicate that involvement of the youth in BEC has a weak correlation to their spiritual growth. Benefits gained from community involvement, areas for improvement, and recommendations were threshed out in a Focus Group Discussion conducted for the three (3) represented communities.

Ingrida Povilaitienė, K. Zaleckis, Aušra Mlinkauskienė et al.

Abstract In the context of rapidly changing urban environments, it becomes crucial to understand how, in that process, not to lose values, which are already there, but further improve sustainable, historically and culturally rooted or even personally meaningful urban spaces. Thus, this research examines the residents’ sense of place in the central part of Kaunas City, Lithuania, focusing on its connection with tangible cultural heritage. To achieve this aim, a series of tasks explores the interplay between the city’s tangible heritage and the residents’ demographic and sociocultural characteristics. The literature analysis provides a theoretical framework by reviewing existing research on the sense of place and material cultural heritage. This is followed by a sociological survey designed to clarify the demographic and sociocultural characteristics of the residents living in central Kaunas. The resident’s sense of the place of the entire city and central part of Kaunas is also investigated here. A key aspect of the research is the evaluation of relations between the sense of place and various demographic and sociocultural factors. The survey explores how different groups within the population perceive and react to heritage objects and attach semantic meanings to these structures. Analysis of the Cultural Heritage Inventory (filled by the public) data helps to identify what type of heritage objects residents most wish to preserve, providing valuable insights for urban planners and heritage conservationists. In the context of Kaunas, a city rich in interwar modernist architecture and other significant cultural heritage sites, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue about the city’s future development. It highlights the need for policies that balance modernisation with the preservation of cultural heritage, ensuring that the city’s unique character and history are maintained. Overall, this research is relevant not only for Kaunas but also for other cities facing similar challenges. The results of this study suggest that effective heritage management in Kaunas requires a nuanced understanding of the resident’s demographic and sociocultural backgrounds. The study contributes to urban planning and heritage conservation by emphasising the need for strategies that align with residents’ perceptions and priorities, ensuring the preservation of the city’s physical and emotional landscapes.

Oksana Mikheieva, L. Myshchak

The modern development of social integration of student youth into the socio-cultural environment of a large city is characterised by the following: growing contradictions between the demand for and supply of youth labour; deformed regional, industry and sectoral employment structures; complicating the process of engaging students in productive labour activity; imperfection of the mechanism of state regulation of youth employment. The sociological approach to analysing the integration of student youth into the socio-cultural environment of a large city is to study the labour market as a social organism consisting of many social groups, each of which, in addition to common ones, has its own specific needs, interests, and value orientations that determine its behaviour at both the micro and macro levels in the market environment. It was concluded that employment occupies a specific place in the system of students' life priorities: on the one hand, it provides an opportunity to achieve financial independence through a successful career and brings pleasure if it is associated with a job they love, and on the other hand, work itself does not guarantee social integration in a big city. The data analysis allowed us to conclude that the appreciation of work by senior students is associated with certain peculiarities: for girls, work, despite its importance, is not the main thing in life, and for boys, it and (especially) its results are sometimes the dominant evidence of social integration.

Guillermo León Moreno Soto

The article presents a review of studies conducted between 2014 and 2020 and a reference framework on urban extractivism, linking this concept to theories of classical authors in urban sociology and geography, as well as to contemporary scholars. It explores how current urban development transforms housing and public space into tradable commodities, rather than recognizing them as fundamental rights and basic needs. This process is evident in phenomena such as the subprime mortgage market, the mass construction of rental housing, gentrification, and touristification, which aim to attract wealthier residents, thereby increasing property sale or rental values, particularly in urban areas on the periphery of global capitalism, which are more susceptible to these dynamics. The study was conducted from a qualitative and hermeneutic perspective, using documentary research as the main strategy, with a dynamic sampling method that was adjusted according to the findings. Regarding the conclusions, it is observed that extractivism and neo-extractivism have managed to consolidate an academic community and form a social movement that brings together environmentalists, academics, and indigenous groups. Concerning the conceptual approach, the need for a deeper analysis of the object of study is highlighted, to determine whether there are similar practices between the logics of extractivism and neo-extractivism in the urban space. Criticisms are made of the neoliberal city model and the socio-spatial inequalities that it (re)produces, especially in Latin American cities.

Dilman Hassan, H. Abdulrahman

Background: Female homicides represent a severe social and public health issue, driven by complex socio-cultural, economic, and relational factors. In Iraq, particularly in Erbil, there has been limited research addressing patterns, risk factors, and characteristics of female homicides, leaving gaps in understanding this critical issue. Objective: This study aims to analyze demographic, geographic, and forensic aspects of female homicides in Erbil City from 2018 to 2022 to identify high-risk groups, influential socio-cultural factors, and potential prevention strategies. Methodology: A retrospective analytical study was conducted, examining 1,063 female homicide cases documented in Erbil City over a five-year period. Data were obtained from forensic, hospital, and law enforcement records and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to explore victim demographics, geographic distribution, homicide methods, and relationships with perpetrators. Results: Findings show that young adult women aged 21-30 are the most vulnerable group, comprising 29% of cases. Geographically, Erbil’s central urban areas recorded the highest homicide rates, possibly due to population density, economic pressures, and social tensions. Burning (42.3%) and firearm use (28.7%) were the most common methods, indicating socio-cultural influences and accessibility to weapons. A majority of homicides (60%) occurred within private residences, with intimate partners and family members frequently implicated as perpetrators. Conclusion: The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions, such as domestic violence prevention programs, firearm regulation, and culturally adapted public health policies. By identifying key risk factors and socio-cultural contributors, these findings support the development of evidence-based strategies to reduce female homicides in Erbil and comparable sociocultural settings.

Swati Rath, P. Swain

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization brings along with it an array of challenges including housing issues, traffic congestion, proliferation of slums, water and sanitation issues, poor air quality, increased crimes, unemployment and problems of waste management. Water and air pollution due to improper disposal of solid waste poses significant threat to urban health and thereby resulting in poor living conditions. Solid waste has been studied extensively by natural scientists, ecologists, and conservation scientists. However, the study makes an attempt to analyze the sociological aspects of solid waste in urban space. With the help of the theoretical lens of political-ecology and actor-network theories, the current study uncovers the linkages, conflicts, and power relations between political, and social components of the solid waste management issues in the Indian city of Bhubaneswar. Resorting to mixed method and obtaining relevant date through survey, semi-structured interview schedule, and ethnography, the study locates power relations between caste, class, and gender groups, resulting in ‘urban metabolism.’ Waste has also become hybrid due to heterogeneity, relationalities, multiplicities, and framing. The study suggests that recognizing and empowering underrepresented actors can actively shape and meaningfully reorient waste discourse in Bhubaneswar.

Rémi Lemoy

Do cities have just one or several centers? Studies performing radial or monocentric analyses of cities are usually criticised by researchers stating that cities are actually polycentric, and this has been well known for a long time. Reversely, when cities are studied independently of any center, other researchers will wonder how the variables of interest evolve with the distance to the center, because this distance is known to be a major determinant at the intra-urban scale. Both monocentric and polycentric formalisms have been introduced centuries (respectively, decades) ago for the study of urban areas, and used both on the empirical and the theoretical side in different disciplines (economics, geography, complex systems, physics...). The present work performs a synthesis of both viewpoints on cities, regarding their use in the literature, and explores with data on European urban areas how some cities considered to be the most polycentric in Europe compare to more standard cities when studied through a combination of radial analysis and scaling laws.

Jai G Singla

GNSS observations are carried out in static mode/ Differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) and dynamic mode / Real time Kinematics (RTK) mainly. RTK mode of observation is useful in case of navigation whereas in order to determine very precise positioning, static / DGNSS/ DGPS mode is recommended. In this study, we have examined the quality of DGNSS survey of an urban city in India over ~300 Ground Control Points. Survey is carried out in DGNSS mode with dual frequency mode. All the observations were recorded using GPS, GLONASS , Galileo and Beidu with GDOP values in the range of 1.4 to 2.5. Beidu was used in broadcast ephemeris mode whereas for other constellations, precise orbit ephemeris were obtained from International GNSS service (IGS) site as per the observation day and month. Further, all the data was post processed in the SW suite and positional and vertical accuracies of millimeter to few centimeter level were obtained. This paper describes the approach of Ground Control Point (GCP) identification, surveying, methodology, use of CORS network and data post-processing in order to achieve such a precise accuracies in the urban city.

Nathalie Goldwaser Yankelevich, María Luz Mango

Desde un análisis crítico, en este artículo abordamos un corpus secundario que se refirió a la historia centenaria de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, evitando la denominación Belle époque. No obstante, para comprender este período (1880-1910) proponemos utilizar el concepto moda, no por su arquetipo (la indumentaria), sino como fenómeno, cuyo proceder jánico evidenciaría los tres tempos históricos de una ciudad, esto es, mirando el pasado, instalándose en el presente, a fin de fenecer en el futuro para convertirse en una nueva tradición. Así la moda arquitectónica, urbanística, pueda renacer e incorporar otra innovación.

Denis A. Grishin, Egor P. Nedorostov

Introduction. In this article, the authors analyze the specifics of the criminal liability of minors depending on the scene of crime. The authors cite the current statistics of the Information Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Sverdlovsk region, which demonstrates the prevalence of crimes against public safety by minors in the territory of the city of Ekaterinburg in comparison with other cities of the Sverdlovsk region. The data obtained made it possible to identify the reasons for committing crimes against public safety in the territory of the city of Ekaterinburg, which, in their opinion, should be taken into account when differentiating and individualizing the criminal liability of the minors. According to the authors, the need to follow a differentiated approach to the criminal liability of minors is a relevant issue, which is expressed in the specifics of punishment imposing, procedure for applying compulsory educational measures, exemption from criminal liability, as well as the calculation of the statute of limitations, taking into account the crime scene. At the same time, the issue of no less importance is the one of executing punishment imposed on minors to achieve the criminal liability goals. Materials and methods. As part of the scientific research, a set of general scientific and private scientific methods was used, including a special legal, statistical, comparative methods and hermeneutics. Results. The authors identify and propose to take into account a number of significant factors affecting the efficiency of the criminal legal system in relation to minors (crime scenes). On this basis, recommendations have been developed, including the ones on changing regulatory framework and the application practice. It is revealed that the approach to differentiation corresponds to global practice, so a number of key principles of criminal responsibility of the minors in foreign legislation are given.

Riffat Islam, Md. Kamruzzaman

The percentage of urban areas dedicated to streets and public spaces is a crucial feature of the spatial planning of cities. By 2050 urban mobility will be one of the biggest confronts for global cities. This study has been carried out to assess the ratio of public space allocated to the streets in some cities of Bangladesh. The length, width, area, and number of street crossings have been counted for the city core and its suburban area as an indicator of the form and pattern of the street layout. This exercise does not consider the rest of the public spaces, like gardens and general public spaces for amenities, including sports. The methodology of data collection has been through Google Earth and GIS software. For precise results, other more sophisticated software is essential. Nevertheless, even at these levels of precision, very interesting city patterns emerge. The findings of this study show that Bogra, Rangpur, and Dinajpur are better cities having higher land allocation rates for streets, including sufficient crossings. Nilphamari and Thakurgaon have lower land areas for roads; tend to have lower connectivity and productivity. The rest of the cities have an average land area for roads and an average number of street crossings.