Hasil untuk "Sociology"

A. Giddens

K. Mannheim, L. Wirth

M. Bury

S. Ball

S. Gopalakrishnan, F. Damanpour

U. Beck

B. Mayall

P. Sorokin, R. Merton

Xingcheng Lu, Yixin Luo, Yiang Chen et al.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a major atmospheric pollutant with adverse health effects on humans. Moreover, CO can indirectly prolong the lifetime of methane and contribute to global warming. Therefore, understanding the spatial distribution of CO emissions is crucial for designing much-needed strategies to control this pollutant. In this work, a hybrid Weather Research & Forecasting–stochastic time-inverted Lagrangian transport (WRF-STILT)–Bayesian inversion framework was constructed to correct CO emissions over the Greater Bay Area (GBA) for February 2019 and February 2020. After adjusting CO emissions, the average root mean squared error (RMSE), normalized mean error (NME), and correlation coefficient (R) for the simulated CO concentrations in February 2019 and 2020 changed from 0.31 ppm to 0.12 ppm (a 61% reduction), 0.35 to 0.13 (a 63% reduction), and 0.47 to 0.87 (an 85% increase), respectively. The updated CO emissions were then used as input for the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), a Eulerian model, to further validate the method. The results again indicated that the simulation performance was improved substantially, with a 58% increase in the average R value, a 62% reduction in the RMSE, and a 68% reduction in the NME. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed method in correcting CO emissions. According to the updated emission data, CO emissions over the GBA during the Spring Festival and the COVID-19 lockdown period were 8.3% and 19.6% lower than during normal periods, respectively. These results highlight the importance of accounting for such atypical events in emission estimation and air quality modeling. Analysis of the source areas contributing to CO concentrations in population centers of major GBA cities showed that the average contributions from local emissions and emissions from other GBA cities were 45.5% and 38.8%, respectively. The method developed in this work can be further used for CO adjustment in other regions and contribute to a deeper understanding of the characteristics of this important pollutant.

Shayan Firouzian Haji

Agent-based modeling (ABM) has emerged as a powerful tool in social policy-making and socio-economics, offering a flexible and dynamic approach to understanding and simulating complex systems. While traditional analytic methods may be less effective in unpredictable situations, ABM can provide valuable support for policy-making by generating large ensembles of scenarios and evaluating adaptive policies. This approach has been applied in various fields, including economics, management, sociology, and politics, and has the potential to deepen our understanding of economic policy in the cooperative sector.

Gang Lee, Sinyong Choi

Cyberbullying has emerged as a prominent social issue in recent years, affecting individuals across various age groups, including college students. This study aims to shed light on cyberbullying behaviors among American and Korean college students, drawing on the lenses of social learning theory and general strain theory as theoretical frameworks. Two survey data sets of 1067 college students (686 from South Korea and 381 from the U.S.) revealed that the social learning variable of definitions was the key predictor of cyberbullying behaviors for American students, while differential association was the significant predictor for Korean students. General strain variables were found to be not strong predictors of cyberbullying behaviors for American students, while these variables were significant predictors for Korean students. The differences between two college student populations in terms of the effects of theoretical factors on cyberbullying behaviors suggests the necessity of diverse approaches toward cyberbullying preventive strategies.

Michael Sauder, Freda B. Lynn, Joel Podolny

Fredua Agyemang

Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) focuses on making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Although the goal primarily addresses urban development, its principles also extend to rural areas, but the extent to which South Africa’s legal and policy frameworks empower traditional authorities to contribute to the development of their communities, particularly towards achieving SDG11, remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates how South Africa’s national legislative frameworks on traditional leadership have been applied to support the advancement of SDG 11. It examines the legal provisions within the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, and relevant legislation to determine whether these frameworks provide a strong legal basis for promoting SDG 11 through the empowerment of traditional leadership. This study employs a desktop research methodology involving a comprehensive review of relevant laws, policies, and case law. Secondary data were gathered from case studies, journal articles, books, case laws, and credible internet sources. The findings suggest that the traditional authority system is deeply embedded within the South African Constitution, as well as legislative and policy frameworks, and has been effectively leveraged to advance SDG 11. Key insights emphasise the constitutional and legal recognition of traditional authorities and highlight the enforcement of traditional leadership roles and functions through various legal cases, and SDG 11-aligned programmes in South Africa. The areas where the role and functions of traditional leadership intersect with SDG 11 and rural development include security and safety, community participation, land management and sustainable settlements, cultural heritage and community identity, disaster management, and environmental stewardship. The empowerment of traditional leadership in South Africa has significant implications for achieving SDG 11 and rural development. These implications include enhanced local governance and service delivery, increased accountability and transparency, balanced rural-urban linkages, promotion of environmental stewardship, and the fostering of inclusive development. It also strengthens rural resilience, preserves cultural heritage, promotes sustainable resource management, and improves community engagement. However, challenges related to power dynamics, equity, and the need for policy integration and cohesion must be addressed to ensure that traditional leadership empowerment contributes effectively to sustainable development in South Africa.

Dorota Kubicka

CEL NAUKOWY: Wskazanie na aktualność rozwijanej przed laty koncepcji czterech odmiennych, ale komplementarnych psychologicznych mechanizmów wychowawczego wpływu na dzieci i młodzież w wyjaśnianiu procesów edukacyjnych we współczesnych środowiskach wychowawczych. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem jest nieobecność tej koncepcji w aktualnym dyskursie naukowym na temat edukacji, co może utrudniać rozumienie całego spektrum koniecznych oddziaływań psychologicznych jako warunku skuteczności wszelkich zabiegów wychowawczych. PROCES WYWODU: 1. Opis i analiza czterech uniwersalnych psychologicznych mechanizmów nadawania i odbioru wpływów wychowawczych. 2. Zarysowanie kontekstu i niektórych kierunków zmian doświadczeń edukacyjnych współczesnych dzieci i młodzieży. 3. Podkreślenie głównych zmian w transmisji i odbiorze wpływów wychowawczych z perspektywy psychologicznej. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Uwydatnienie teoretycznej i praktycznej użyteczności koncepcji mechanizmów transmisji wpływów wychowawczych i ich roli jako kompleksowego systemu narzędzi w kontekście celowej działalności wychowawców. WNIOSKI, REKOMENDACJE I APLIKACYJNE ZNACZENIE WPŁYWU BADAŃ: Ponowna refleksja nad tymi procesami może pomóc w zrozumieniu i rozwijaniu relacji między współczesnymi wychowawcami a młodym cyfrowym pokoleniem wobec wyzwań, jakie stają przed wychowawcami dzieci i młodzieży w XXI wieku.

Konstantin S. Kondratenko

The article introduces a new concept designed to describe the social and sociotechnical processes that were triggered by digital transformation and, in their turn, resulted in Industry 5.0. The author described and modelled egocentric, communicative, convergent, and cause-and-effect rational-semantic networks, in which rationality relies on the semantic model of the system and forms some rational concern for its values and meanings to be implemented in behavior. The theoretical side of the research could be represented as a pyramid of conceptual levels that concentrate from philosophy and general science to particular research with statistical, network, and other methods. The author introduced the term of rational-semantic system to study the network contexts of behavior, including that of social network users. The term was also applied to the phenomena and effects of network interaction, e.g. the legitimacy of network power and its effect on user behavior patterns. The methodological character of this research allows for a broader study of social and political networks. The network context revealed some congruence issues, i.e., compatibility of rational-semantic systems. The author believes that eventually all systems can be combined into a single whole.

L. McGoey

P. A. Nechaeva, G. R. Yusupova

In the modern economy, digitalization has become one of the key components of the Russian Federation regions socio-economic development. Enterprises of various industries are faced with the need to process large amounts of data, which greatly complicates data management, and therefore the relevance of the analysis of artificial intelligence technologies increases. Training employees for industrial processes is a major challenge in any industry. Effective human resource management requires an accurate assessment and presentation of available competencies, as well as an effective mapping of the required competencies for specific positions. Competences enable the company to achieve high production and economic results.   The aim of the study is to develop a structural model of a predictive expert system for managing data on the competencies of a modern manager by combining artificial and human intelligence, which can serve as a decision support tool for managers in real conditions to improve the efficiency of a particular enterprise.   The study of the demand for managers and requirements for candidates in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan was conducted on the data of the largest Russian Internet recruitment company HeadHunter. To develop a structural model of the proposed expert system, information from specialized scientific publications published in the Russian and foreign scientific literature of the Web of science and Scopus databases was used. The expert system will allow the manager to find the best options for using employees, predict the development of the enterprise as a whole and its individual divisions, which will significantly increase the key performance indicators of any company.

Cameron McKenzie, Maryam Khan

There is an urgent need to increase the social inclusion of postsecondary faculty with disabilities by reducing the need to adapt to ableist and sanist neoliberal standards. In this article, two social work faculty with disabilities argue that their social exclusion is inevitable under systemic neoliberal priorities of individualism, efficiency, and productivity. We engage in a systems analysis of how educational institutions, namely universities, engage in practices and processes of social exclusion of faculty with disabilities through neoliberal ideologies, policies, and practices. Using an autoethnographic case study method, guided by an intersectional and disability justice theoretical framing, the authors challenge the ahistorical and non‐relational tendencies of neoliberalism in its many forms. Using lived experience as data, the authors elucidate strategies to promote social inclusion aimed at universities and at the discipline of social work. In conclusion, the authors advocate for change at the structural level for the social work profession and for postsecondary institutions.

Жанна Владимировна Чернова

Статья посвящена методологическим особенностям экспертных интервью как самостоятельного метода качественных исследований. Ее цель — привлечь внимание к специфике использования данного инструмента сбора эмпирических данных в социальных исследованиях. Популярность этого исследовательского метода, особенно при проведении прикладных исследований, связана с его универсальностью, позволяющей получить доступ как к «объективным» фактам, так и к некодифицированному знанию, индивидуальному мнению и опыту информанта. Автор статьи обсуждает методологические вопросы, касающиеся интервьюирования экспертов в административном контексте. Такой формат организации и проведения интервью с экспертами по должности в ситуации высокой организационной подотчетности накладывает определенные особенности как на саму процедуру использования метода, так и на последующую аналитическую работу исследователя. В начале статьи вводится понятие экспертного интервью, его отличий от элитного и ординарного. Далее представлены сложившиеся подходы к типизации экспертного интервью (исследовательское, интерпретативное, систематическое и проблемно-ориентированное) на основе получаемого типа экспертного знания (техническое, процессное и интерпретативное). Затем показаны возможности применения экспертных интервью на разных этапах исследовательского цикла. Особое внимание уделено трем характерным трудностям, с которыми исследователь сталкивается в ходе подготовки и проведения интервью с экспертом (особенности взаимодействия между интервьюером и информантом, которые необходимо учитывать при разработке исследовательского дизайна). В заключении суммируются преимущества и ограничения этого метода сбора эмпирических данных.

C. Anderson