Hasil untuk "Psychology"

Wendy Wood, Dennis Rünger

H. Spencer

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885)

certain conditions the employment of a similar range of thought, even if the former does not come before the mind directly either in its methods or in its results. the boundless domain of the effect of accumulated experience belongs here. this effect results from the frequent conscious occurrence of any condition or process, and consists in facilitating the occurrence and progress of similar processes. this effect is not fettered by the condition that the factors constituting the experience shall return in toto to consciousness. this may incidentally be the case with a part of them; it must not happen to a too great extent and with too great clearness, otherwise the course of the present process will immediately be disturbed. Most of these experiences remain concealed from consciousness and yet produce an effect which is significant and which authenticates their previous existence.

E. Golub, S. Greenberg, Uss Vincennes

Dominic Dwyer, P. Falkai, N. Koutsouleris

Ryan D. Duffy, D. Blustein, Matthew A. Diemer et al.

Mathilde Almlund, A. Duckworth, James J. Heckman et al.

This paper explores the power of personality traits both as predictors and as causes of academic and economic success, health, and criminal activity. Measured personality is interpreted as a construct derived from an economic model of preferences, constraints, and information. Evidence is reviewed about the "situational specificity" of personality traits and preferences. An extreme version of the situationist view claims that there are no stable personality traits or preference parameters that persons carry across different situations. Those who hold this view claim that personality psychology has little relevance for economics. The biological and evolutionary origins of personality traits are explored. Personality measurement systems and relationships among the measures used by psychologists are examined. The predictive power of personality measures is compared with the predictive power of measures of cognition captured by IQ and achievement tests. For many outcomes, personality measures are just as predictive as cognitive measures, even after controlling for family background and cognition. Moreover, standard measures of cognition are heavily influenced by personality traits and incentives. Measured personality traits are positively correlated over the life cycle. However, they are not fixed and can be altered by experience and investment. Intervention studies, along with studies in biology and neuroscience, establish a causal basis for the observed effect of personality traits on economic and social outcomes. Personality traits are more malleable over the life cycle compared to cognition, which becomes highly rank stable around age 10. Interventions that change personality are promising avenues for addressing poverty and disadvantage.

J. Watson

Mark Nielsen, D. Haun, Joscha Kärtner et al.

Amedeo Giorgi

J. Haidt

R. Cialdini

Arlette Cassidy

Bibliography of the reviewed book: Santrock, J. W. (2018). Educational Psychology (6 Ed). McGraw-Hill Education.

S. Scribner, M. Cole

L. Sugiyama

M. Billig

Michael A. Becker

J. Rappaport

S. Collins, Seema L. Clifasefi, Joey Stanton et al.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) answers the call for more patient-centered, community-driven research approaches to address growing health disparities. CBPR is a collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members, researchers, and other stakeholders in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each bring. The aim of CBPR is to combine knowledge and action to create positive and lasting social change. With its origins in psychology, sociology, and critical pedagogy, CBPR has become a common research approach in the fields of public health, medicine, and nursing. Although it is well aligned with psychology’s ethical principles and research aims, it has not been widely implemented in psychology research. The present article introduces CBPR to a general psychology audience while considering the unique aims of and challenges in conducting psychology research. In this article, we define CBPR principles, differentiate it from a more traditional psychology research approach, retrace its historical roots, provide concrete steps for its implementation, discuss its potential benefits, and explore practical and ethical challenges for its integration into psychology research. Finally, we provide a case study of CBPR in psychology to illustrate its key constructs and implementation. In sum, CBPR is a relevant, important, and promising research framework that may guide the implementation of more effective, culturally appropriate, socially just, and sustainable community-based psychology research.

Leon Bieber