Hasil untuk "Settlements"

Neil Fligstein, D. Mcadam

A. Roy

B. Cohen

C. Small, R. Nicholls

Bekir Demirtaş

This study examines how the factors affecting the food purchasing preferences of university employees’ and students differ according to personal and socio-economic variables based on increasing food security concerns due to global problems. In the study conducted with 220 participants in the 2022-2023 academic year, 14 criteria taken into account when purchasing food, and 7 issues of concern in terms of food safety were evaluated with a 5-point Likert scale. Data was analysed using an independent sample t-test and One-way ANOVA. Most participants (75%) are between the ages of 18-34, mostly single, and belong to the low-middle income group. Production and expiry dates, taste/flavour, freshness, hygiene and quality stand out in food purchasing preferences. Additives, genetically modified ingredients, chemical residues, and bacterial contamination are among the most important issues. It has been observed that participants make informed choices and are particularly sensitive to biological and chemical risks. It was observed that female respondents were more sensitive to the issues, and consumer sensitivity increased as income, education level and number of family members increased. Regarding settlements, individuals living in provincial and district centers make more conscious choices than in villages. Food safety and access should be improved through strategies that address the different needs of consumer groups. University and social media-based awareness campaigns for young people, specialized information for women, and nutrient-based products for the elderly should be offered. Subsidies, regional certifications and mobile markets for low-income groups should be supported. Label design should be clear and informative, offering single and family size product options. Provide access to information for consumers with different levels of education through appropriate digital and traditional content. Promote conscious consumption through food literacy and healthy living programs.

Jiaxing Xin, Ying Cui, Jun Yang et al.

The intensification of the urban heat island (UHI) effect poses a serious threat to public health, particularly in cities. Effectively mitigating UHI has been a focus of national and international academic research over the last decades. However, most contemporary research has focused on land use mitigation measures within urban areas, with less emphasis on suburban land use. To address this research gap and explore spatial characteristics, we analyzed the driving mechanism of suburban land use patterns on UHI intensity (UHII) within the main urban area of Shenyang City based on high spatial resolution raster data, such as Landsat remote sensing images and land use, combined with extreme gradient boosting and SHapley Additive exPlanations models. The landscape fragmentation index of overall suburban land use provided a stronger contribution to the UHII in urban areas than the aggregation index. Increased cropland fragmentation and aggregation enhance UHII mitigation, whereas increased aggregation of impervious surfaces intensifies UHII. No significant difference was observed between the effects of various suburban gradient landscapes on UHII; however, the effects on different gradients in urban areas increased with decreasing distance from the countryside, with a minimal effect observed on the extreme center of the city (U1). The study provides a theoretical reference for mitigating land use pressure and reducing the UHI in urban areas based on suburban land use.

Annemarie McCarthy

Historical maps offer a valuable lens through which to study past landscapes and settlement patterns. While prior research has leveraged machine learning based techniques to extract building footprints from historical maps, such approaches have largely focused on urban areas and tend to be computationally intensive. This presents a challenge for research questions requiring analysis across extensive rural regions, such as verifying historical census data or locating abandoned settlements. In this paper, this limitation is addressed by proposing a scalable and efficient pipeline tailored to rural maps with sparse building distributions. The method described employs a hierarchical machine learning based approach: convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers are first used to progressively filter out map sections unlikely to contain buildings, significantly reducing the area requiring detailed analysis. The remaining high probability sections are then processed using CNN segmentation algorithms to extract building features. The pipeline is validated using test sections from the Ordnance Survey Ireland historical 25 inch map series and 6 inch map series, demonstrating both high performance and improved efficiency compared to conventional segmentation-only approaches. Application of the technique to both map series, covering the same geographic region, highlights its potential for historical and archaeological discovery. Notably, the pipeline identified a settlement of approximately 22 buildings in Tully, Co. Galway, present in the 6 inch map, produced in 1839, but absent from the 25 inch map, produced in 1899, suggesting it may have been abandoned during the Great Famine period.

Johannes H. Uhl, Maxwell C. Cook, Cibele Amaral et al.

The increasing occurrence of natural hazards such as wildfires and drought, along with urban expansion and land consumption, causes increasing levels of fire risk to populations and human settlements. Moreover, increasing geopolitical instability in many regions of the world requires evaluation of scenarios related to potential hazards caused by military operations. Quantitative knowledge on burnable fuels and their spatio-temporal distribution across landscapes is crucial for risk and potential damage assessments. While there is good understanding of the distributions of biomass fuels based on remote sensing observations, the combustible mass of the built environment has rarely been quantified in a spatially explicit manner. Therefore, we developed fine-grained estimates of urban fuels for the conterminous United States, estimating the combustible mass of building materials, building contents, and personal vehicles at 250 m spatial resolution. The resulting dataset is called COMBUST (Combustible mass of the built environment in the conterminous United States) and includes different backcasting scenarios from 1975 to 2020. COMBUST is based on the integration of a variety of geospatial data sources such as Earth-observation derived data, real estate data, statistical estimates and volunteered geographic information. COMBUST is accompanied by COMBUST PLUS, a set of consistently enumerated gridded datasets facilitating combustion exposure modelling of buildings and population. These datasets constitute a rich resource for ecological and social science applications, as well as for disaster risk management and planning-related decision making for U.S. settlements. COMBUST is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15611963.

Gabriel Kuczman, Denis Bechera, Zdenka Rózová et al.

Woody plants in roadside green spaces of rural settlements provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. The study presented in this paper was conducted in three rural settlements in Western Slovakia, representing three different rural landscape types—lowland, basin, and mountainous landscapes. The assessed woody vegetation is situated in diverse settlement structures, with various spatial patterns. A comprehensive woody plant assessment was conducted in selected central streetscapes of three model settlements, examining spatial, compositional, visual, aesthetic, and other values, as well as the characteristics of woody plants. These attributes were clustered according to five main functions and fourteen value parameters and the results were assigned to three quality categories, to objectivise a qualitative woody plant assessment in roadside vegetation structures in the countryside. The findings show the level of suitability of woody plants based on how they fulfil aesthetic, compositional, climate, safety, cultural, and historical functions.

Katharina Henn, Michaela Lestakova, Kevin Logan et al.

Slums, informal settlements, and deprived areas are urban regions characterized by poverty. According to the United Nations, over one billion people reside in these areas, and this number is projected to increase. Additionally, these settlements are integral components of urban systems. We conducted a bibliometrical analysis and scoping study using the Web of Science Database to explore various perspectives on urban poverty, searching for scientific publications on the topic and providing details on the countries where the studies were conducted. Based on 3947 publications, we identify the extent to which domestic research organizations participate in studying urban poverty and which categories of science they investigate, including life sciences \& biomedicine, social sciences, technology, physical sciences, and arts & humanities. Thereby, we find that research on slums is often limited to specific countries, e.g. India, South Africa, Kenya, or Brazil. This focus is not necessarily correlated with the number of people living in slums. The scientific discourse is up to now predominantly shaped by medical and social sciences with few studies addressing technological questions. Finally, our analysis identifies several possible future directions for research on slums.

Jincheng Zhang, William Ringle, Andrew R. Willis

Manual identification of archaeological features in LiDAR imagery is labor-intensive, costly, and requires archaeological expertise. This paper shows how recent advancements in deep learning (DL) present efficient solutions for accurately segmenting archaeological structures in aerial LiDAR images using the YOLOv8 neural network. The proposed approach uses novel pre-processing of the raw LiDAR data and dataset augmentation methods to produce trained YOLOv8 networks to improve accuracy, precision, and recall for the segmentation of two important Maya structure types: annular structures and platforms. The results show an IoU performance of 0.842 for platforms and 0.809 for annular structures which outperform existing approaches. Further, analysis via domain experts considers the topological consistency of segmented regions and performance vs. area providing important insights. The approach automates time-consuming LiDAR image labeling which significantly accelerates accurate analysis of historical landscapes.

S. A. Popov

We consider the place of toponymic material in the professional activity of journalists of regional mass media. The toponymic issues of publications of the district media include etymological references to the current name of the settlement or its original versions (if the settlement was renamed), information about the disappeared settlements that were located on the territory of the district, modern and former names of streets and parts of the settlement, about people in whose honor settlements, streets, squares, alleys, squares, etc. were named, local toponymic legends and traditions. The purpose of the study is, using the example of regional newspapers of the Voronezh region, to identify local linguistic publications devoted to the currently existing and disappeared names of geographical objects (settlements, streets), to develop proposals for local linguistic education of journalists of regional media. It is concluded that journalists of regional newspapers in their publications actively use local existing and disappeared toponymic material, which can also be used by onomatologists as a serious source for scientific research. In conclusion, it was noted that scientists can also provide great scientific and methodological assistance to journalists in the effective search for new toponymic information for the preparation of interesting and informative local linguistic publications.

Lorenzo González Casas

La migración venezolana en los últimos tiempos ha tenido como consecuencia el abandono de las ciudades y la pérdida del uso efectivo de muchas edificaciones, produciéndose un vaciamiento denominado osteoporosis urbana. Ello ha supuesto cambios sustanciales en la dinámica urbana y el sector inmobiliario. En este artículo se revisan experiencias de vaciamiento de ciudades en el mundo y se exploran algunas opciones para reutilizar el inventario urbano venezolano

Kennedy Machira, Wisdom Richard Mgomezulu, Mark Malata

Poverty alleviation remains one of the ancient goals of Malawi as the country has since 1994 adopted a poverty alleviation strategy throughout its developmental programs. Through the support of the World Bank, a poverty monitoring system was put in place whose data are collected through the Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS). However, since the establishment of the LSMS, findings of different assessments and eras have revealed instabilities in the country’s poverty levels overtime. What remains unclear is whether households have been able to move out of poverty or not. The current study employed a two wave LSMS panel of 2016 and 2019 and assessed poverty dimensions including poverty incidence, depth and severity. The study further assessed the determinants of poverty transitions in order to understand movements in and out of poverty. Household size, gender of household head, education level of the household head, agricultural land holding sizes, access to credit, residence (urban or rural) and expected shocks significantly influenced the poverty dimensions and poverty transition. It is hence imperative that proper strategies that embrace robust and sustainable credit systems, improvement in literacy levels of the Malawian population, and further improving agricultural land productivity can help reduce poverty and further move households out of poverty. Such initiatives should take into consideration the gender divide and the rapid population growth faced by the country.

M. O'reilly, B. M. New

K. Tokimatsu, H. Seed

Brina Škvor Jernejčič, Elena Leghissa, Barbara Brezigar

The article represents a short synthesis about settlements from the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in central and eastern regions of Slovenia. Special attention is given to two key-sites, Medvode-Svetje and Trata near Škofja Loka, both from the Gorenjska region. Numerous archaeological excavations and subsequent research publications in the last two decades brought about new insights on dwelling features, forms of housing and on settlement characteristics itself. At the same time, a completely new understanding of the spectre of ceramic repertoire has been obtained, while new radiocarbon dating results enable us to complement the absolute chronology of the given time period.

Haryono Setiyo Huboyo, Nurandani Hardyanti, Fera Meilasari

Noise is unwanted sound at a particular time and is sourced from any source. Data from the Pusarpedal Laboratory and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia show that railroad settlements' noise in Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, and Bandung is beyond quality standards. Tambakrejo Village, Gayamsari District, Semarang, one of the railroad settlements at JPL 05 Kaligawe Street, Semarang area, close to a railroad. This research aims to know the noise level of the settlements. The sampling of noise level is done for 24 hours by measuring the noise for each time interval, with a total of 16 measuring points for 4 areas with various distances, 2.5 m, 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m. The sampling result shows that the railroad settlements have a noise level rate of 91.8 dB at a distance of 2.5 m, 89.5 dB at 5 m, 85.2 dB at 10 m, and 81.5 dB at 15 m. According to NOISE REL regulation, the maximum noise level allowed is 85.57 dB during 421 minutes or 7.02-hour of exposure. This sampling result shows that the noise levels are beyond of quality standards of both NIOSH REL and PermenLH No. 48/1996.

Yaqing Gou, Johannes Balling, Veronique De Sy et al.

Analysis of forest disturbance patterns in relation to precipitation seasonality is important for understanding African tropical forest dynamics under changing climate conditions and different levels of human activities. Newly available radar-based forest disturbance information now enables an investigation of the intra-annual relationship between precipitation and forest disturbance in a spatially and temporally explicit manner, especially in the tropics, where frequent cloud cover hinders the use of optical-based remote sensing products. In this study, we applied cross-correlation on monthly precipitation and forest disturbance time series for 2019 and 2020 at a 0.5° grid in the African rainforest. We used the magnitude of the correlation and time lag to assess the intra-annual relationship between precipitation and forest disturbance, and introduced accessibility proxies to analyse the spatial variation of the relationship. Results revealed that a significant negative correlation between forest disturbance and precipitation dominates the study region. We found that significant negative correlations appear on average closer to settlements with overall smaller variations in travel time to settlements compared to grid cells with non-significant and significant positive correlation. The magnitude of the negative correlation increases as the travel time to settlements increases, implying that forest disturbances in less accessible areas are more affected by precipitation seasonality and that in particular human-induced disturbance activities are predominantly carried out in the drier months. Few areas showed a significant positive correlation, mainly resulting from natural causes such as flooding. These new insights in the interaction between forest disturbance, precipitation and accessibility provide a step forward in understanding the complex interactions that underlie the complexity of forest loss patterns that we can increasingly capture with Earth Observation approaches. As such, they can support forest conservation and management in coping with climate change induced changes of precipitation patterns in African rainforest countries.

Natalia E. Krasnoshtanova

The article examines the impact of the processes of new industrial development of natural resources of the North on the socio-economic conditions and prospects for long-term development of municipal districts. Particular attention is paid to the problems of administrative management of these territories in the context of the concept of sustainable development, which is especially relevant for resource regions, since with all the benefits received by different actors, an economy based on exhaustible natural resources is limited in development and causes significant damage to the natural environment. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of administrative management in the areas of new industrial development, including the identification of problems and benefits of socio-economic development of Northern municipalities in the context of sustainable development. The research was carried out on the example of the territories of new industrial development of oil and gas resources in the North of the Irkutsk region. The article is based on the materials of field socio-geographical studies conducted in Katangskii, Kirenskii and Ust-Kutskii municipal districts in February and March 2022. The results of field research are supplemented with data from territorial statistics and materials from strategic planning documents, municipal programs, reports of administrations on the socio-economic development of the studied territories. Comparative geographical and statistical methods, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used in the work. It is revealed that the active development of the oil and gas industry in the Northern districts of the Irkutsk region has a positive effect on the dynamics of revenues of district budgets, but, nevertheless, they remain dependent on higher budget systems. The most effective formation of the revenue part of budgets in connection with industrial works is revealed in rural settlements in the territories of which hydrocarbons are extracted, despite the self-sufficiency of these local budgets, the formation of a stable base for long-term development of settlements is limited by the narrow powers of local administrations. As a result, a list of the main problems hindering the effective administrative management of the long-term socio-economic development of the northern municipalities at the local level has been formed.