Hasil untuk "Private international law. Conflict of laws"

Harlan Cohen, Veronika Fikfak, Chantal Thomas

Ayesha A. Malik, Jugnoo Aijaz

China’s export-led framework is experiencing internal and external challenges. Domestically, consumption has soared since early 2023, while the escalating trade barriers from the West have intensified challenges to export- and production-driven growth. Overreliance on exports and investment highlights the need for sustainable consumption at home and a stable trade regime abroad; however, in recent years, China has countered difficulties in both realms. While the binary of internal and external challenges is affecting the growth strategy, it can be an opportunity to catalyse the change China’s economy needs for sustainable growth. It is to be evaluated whether the intersection of an internal consumption slump and an external trade barrier can induce a change towards a more sustainable model for China’s economy. Therefore, this paper will discuss these two factors and analyse their potential implications for China’s export-led economic growth model.   Bibliography Entry Malik, Ayesha A. and Jugnoo Aijaz. 2025. "China’s Slow Consumption and the International Trade Barriers: Implications for the Export-Led Model of Economic Growth." Margalla Papers 29 (2): 93-108.

Nageen Ashraf

The Arctic is on the cusp of a major shift. Defrosting of permafrost, thawing of ice sheet, and degradation of thick sea ice are the results of devastating climate change implications on the region. Arctic ice is melting faster than ever before and therefore, states are rushing to make claims and assert their influence in this region of geo-strategic significance. Climate change has made the Arctic a new geopolitical battlefield. Therefore, the paper poses three major questions: first, what is the strategic significance of the Arctic in contemporary times? Second, what are the domestic and international interests of the US, Russia, and China that are likely to compete in the Arctic? Third, how is the involvement of China- a non-Arctic state- impacting the strategic calculus of the Arctic? The paper argues climate-induced melting of ice caps in the Arctic have encouraged the great powers- US, Russia, and China to view for influence. This influence is derived from the region’s untapped resources and its significance for the maritime trade routes. The paper concludes that even though the Arctic competition can have serious implications on the ongoing great power rivalry, the changing dynamics will also unravel opportunities with regards to maritime trade.

Ria Setyawati, Iman Prihandono, Lucianus Budi Kagramanto et al.

This paper not only discusses the issue of the approach used, the issue of ex-post and ex-ante merger control regulation usage, issues of conflict of norms, overlapping legal rules, and the existence of legal vacuum which complicates the enforcement of rules regarding merger control in Indonesia. The legal issues examined in this paper concern the characteristics of merger control based on the ratio decidendi of KPPU decisions during the 20 years of enforcing business competition law in Indonesia and the ius constituendum of the ex-ante and ex-post approach. This research is based on normative legal research using a statute approach, conceptual approach, case approach, and comparative approach method. These methods lead to the conclusion of the research, which is, that in the past 20 years, Indonesia has experienced a change in the ex-post merger control approach, resulting in partiality in the articles applied that are not entirely used in KPPU decisions. Furthermore, the idealized rules (ius constituendum) on the control of mergers in Indonesia, outlined in Law No. 5 of 1999, will be examined based on the principles and objectives of competition law enforcement in the country.

Fleur Johns, Gregor Noll

Scholarship concerned with international law, technology, and computation has been burgeoning since the mid-to-late twentieth century. Over the past decade, it has taken shape as a discernible sub-field of international legal scholarship. An International Law and Technology Interest Group was created within the American Society of International Law in 2013, for instance. By 2021, international law and technology was already considered ripe for “rethinking.” Some of this work has been solutionist, aimed at generating order-restoring answers to the “upset[s]” caused by technological change. Some of it has been constitutionalizing, canvassing prospects for “a transformative constitutionalism for the digital human condition.” Much of the scholarship has sought to give humanist (or post-humanist) pause to the ever-increasing pace of technological change.

مسعود فریادی

اتحادیه اروپا در واکنش به مشکل انباشت پسماندها و کاهش شدید مواد خام برای تولید کالاها، مقررات مختلفی برای تشویق دولت­های عضو به اتخاذ راهکارهای الزامی و تشویقی برای تبدیل پیشگیری از تولید پسماند به رکن نخست مدیریت پسماند تصویب کرده است. این مقاله به بررسی این مسئله می ­پردازد که پیشگیری از تولید پسماند در مرحله تولید کالا چه جایگاهی در مقررات اتحادیه اروپا داشته و رویکرد تقنینی اتحادیه نسبت به این مسئله چگونه بوده است. نتیجه آنکه این اتحادیه، پیشگیری از تولید پسماند را نه صرفاً به‌عنوان بخشی از تدابیر حفظ محیط‌زیست، بلکه بخشی از سیاست این اتحادیه برای حفظ منابع اولیه، رشد اقتصاد چرخه­ای و بهره‌وری در تولید تلقی می­ کند. اقدامات این اتحادیه نشان از تحولی اساسی در حقوق تولید کالا، مدیریت پسماند و حفاظت از منابع طبیعی و تبدیل تدریجی پیشگیری از تولید پسماند به یکی از اصول حقوق محیط‌زیست دارد.

Vasif GULIEV

Prezentul articol tratează câteva probleme de actualitate ale prevenirii dependenței de droguri și ale traficului ilicit de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor. Acesta este dedicat dreptului penal și aspectelor criminologice ale luptei împotriva dependenței de droguri și traficului ilicit de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope, în special - prevenirea dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor, caracteristicile criminologice ale infracțiunilor de droguri săvârșite de aceștia, studiul cauzelor și împrejurărilor care duc la apariția dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor și a infracțiunilor comise, studiul personalității acestor categorii de persoane, prevenirea implicării adolescenților în consumul de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope. Stadiul actual al cercetării științifice, asupra problemei vizate, este analizat la nivel monografic. În vederea dezvoltării unor fundamente conceptuale, de drept penal, socio-criminologice, organizatorice și metodologice pentru prevenirea dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor și a infracțiunilor de droguri săvârșite de această categorie de persoane, au fost identificate și sistematizate un șir de probleme de drept penal, soluționarea cărora se atestă a fi una imperativă.

Syamsuddin Radjab, Muhammad Ikram Nur Fuady

A clear legal umbrella is a basis for the effectiveness of a policy, including in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the inconsistency of the legal umbrella in giving birth legal uncertain, and the public becomes confused. This research aims to critique the Indonesian government's attitude in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020 due to the legal umbrella's inconsistency in enforcing different and ineffective legal sanctions at the central government and local governments. The research method used is normative research with a statutory approach. In contrast, the research explained in a descriptive-qualitative way. This research shows that the government considers the Covid-19 pandemic a non-natural disaster and does not lockdown. Meanwhile, the legal umbrella used is the health quarantine law, which requires implementing public health emergencies, almost the same as lockdowns. On the other hand, the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy has a legal basis for a health quarantine law. At the same time, the Covid-19 pandemic situation is a non-natural disaster that should refer to the disaster management law. Furthermore, other results also show ineffective enforcement of legal sanctions, such as criminal sanctions in regional head decisions that can not enforce because PSBB only includes administrative sanctions. In conclusion, the inconsistency of the legal umbrella in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic is very detrimental to the community due to limited human rights, which can lead to legal uncertainty and public distrust of the government.

Amir Sadeghi Neshat, Hadi Mashhadi

< p >Rotterdam Rules by expanding the jurisdiction and arbitration scope, took an important step towards the unified application of international rules governing the Carriage of Goods by Sea. At the same time, the extended scope of competent authority in this Convention to hear a case by different and numerous authorities would bring divergent interpretations while they are still valid interpretations of international rules. Therefore it may defeat the main purpose of codification of international conventions supported in Rotterdam Rules. In this regard, the interpretation of international rules by national authorities gains the utmost importance in unification of international rules. The question is that whether national authorities in the judicial process are obligated to apply the rules codified in international conventions? Or when parties to a dispute have expressed their mutual consent on the applicability of a specific rule, can national authorities disregard international rules or can they set aside the agreement of the parties to a dispute? It seems that the prior development of domestic law is crucial to unified application on international rules governing the Carriage of Goods by Sea and this is possible only through interpretation of international conventions in its own framework.

Ricardo Gallego Córcoles, Raquel Bartolomé Gutiérrez

There is enough evidence in scientific literature about the effect of gender on the decision-making in the Juvenile Justice System. However, in Spain, there are no known empirical studies in this regard. An approximation to our reality might serve as a starting point for a deeper analysis on the issue. The aim of the present study was to perform a descriptive, retrospective study of the cases disposed to the juvenile court judge during eight months in the Juvenile Court of Guadalajara, Spain. The final data set contained 166 cases, 127 boys and 39 girls disposed to the Juvenile Court of Guadalajara for committing some crime in the territorial scope of this province, No differences between sexes occurred in any case. Neither if only violent crimes are considered. All professionals who have intervened in the decision-making were women. This circumstance could influence the results obtained.

Par Engstrom

The inter-American human rights system (IAS) faces a region that has turned distinctly hostile to human rights. For many, the ongoing crisis in Venezuela is ground zero, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of international human rights when confronted with an entrenched regime supported by major powers such as Russia and China. In this multipolar world, reinforced by a transactional and antiliberal U.S. foreign policy, human rights concerns seem to have little salience. Moreover, the regional Right-wing trend and the so-called populist resurgence underpin a political vision in the Americas that is distinctly antirights. And to make matters worse, some argue, we are anyway in the end-times of human rights—the age of international courts and liberal cosmopolitanism is over. While recognizing that these overlapping political trends pose clear challenges to the IAS, this essay offers a more cool-headed analysis to suggest that the system's future is likely to be less apocalyptic than the doomsayers predict. The first part of the essay takes a sober look at the multiple political challenges facing the IAS today and their implications for human rights advocacy. In the second part, against the background of the inhospitable conditions facing human rights activists in the region, I highlight the role of civil-society actors in strengthening and embedding the IAS. As it is precisely the regional embeddedness of the IAS on which the system's future hinges, the third part highlights the need not only to defend progress, but also to strengthen resilience.

Lara Montesinos Coleman

It is widely accepted that voluntary corporate responsibility for human rights is a means of continuing “business-as-usual”. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been denounced as “whitewash”, with little effect in practice. I claim here that voluntary CSR is far worse than “whitewash”: it actively bolsters corporate impunity by rendering the violence of development illegible and equating resistance with irrationality or subversion. It thrives upon the state of exception that provides the permissive context of human rights violations. I make this argument by returning to the birthplace of corporate responsibility for human rights: BP’s Colombian oilfields, combining ethnographic research with trenchant critique of the colonial myths informing mainstream discussion of business and human rights. The UN has responded to the potential of voluntary CSR to detract from abuses by emphasising the importance of judicial remedy. What the analysis here reveals is how voluntary measures and provision for judicial remedy may work in opposite directions. La responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) ha sido acusada de ser una mera fachada. Aduzco aquí que es peor aún: refuerza activamente la impunidad empresarial, ya que rinde ininteligible la violencia del desarrollo y tilda toda resistencia de irracional o subversiva. Se alimenta de un estado de excepción que proporciona un contexto propicio a las violaciones de derechos humanos (DDHH). Regreso al origen de la responsabilidad corporativa respecto a los DDHH –los campos petrolíferos colombianos de BP–, para combinar la investigación etnográfica con una crítica a la mitología colonial que da forma al debate sobre empresas y DDHH. La ONU ha reconocido que la RSC voluntaria puede ocultar los abusos, subrayando la importancia del recurso judicial cuando las medidas voluntarias no alcanzan. No obstante, este artículo subraya que las medidas voluntarias y jurídicas pueden servir distintos fines. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0973

Bambang Arwanto

The research reveals that The Act No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration demonstrates the existence of effort to provide a legal protection by requiring the present of clear and legal laws as the base of every government’s acts taken (bestuurs handelingen). This includes providing the chance and way to litigation process for the people who suffer of loss caused by the government’s acts. Especially on the administrative dispute that appears as the result of government’s real act (feitelijke handelingen), transforms its ruling into the Article 85 on the transfer of “onrechmatige overheidsdaad” dispute resolution from the public court into the administrative court, the Article 22 and the Article 29 on the decision/act of discretion, and also the Article 87 letter a on factual act as the expansion element of administrative decision. Consequently, the administrative court has the authority to judge the administrative dispute that appears as the result of government’s real act (feitelijke handelingen) which is only limited to legality testing and not to sue on the basis ofcompensation. It is firmly connected in determining where the legal responsibility lies towards the aggrieved people; whether the compensation becomes the rank responsibility/liability (on the basis of faute de service) or personal responsibility/liability (on the basis of faute de personelle) from the relevant government official.

Esen Ezgi Tascioglu

This article examines life story narratives of trans women in an effort to understand how violence produces and shapes their lives and subjectivities in Istanbul, Turkey. After delineating the main forms of violence that target them, it looks at the ways through which trans women negotiate, challenge and transform the parameters of their life-worlds through an engagement with their violent experiences. I especially focus on trans women's production of a particular kind of knowledge which enables them to claim an authoritative voice and construct themselves as subjects who have access to the hidden realities of life that are not accessible to others who did not go through these experiences. Next, turning my attention to trans women's creative work on their subjectivities, I show how they actively work to cultivate themselves as ethically good, disobedient and struggling beings, as individuals and as a collective, and how the transmission of this construction forms and transforms their selves and relationships. Underlining the intricate ways in which processes of oppression, exclusion and violence affect and inform gendered lives and strategies of survival, this discussion highlights the interconnections between power, subjectivity and resistance, and the productive tensions inherent to the positions of marginality and the potentialities of survival in dire times and places. Este artículo analiza relatos de la vida de mujeres transexuales en Estambul, Turquía, en un intento por entender cómo la violencia crea y da forma a sus vidas y subjetividades. Después de describir las principales formas de violencia que sufren, se ve de qué forma las mujeres transexuales negocian, se enfrentan y transforman los parámetros de su mundo, a través de una lucha contra sus experiencias violentas. Especialmente se centra en la producción por parte de las mujeres transexuales de determinado conocimiento que les permite sostener una voz autorizada y construirse como sujetos que tienen acceso a realidades escondidas de la vida que no son accesibles a quien no vivió estas experiencias. A continuación, la atención se centra en el trabajo creativo de las mujeres transexuales sobre sus subjetividades, y se muestra cómo trabajan activamente para cultivarse como seres éticamente buenos, desobedientes y luchadores, de forma individual y colectiva, y cómo la transmisión de esta construcción forma y transforma su ego y sus relaciones. Subrayando la forma intricada en la que los procesos de opresión, exclusión y violencia afectan y conforman la vida desde una perspectiva de género y las estrategias de supervivencia, este debate pone de relieve las interconexiones entre poder, subjetividad y resistencia, y las tensiones productivas inherentes a las posiciones de marginalidad y el potencial de supervivencia en situaciones y lugares terribles. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2700226

Lohitzune Zuloaga Lojo

<p>Media's, based on its agenda, has proven crucial in setting up gender violence as a social problem. This article analyzes the development of media coverage of the Gender Violence Integral Law (LO 1/2004), until its adoption in December 2004. The press analysis is focused on <em>El Pa&iacute;s</em> and <em>El Mundo</em> newspapers from 2000 to 2004. It aims at showing the political and media precedents of the LO 1/2004, and to examine how media's agenda determined the configuration of the political agenda and the new regulation. A total of 1,842 headlines have been gathered, establishing two focus lines: a quantitative analysis that provides a longitudinal study on the number of gender violence related news; and a qualitative content analysis to observe the main theme of headlines, and major milestones of the political agenda around this phenomenon.</p> <hr /><p>El comportamiento de la agenda medi&aacute;tica ha sido determinante para la configuraci&oacute;n de la violencia de g&eacute;nero como problema social. Como ejemplo de ello, se ha analizado el recorrido medi&aacute;tico de la Ley Integral de Violencia de G&eacute;nero (LO 1/2004), aprobada en diciembre de 2004. El an&aacute;lisis de prensa se ha centrado en los diarios <em>El Pa&iacute;s</em> y <em>El Mundo</em> desde el a&ntilde;o 2000 hasta el 2004, con el objetivo de evidenciar los precedentes pol&iacute;ticos y medi&aacute;ticos de la LO 1/2004 y estudiar en qu&eacute; medida la agenda medi&aacute;tica determin&oacute; la configuraci&oacute;n de la agenda pol&iacute;tica y de la nueva normativa. Se han reunido un total 1.842 titulares, que han sido sometidos a un estudio cuantitativo longitudinal sobre el n&uacute;mero de noticias relacionadas con la violencia de g&eacute;nero; y un an&aacute;lisis de contenido de tipo cualitativo, para observar la tematizaci&oacute;n resaltada en los titulares seleccionados y los principales hitos de la agenda pol&iacute;tica en torno a este fen&oacute;meno.</p> <strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2612466" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=2612466</a>

یونس علاقه بند حسینی, رزا یزدان نجات

استفاده از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین در دهه اخیر، رشد روزافزونی یافته است و این پرنده‌ها از ابزاری برای تجسس، به اسلحه جنگی تمام‌عیار مبدل شده‌اند. ارتش آمریکا در نقاط متعددی از جهان مانند افغانستان، پاکستان، یمن، لیبی و سومالی به‌طور پیوسته از هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین برای مقاصد گوناگون بهره می‌برد. ورود این پرنده‌های بدون سرنشین به میدان‌های نبرد، طرح سؤالات حقوقی متعددی را در حقوق بین‌الملل و به‌طور خاص، مباحث مربوط به حقوق توسل به زور و حقوق مخاصمات مسلحانه مطرح کرده است. پاسخ به این سؤالات، موضوع این مقاله است.

Xabier Arana, Alison Hogg

As a Member State of the UN and the EU, Spain's drug policy is heavily conditioned by these external superior ‘legal personalities’. Although, the Spanish legislature has enacted amendments to legislation on illicit substances over the last ten years to attenuate excessively punitive law, their interpretation and internal application of conventions on drug legislation has by in large overlooked the ultima ratio principle i.e. minimum intervention (Arana 2012). Spain’s criminal legislation is presented as well as the consequences of the prohibition of illicit substances in this jurisdiction. Finally, alternatives that have emerged in the Basque Autonomous Community to counter the effects of its criminalisation are briefly discussed and promoted as a means of abating external legal constraints that have serious social and legal ramifications. Como miembro de ONU y UE, la política de drogas española está fuertemente condicionada por la legislación emanada de estas entidades jurídicas. A pesar de eso, los legisladores españoles han introducido reformas en la legislación sobre sustancias ilícitas en los últimos diez años para atenuar una legislación excesivamente punitiva, su interpretación y aplicación interna de convenios sobre legislación en materia de drogas en gran parte no toma en cuenta el principio del ultimo ratio (Arana 2012). Se presenta la legislación penal española en materia de sustancias ilícitas y también los efectos que ésta tiene sobre la jurisdicción. Finalmente, las alternativas surgidas en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca para contrarrestar los efectos de la criminalización, son brevemente discutidas y promovidas como una manera para amainar las limitaciones jurídicas que tienen importantes y serias ramificaciones sociales y legales. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2200886

Fazlolah Mosavi, Mehdi Mosavi, M.Hossein Vakili Moghadam et al.

پیچیدگی روابط تجاری و حقوقی در دنیای جدید موجب شده است که در بسیاری از قراردادها پـیش بینی تمام جوانب رابطه امکان پذیر نباشد. در نتیجه ممکن است قرارداد در مقام اجرا و یا در فرض بـروز اختلاف بین طرفین، مبهم به نظر رسد و راه حلی صریح در آن مطرح نشده باشد. تفسیر قـرارداد عبـارت است از تلاش برای رفع ابهام مزبور با استفاده از متن قرارداد و یا منابع خارج از آن. این مقالـه در پـی آن است که با ارزیابی سه سند مهم بین المللی (کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی کالا، اصول قراردادهـای تجـاری بین المللی و اصول حقوق قرارداد اروپایی) روش تفسیر قرارداد و رفع ابهام از آن را در اسناد مزبور تبیین نموده و با مقایسه با حقوق ایران نقاط اشتراک یا تفاوت بین آنها را معلوم سازد.

Elsa Santamaría, Amaia Izaola, Jaione Mondragon

<p>El envejecimiento de la población trae consigo numerosos cambios sociales que vienen demandando en los últimos años la puesta en marcha de medidas que permitan una mejora progresiva de las condiciones de vida de la población mayor.</p><p>Según los últimos estudios sobre la pobreza en Europa, el riesgo de pobreza en las personas mayores varía, de forma considerable, según el país al que nos refiramos. La mayoría de estos han conseguido reducir la pobreza absoluta, sin embargo, se observa que las personas mayores son un grupo vulnerable ante la pobreza relativa y la exclusión social y en el que se refleja el carácter multidimensional de la pobreza.</p><p>En este artículo se presenta el contenido de una investigación en curso, desde la Universidad del País Vasco, que tiene como finalidad conocer las condiciones de vida de las personas mayores de Bizkaia -uno de los tres territorios que componen la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV)-, y en concreto de aquel colectivo de mayores que permanecen dentro de su propio entorno familiar, es decir, que no se encuentran en residencias, con la intención de identificar los riesgos que pueden conducirles a la exclusión social.</p><p>El objetivo último es llegar a conocer aquellos factores de riesgo que repercuten en las condiciones de vida y en la ausencia de bienestar de las personas mayores. Entendiendo que ésta última adopta formas muy variadas y se manifiesta en diferentes ámbitos como pueden ser el económico y material, pero también en otros como la salud, física y emocional, la vivienda, las relaciones sociales, etc., lo que nos conduce a entender la ausencia de bienestar como una acumulación de desventajas en diferentes ámbitos.</p> <hr /><p>The ageing of the population has caused there to be many social changes which, over the last years, have required measures to be adopted for the progressive improvement of the living conditions of the elderly. According to the latest studies on poverty in Europe, the degree of risk of poverty which the elderly face varies considerably from one country to another. Whilst most European countries have been successful in reducing absolute poverty, the studies show that the elderly are a group which remains vulnerable to relative poverty and social exclusion which, in itself, is indicative of the multi-dimensional nature of poverty.</p><p>In this article we present the initial findings of an on-going research project, being conducted by the University of the Basque Country, whose principal objective is to find out the living conditions of elderly people in Biscay, one of the three provinces of which the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (CAPV) is comprised and, more specifically, the living conditions of the elderly who remain within their own family environment, not those living in care homes and nursing homes, in order to identify the risks which may lead them to a situation of social exclusion.</p><p>The final objective of this study is to identify the factors which affect the living conditions of the elderly and cause them to suffer from a “lack of well-being”. We use the term “lack of well-being” to describe a situation which is the consequence of an accumulation of disadvantages in different areas of life. These areas include a person’s financial and material situation, physical and emotional health, housing and social relationships etc.</p> <p><strong>DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN</strong>: <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1968338" target="_blank">http://ssrn.com/abstract=1968338</a></p>

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