Hasil untuk "Special types of environment"

Sen Yang, Sen Yang, Hanmin Liu et al.

The intestinal epithelium represents a critical interface between the host and external environment, serving as the second largest surface area in the human body after the lungs. This dynamic barrier is sustained by specialized epithelial cell types and their complex interactions with the gut microbiota. This review comprehensively examines the recent advances in understanding the bidirectional communication between intestinal epithelial cells and the microbiome. We briefly highlight the role of various intestinal epithelial cell types, such as Paneth cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells, in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and barrier function. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, influence epithelial cell function and intestinal barrier integrity. Additionally, we highlight emerging evidence of the sophisticated cooperation between different epithelial cell types, with special emphasis on the interaction between tuft cells and Paneth cells in maintaining microbial balance. Understanding these complex interactions has important implications for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for various gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and colorectal cancer.

Nasrin Akbari, Reza Darvishzadeh

Extended Abstract Background: The process of selecting and introducing compatible genotypes with high yield potential requires evaluation in different years and places. Due to the severe and rapid changes in climate, which confront crops with all kinds of stress, especially drought stress, it is expected that the cultivated area of crops, such as sunflower, which is highly desirable for planting due to its special characteristics, will decrease. Undoubtedly, improving drought tolerance and developing high-yielding cultivars is one of the most important goals in breeding programs. On the other hand, in the selection and introduction of varieties, performance, the most important feature of the breeding program, due to its polygenic nature, is strongly affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, taking into account the quantitative control, and the effects of the environment and the interaction of the genotype × environment, selection for this trait is complex, costly, and time-consuming. Therefore, understanding the genotype × environment interaction is essential for the development of high-yielding and stable genotypes. Crop stability in the agricultural concept means no deviation from the expected product response. Based on this, several methods have been introduced for selection with optimal efficiency and high accuracy. Stability indices are divided into two main groups: parametric and non-parametric stability indices. Each of these two groups has advantages and disadvantages. Thus, if parametric methods are more capable of evaluating the interaction effects of the genotype × environment and analysis of stability, non-parametric methods have a higher ability to analyze non-crossed interactions. However, it seems that the purpose of the plant breeder and the size of the studied sample are decisive in the superiority of these statistics. If the purpose of the plant breeder is only to rank genotypes among environments, non-parametric statistics are more suitable. If the sample size is small, the use of parametric statistics will be more appropriate than non-parametric ones, but if the sample size is large, the efficiency of both types of stability indices will be equal. It seems that using both stability indices helps in selecting genotypes with stable performance. In this research, it was tried to obtain comprehensive information about the studied genotypes using both groups of stability indices. Methods: One hundred oilseed sunflower genotypes were evaluated in a 10 × 10 simple lattice design under two normal and drought stress (irrigation limitation) conditions during 2012 and 2013 (four environments) in terms of seed yield in Qezeljeh village in West Azerbaijan, Iran. For this purpose, cultivation was done in lines with 5-meter long. The distance between the lines was 60 cm, and the distance between the plants on the lines was 50 cm. The criterion for applying the treatment was the rate of evaporation from the class A evaporation pan. In both years, the field was irrigated up to the 8-leaf stage in both normal and limited irrigation experiments after 90 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. From the 8-leaf stage onwards in the normal irrigation experiment, irrigation continued in the same way until the end of the growing season. In limited irrigation, irrigation was done after 180 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. Parametric and non-parametric stability indices were used to select genotypes with high and stable performance. In this regard, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done with a mixed linear model, considering the environment and genotype as fixed effects and the year and replication as random effects. SAS software version 4.9 was used for ANOVA, and the STABILITYSOFT program under the R environment was used for stability analysis. Stability analysis was done with seven different parametric methods (based on ANOVA and regression analysis) and 11 non-parametric methods. Moreover, the STABILITYSOFT program was used to show the relationship between different stability indices in the form of a heat map plot. Results: Based on the results of combined ANOVA, the effects of the genotype and genotype × environment were significant. Considering the variability observed among genotypes and the different reactions of genotypes from one environment to another, stability analysis was done with different parametric and non-parametric methods to select stable genotypes. Based on the correlation results, the average yield (MY) with S(3) statistics at the 5% probability level and with S(6), NP(2), NP(3), NP(4), GE (θ(i)), and Kang statistics at the 1% probability level showed a negative correlation and with NP(1), Wi2, σi2, Reg, MV (θi) and Sdi2 statistics at the 1% level showed positive and significant correlations. In particular, the three Shukla's statistics (σi2), Wick's equivalence (Wi2), and MV (θi) parameters showed a positive correlation with yield. Based on all parametric and non-parametric stability parameters, the AS613 genotype was introduced as a genotype with high yield and stability. Conclusion: The stability indices, which evaluate the stability of genetic materials, can be beneficial to a large extent in the optimal and efficient selection of parental genotypes for developing high-yielding and stress-tolerant cultivars.

Kim, Lidiya Gustovna, Rolgayzer, Anastasia Aleksandrovna

This research presents the analysis of a comment as a reactive speech genre. The authors focus on its specific variation – Internet comment on various online materials (news, posts, blogs), widely presented in virtual communication. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the position that the Internet comment is a hybrid speech genre which is characterized, on the one hand, by the features of a traditional comment as a secondary genre and, on the other hand, by special features resulting from the virtual communication environment. The research solves several tasks: 1) to identify typological features of a comment as a reactive genre; 2) to establish the peculiarities of the Internet comment genre. The empirical material of the research consists of the contexts selected by a continuous sampling method from various Internet resources (news portals, blogs, entertainment news sites). The research is based on comparative method and the method of discourse analysis. As a result of a complex, intergrated analysis of various types of comments, a number of features inherent with the genre of the Internet comment have been revealed: polysubjectivity, the realization of centripetal and centrifugal tendencies which determine the development of dialogue between users, reflecting the subjective perception of the source text by the authors of Internet comments and their subjective cognitive and speech reactions, the realization of a special communicative purpose, language design and content, expressed through the predominance of modus over dictum, the peculiarities of the text design related to its technical aspect. In the context of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, the genre of the Internet comment is characterized by radial and wave principles of organization. Thus, the authors conclude that the Internet comment is a hybrid genre of virtual communication combining the characteristics of the traditional comment and other Internet genres. 

Адік Мамедов, Асадулла Абдуллаєв

Problems Statement and Purpose. The subject of discussion is soil pollution - a type of anthropogenic degradation in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level. The population of the earth is growing rapidly. Population growth requires food supply and meeting their consumption. At this time, the environment is polluted. Industry and agriculture especially cause soil pollution. For this reason, its research is an urgent issue. We also analyzed environmental pollution during the study. The research area is located in the Lesser Caucasus physical-geographic region, where the most important industrial enterprises in our country are located. The region is located in the western part of Azerbaijan, in an area rich in minerals. Both non-ferrous and ferrous metals are rich here. The natural conditions are also favorable for the development of industry in the area. Its richness in mineral deposits makes large-scale research of the area relevant. Therefore, our research is dedicated to the actual topic. Data and Methods. For analysis, soil samples were taken from the research area and analyzed in the laboratory. Soil samples were taken from different soil types in the Lesser Caucasus. Based on the results of these analyses, comparisons were made for soil types.Then calculations were made based on mathematical and statistical methods. During the study, the results of previous studies in the area were also used. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, the influence of man-made emissions of lead, cadmium and mercury on various soil types on the northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus was studied, and the mechanisms that determine the state and behavior of heavy metals in background and soils subject to contamination were investigated. Ganja aluminum plant and Dashkasan ore refining plant located in the study area play a special role in soil pollution. Conclusion. It has been noted that the excess content of certain chemicals (Pb, Hg, Cd) in the human environment (compared to natural levels) due to their receipt from anthropogenic sources has a negative impact on the environment. The process by which uncharacteristic microelements appear in the soil, characterized by a toxic effect and affecting the properties of the soil, is called soil contamination with heavy metals. It has been established that soil contamination with such chemical elements as lead, cadmium, and mercury poses a particular environmental hazard.

Denise M. Selegato, Ian Castro-Gamboa

In natural product research, microbial metabolites have tremendous potential to provide new therapeutic agents since extremely diverse chemical structures can be found in the nearly infinite microbial population. Conventionally, these specialized metabolites are screened by single-strain cultures. However, owing to the lack of biotic and abiotic interactions in monocultures, the growth conditions are significantly different from those encountered in a natural environment and result in less diversity and the frequent re-isolation of known compounds. In the last decade, several methods have been developed to eventually understand the physiological conditions under which cryptic microbial genes are activated in an attempt to stimulate their biosynthesis and elicit the production of hitherto unexpressed chemical diversity. Among those, co-cultivation is one of the most efficient ways to induce silenced pathways, mimicking the competitive microbial environment for the production and holistic regulation of metabolites, and has become a golden methodology for metabolome expansion. It does not require previous knowledge of the signaling mechanism and genome nor any special equipment for cultivation and data interpretation. Several reviews have shown the potential of co-cultivation to produce new biologically active leads. However, only a few studies have detailed experimental, analytical, and microbiological strategies for efficiently inducing bioactive molecules by co-culture. Therefore, we reviewed studies applying co-culture to induce secondary metabolite pathways to provide insights into experimental variables compatible with high-throughput analytical procedures. Mixed-fermentation publications from 1978 to 2022 were assessed regarding types of co-culture set-ups, metabolic induction, and interaction effects.

L. A. Samboruk

The present article is aimed at examining the effect of linguistic economy within the modern university English-speaking environment based on the institutional educational discourse. A huge number of people are involved in the virtual space today including both students and teaching staff, and due to that expansion, the active application of this media channel is accompanied by increasing intercultural character and fast adaption of English-speaking trends to the conditions of foreign communicative reality. It is highly relevant nowadays to identify and systematize the structural and semantic features of English texts in the format of corresponding messages. It is also necessary to mention the cognitive information variety and integrity of Internet textual chats, characterized by language economy markers. The following general scientific methods and research means are applied in the present study: a descriptive method, method of observation, quantification and classification methods accompanied by special ways and means of systematic approach to linguistic analysis, and elements of discourse analysis. As a result of linguistic analysis of the corresponding language units located on educational platforms of English and American universities, it was discovered that Internet communication tends to resist awkwardness and superfluity. At the lexical level, small-format messages are characterized by the presence of various types of abbreviations and neologisms. At the syntactic level, the desire to save time and energy finds verbal expression in the abundance of short sentences, homogeneous sentence members, passive and secondary predicative constructions. In phonetics the principle of linguistic economy is evidently manifesting itself in assimilation

A. V. Ravnyushkin

Relevance and subject of research. The circulation of firearms as a source of increased danger is subject to legal regulation and control in the Russian Federation. The use of weapons by police officers is no exception. The norms of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “About the Police” (hereinafter referred to as the Law “About the Police”) refer to the achievements of domestic administrative science as a result of the work of specialists. In systemic connection with the norms of criminal law, they regulate the conditions and limits for the use of coercive measures by police officers, including firearms. The fundamental ideas of the activities of the Russian police have successfully cooperated with the norms of international law. On the contrary, in the socalled “leading” democratic state – the United States of America, such cooperation does not look well-coordinated, which the Author substantiates when studying the origins of the right of citizens of this state to own firearms, the regulatory regulation of the circulation of weapons in the United States, the negative consequences of this regulation (based on research by American scientists and statistical data), the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation. One of the US attempts to comply with international law in this area is analyzed, namely the adopted new policy of the US Customs and Border Protection on the use of force, including firearms.The purpose of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of the circulation of civilian firearms in the United States, the use of these weapons as a coercive measure by police officers in order to identify its positive aspects, in the presence of which the decision on the possibility / impossibility of their introduction into Russian legislation. This led to the setting of the following tasks: to study the constitutional foundations of the right to own firearms by US citizens (historical aspect); to determine the current state of legal regulation of civilian circulation of firearms in the United States and its consequences; analyze the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation, evaluate them and determine the prospects for their improvement; identify the provisions of American legislation that are of scientific interest, and the possibility / impossibility of their implementation in Russian legislation.The methodological basis of the study was a dialectical approach to the scientific knowledge of social relations associated with the circulation of firearms, the implementation of their state regulation, analysis and synthesis of the results obtained during the study, which made it possible to formulate and substantiate the conclusions. Among the special methods used in the study are the method of studying normative legal acts and documents, the empirical method, the method of processing and analyzing data, and their generalization. Findings. The study shows that the constitutional foundations for the right to own firearms by US citizens developed simultaneously with the emergence of statehood: first in individual states, and then in the very union of these states formed into a single US government. The existing multi-layered legal framework for regulating the circulation of firearms has created a wide range of owners with a relatively simple system of access, which negatively affects the criminal environment, in which armed attacks with mass casualties are of high importance. Cases of armed attacks and other negative illegal acts to a certain extent influenced the processes of militarization of the police, the creation and strengthening of special operations units, the adoption by the police of various types of military equipment, weapons and special means. Detailed legal regulation of the use of lethal force by the police is developing belatedly. The 2014 adoption of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Manual did not prompt other law enforcement agencies to adopt similar rules, indicating the fragmentation of U.S. law enforcement. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Guidelines on the use of force is of particular scientific interest, and after its careful analysis, it is possible to introduce certain provisions into the legal regulation of the activities of the Russian police, especially the use of lethal force. The fundamental ideas of police activity developed in Russia can be recognized as certain guidelines for the development of the American police. The relatively small number of firearm owners in Russia and the high requirements for the circulation of firearms are a deterrent to the negative developments taking place in the United States.

Pavel Grabalov, H. Nordh

ABSTRACT Public spaces are believed to make cities more liveable, healthy and socially equal. To date, discussions about public spaces have primarily revolved around emblematic types, such as squares and parks, while little attention has been paid to cemeteries. Drawing on a review of public space scholarship and cemetery research, an analysis of strategies for cemetery development in two Scandinavian capitals, Oslo and Copenhagen, and interviews with stakeholders, this paper elaborates on the cemetery as a special type of public space. Our findings demonstrate the potential of cemeteries’ contribution to the urban environment as multifunctional public spaces – the trajectory envisioned by the two municipalities.

Ana Laura de Queiróz Pereira, Carla Larissa Cunha Sottomaior, Raquel Aziz Batista et al.

Abstract: Introduction: The university is an instrument of social change, capable of bringing new thoughts and critical analyses to the community. With the expansion of the feminist movement in Brazil, the discussion about gender relations has increased, with demands for symmetrical relations, juxtaposing university spaces to such demands. In this context, in the university games between medical schools (Intermed), violence against women has become evident, with the need for a center able to provide protection to students and promote changes in the accomplishment of such events. Based on this reality, the idea of the “Count on Me” project has emerged. Experience report: At the organization of “Intermed” 2017, a group of women proposed to construct an environment where the participants could find safeguard in an oppressor context. A support tent was created, in which complaints of transgressions that occurred during the event would be heard. To optimize the approach to specific complaints, training was carried out together with the Special Police Force for Women’s Assistance for the project volunteers, in addition to the creation of a network of which function during the event was: to provide an emergency care shift in the tent; Minute Book for the recording of complaints and ornaments to identify the volunteers. In 2018, the participants of “Count on Me” project helped in the drafting of the statute that regulates the organization of “Intermed”, assigning punishments to some types of violence. Additionally, this document formalized the requirement for a physical space for the project in all editions. Discussion: In a few years, the “Count on Me” project established itself as an apparatus for the safety and well-being of the female participants. As violence against women is a public health problem, this innovative measure showed to be effective in confronting sexism. Conclusion: Even though the implementation of “Count on Me” project can be considered a success, multiple efforts are still necessary to make the university environment a fair one for all students, which depends on the volunteers’ engagement with frequent trainings, the education of male students regarding the cause, to the coordination of Medical Schools that have the obligation to provide the best possible environment for all students.

Suyu Wang, Ze Ren, Miao Wu

The research and development of special robots such as excavation robots is an important way to achieve safe and efficient production in coal mines. Affected by the unstructured environment such as complex working conditions and unsteady factor disturbances, the real-time construction of section environment maps that can accurately describe the environment and facilitate trajectory planning and decision making has become a key scientific problem to be solved as soon as possible. Therefore, non-uniform input based adaptive growing neural gas for unstructured environment map construction has been proposed. Considering complex load identification, real-time location identification, and the types of unsteady disturbance factors and working conditions, a set of environment identification models has been established based on a large amount of underground measured data training. These models can express whether the section environment has changed, as well as the type and magnitude of the change, to realize the overall knowledge extraction and parametric representation of the unstructured environment. Then, in order to solve the problems of inaccurate topology, excessive aging of connecting edges, and excessive deletion of nodes in non-uniform input environment, an adaptive growing neural gas algorithm based on non-uniform input environment (AGNG-NU) is proposed. Featured by a dynamic response deletion mechanism and adaptive adjustment mechanism of neuron parameters, the generated nodes and their topology can be dynamically adjusted according to the density of regional sample points. Several sets of non-uniform input environments are set to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that the topological maps established by AGNG-NU express clearer environmental information and, at the same time, the accuracy and distribution are improved by 8% and 15%, respectively, compared with the basic GNG algorithm. The accuracy and the distribution have also been significantly improved compared with other common SOM and GCS algorithms.

Xiuna Ren, Yue Sun, Zhaoyu Wang et al.

Abstract Microplastics (MPs), as a new type of pollution, could result in serious environmental pollution due to its special properties. Meanwhile, the damage of MPs to environment could be reflected by the MPs characteristics in sewage sludge, one of dominant sinks of MPs. Therefore, this study investigated the abundance and characteristics of MPs of sewage sludge derived from Yangling, Shaanxi province. Results showed that among of all detected MPs, the particle size ranged from 8 ​μm–1 ​mm, especially 8–400.00 ​μm, accounting for 97.27%. Moreover, the microplastics were dominantly in the shape of fragment in white. Additionally, 41.18% of the microplastics were identified as PVC, which led to higher risk index in Yangling. Furthermore, human density, human activities, environmental factors, and industrial types were responsible for the different details of microplastics in sewage sludge. Concluded from these results, more attention is supposed to pay on MPs pollution in Yangling zone.

W. Brantley

This review article presents an evolution of the nickel-titanium wires for orthodontics, following their introduction by the pioneering studies of Andreasen. The original nonsuperelastic wires were followed by the introduction of superelastic Japanese NiTi wire by Miura and colleagues and Chinese NiTi wire by Burstone and colleagues. Subsequently, new nickel-titanium wires with true shape memory in the oral environment were introduced. Manufacturers have marketed special heat-treated wires with variable force delivery at different positions along the archwire. Ion implantation and other surface modification techniques have been used by manufacturers to reduce in vivo nickel release from the nickel-titanium wires, provide a more esthetic appearance, decrease friction, and improve corrosion resistance. The use of several research techniques to provide supporting information about the structures and transformations, mechanical properties, and clinical failure for the different types of the nickel-titanium wires are summarized. The evolution of the ADA/ISO standard for evaluation of these wires is also described. The closing section focuses on the use of surface modification and special coatings for the nickel-titanium wires, a major recent and ongoing area of active research.

La Li, R. Tuan

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition of abnormal bone formation in soft tissue. Three factors have been proposed as required to induce HO: (a) osteogenic precursor cells, (b) osteoinductive agents and (c) an osteoconductive environment. Since Urist's landmark discovery of bone induction in skeletal muscle tissue by demineralized bone matrix, it is generally believed that skeletal muscle itself is a conductive environment for osteogenesis and that resident progenitor cells in skeletal muscle are capable of differentiating into osteoblast to form bone. However, little is known about the naturally occurring osteoinductive agents that triggered this osteogenic response in the first place. This article provides a review of the emerging findings regarding distinct types of HO to summarize the current understanding of HO mechanisms, with special attention to the osteogenic factors that are induced following injury. Specifically, we hypothesize that muscle injury‐induced up‐regulation of local bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) level, combined with glucocorticoid excess‐induced down‐regulation of circulating transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) level, could be an important causative mechanism of traumatic HO formation.

Kurpińska Marzena, Grzyl Beata, Kristowski Adam

Hydrotechnical constructions are mostly objects functioning in extreme conditions and requiring a custom-made construction project. In the case of using prefabricated elements, it is required to develop production, transport, assembly, conservation and repair technology. Concerning the problem of concrete cracks, modern repair systems allow positive effects to be achieved in many cases of concrete elements repair. In this work an attempt has been made to assess the properties of concrete, situated in the Baltic Sea environment, in which traditional rebar was partly replaced by dispersed fibre-phase. Fibre-reinforced concrete belongs to the group of composite materials. The presence of fibres helps to increase the tensile strength, flexural strength and resilience and also prevents the appearance of cracks. In the given paper we will also discuss basic parameters of steel and polymer fibres and the influence of both types of fibres on the maturing and hardened concrete. In this work special attention has been paid to the advantages of polypropylene and polymer fibres with regard to commonly-known steel fibres. The use of synthetic fibres will be advantageous in constructions where the reduction of shrinkage cracks and high resilience are essential. On top of that, the use of synthetic fibres is highly recommended when constructing objects that will be exposed to the impact of an aggressive environment. Undoubtedly, polymer fibres are resistant to the majority of corrosive environments. Fibre-reinforced concretes are a frequently implemented construction solution. The possibility of concrete modification allows the emergence of new construction materials with improved physical-mechanical properties, under the condition of being applied relevantly.

Kolyagina Victoria, Yadrov Konstantin, Golubovich Slavitsa et al.

The actual topic of modern psychology is the psychological health of students and youth. In further socialization and adaptation in society, a major role is played by the absence of anxiety in the psychological characteristics of children. It is very important that the future generation enters adulthood without a neurotic history. Therefore, the study of the characteristics of the manifestation of anxiety at school and university, its types and specific manifestations is one of the main aspects of the study of modern psychological science. The purpose of the paper is to consider the characteristics of the manifestation of anxiety in students of the fifth, ninth grades and students of the last courses of university. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes the types of anxiety of schoolchildren and students, the features of its manifestation in various age and gender groups. The study was conducted using psychological tests to identify the dependence of the level of anxiety on gender, age and the influence of the external environment. The research data were processed using mathematical statistics. The results of the study. A study of the manifestation of anxiety features showed that the school anxiety decreases and interpersonal anxiety increases with age. The data indicate the specificity in the gender characteristics of the manifestation of anxiety. High indicators of anxiety show the need to create special conditions for the upbringing and education of children in educational institutions to prevent it and reduce the level of neuroticism in schoolchildren and students. Discussion and conclusions. The results of the study can be useful to teachers, psychologists, and teachers for understanding the psychological component of the development of schoolchildren and students, for their further successful psychological maturation.

Kim Trainor

A. Fedorov, N. F. Vasilyev, Y. Torgovkin et al.

The history of permafrost landscape map compilation is related to the study of ecological problems with permafrost. Permafrost-landscape studies are now widely used in geocryological mapping. Permafrost-landscape classifications and mapping are necessary for studying the trends in development of the natural environment in northern and high-altitude permafrost regions. The cryogenic factor in the permafrost zone plays a leading role in the differentiation of landscapes, so it must be considered during classification construction. In this study, a map’s special content was developed using publications about Yakutian nature, archive sources from academic institutes, the interpretation of satellite images, and special field studies. Overlays of 20 types of terrain, identified by geological and geomorphological features, and 36 types of plant groupings, allowed the systematization of permafrost temperature and active layer thickness in 145 landscape units with relatively homogeneous permafrost-landscape conditions in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. This map serves as a basis for applied thematic maps related to the assessment and forecast of permafrost changes during climate warming and anthropogenic impacts.

Vassiliki Vlami, Ioannis P. Kokkoris, S. Zogaris et al.

H. Bluestein, Michael H. Jain

Teketo Kassaw Tegegne, Catherine Chojenta, Theodros Getachew et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Geospatial data are important in monitoring many aspects of healthcare development. Geographically linking health facility data with population data is an important area of public health research. Examining healthcare problems spatially and hierarchically assists with efficient resource allocation and the monitoring and evaluation of service efficacy at different levels. This paper explored methodological issues associated with geographic data linkage, and the spatial and multilevel analyses that could be considered in analysing maternal health service data.<h4>Methods</h4>The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey and the 2014 Ethiopia Service Provision Assessment data were used. Two geographic data linking methods were used to link these two datasets. Administrative boundary link was used to link a sample of health facilities data with population survey data for analysing three areas of maternal health service use. Euclidean buffer link was used for a census of hospitals to analyse caesarean delivery use in Ethiopia. The Global Moran's I and the Getis-Ord Gi* statistics need to be carried out for identifying hot spots of maternal health service use in ArcGIS software. In addition to this, since the two datasets contain hierarchical data, a multilevel analysis was carried out to identify key determinants of maternal health service use in Ethiopia.<h4>Results</h4>Administrative boundary link gave more types of health facilities and more maternal health services as compared to the Euclidean buffer link. Administrative boundary link is the method of choice in case of sampled health facilities. However, for a census of health facilities, the Euclidean buffer link is the appropriate choice as this provides cluster level service environment estimates, which the administrative boundary link does not. Applying a False Discovery Rate correction enables the identification of true spatial clusters of maternal health service use.<h4>Conclusions</h4>A service environment link minimizes the methodological issues associated with geographic data linkage. A False Discovery Rate correction needs to be used to account for multiple and dependent testing while carrying out local spatial statistics. Examining maternal health service use both spatially and hierarchically has tremendous importance for identifying geographic areas that need special emphasis and for intervention purposes.