Abstract
Shiism experienced a significant crisis following the tragedy of Ashura characterized by oppression, fear, isolation, and the practice of taqiyyah. This study focused on the strategies employed by Imam Sajjad (A.S.) to revive Shiism in the aftermath of this event. Specifically, it addressed this question: How can we analyze Imam Sajjad’s strategies for revitalizing Shiism after the Ashura event? It appeared that Imam Sajjad (A.S.) utilized components of diffusion theory—namely, the destination of diffusion (environments that were both receptive and intolerant, along with political and cultural barriers), paths of diffusion (including displacement, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion), and timing of diffusion. By leveraging various tools, such as the community's reverence for the Prophet’s family, he transformed the emotional landscape created after Ashura, mitigating the effects of the oppressive Umayyad regime and countering the influence of pro-Umayyad scholars. Through initiatives like cadre building and promoting pilgrimage, he effectively revived Shiism after the Ashura event. This research elucidated Imam Sajjad's actions through the lens of diffusion theory, demonstrating how Shiism was revitalized in the wake of Ashura. Employing a historical methodology, the study analyzed Imam Sajjad's activities aimed at reviving Shiism, including cadre development, exposing Umayyad injustices, mobilizing the populace post-Karbala, challenging beliefs in predestination, elucidating the fundamental principles of Imamate, addressing key issues, and countering deviation through prayer and supplication.
Keywords: Strategies of Imam Sajjad (A.S.), Revival of Shiism, Ashura Event, Diffusion Theory, Umayyad Era.
Introduction
The era of Imam Sajjad (A.S.), which commenced on Ashura in 61 AH, unfolded under exceptional circumstances. The oppressive measures of the Umayyads coupled with the suppression of dissenting movements and emergence of deviant intellectual currents underscored the urgent need for the revitalization of Shiite life. In light of the political, social, and cultural conditions of his time, Imam Sajjad (A.S.) adopted various approaches to articulate the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt, employing methods, such as prayer and pilgrimage. This study sought to analyze how Imam Sajjad (A.S.) revived Shiism following the Ashura event and identify the factors that influenced this revival. Several books and articles have been published regarding Imam Sajjad's role in the resurgence of Shiism. Notably, Seyyed Ja'far Shahidi's Life of Ali ibn al-Hussein (2001) examined and critiqued some well-known historical accounts of Imam Sajjad (A.S.). While this work shared common themes with the present research, it offered a new perspective by integrating theoretical frameworks. Additionally, Mohsen Ranjbar's Studying the Role of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in Shiite Leadership after the Karbala Incident (2002) explored the cultural and political landscape of Imam Sajjad's era, focusing on his stance against the caliphate. However, this article distinguished itself by analyzing the environmental factors and components of diffusion theory relevant to Imam Sajjad's context. Another significant work was Madrasah Kalami Medinah from the Beginning to the Imamate of Imam Baqir (2024) written by Seyyed Ali Hussainizadeh from Khizrabad, which reviewed the history of Imamiyyah thought up to the end of Imam Sajjad's era through historical reports. Unlike the other two works, it did not provide an analysis of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) based on diffusion theory. Finally, Seyyed Gholam Hossein Hosseini's article, Headlines of the Political Movement of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in the Karbala Movement (2002), touched upon similar themes; yet, it did not specifically apply diffusion theory, revealing a gap in independent research on this topic.
Materials & Methods
Diffusion theory introduced by Swedish geographer Hagerstrand in 1935, explored how innovations, phenomena, ideas, and thoughts spread. Initially applied to agriculture and disease transmission, this theory has since found relevance in political science and international relations. It effectively explains the reasons behind the spread of various intellectual and physical innovations, detailing how they disseminate, the pathways they follow, and the factors that may halt or re-ignite their spread. Additionally, it accounts for the stability of certain trends and the decline of others. In the modern era, cultural elements and innovations cross borders at unprecedented speeds, akin to jet travel and satellite communication. Contagious and hierarchical diffusion represent two rapid forms of expansion diffusion, where ideas and concepts migrate from new sources without the need for physical relocation. When analyzing the impact of any political innovation through the lens of diffusion theory, key factors like origin and destination, timeframes, tools, and channels of dissemination are considered. Furthermore, diffusion barriers and competing waves serve as mitigating factors that must be addressed in the examination of the phenomenon and its diffusion.
Research Findings
Imam Zayn al-Abidin (A.S.) aimed to restore order in a society that had succumbed to misguidance and moral decay, striving to revive authentic Islam (Shi'a). Alongside the Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah, which encapsulates the principles and teachings of Islam, the Treatise on Rights outlines fundamental rights that govern human life and ensure its happiness. Indeed, religion and Sharia were revealed to uphold these rights. Through this guidance, the Imam demonstrated that only an Imam, intimately connected to the source of revelation, possesses the authority to enact progressive laws that resonate with the human spirit.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The continuation of Umayyad rule under Yazid and Abdul Malik ibn Marwan following the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (A.S.) coupled with the atmosphere of fear and repression that ensued after the Ashura event posed significant challenges for Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in his efforts to revive and expand Shiism. Despite these obstacles, Imam Sajjad (A.S.) emerged as a pivotal figure in this revival, leveraging the emotional climate following events, such as the incident of Hurra and the destruction of Kaaba by Yazid's forces, alongside the public’s growing interest in the Prophet's family. To navigate the unwelcoming environment, the Imam implemented several strategies: he focused on training and building a cadre of supporters, exposed the injustices of the Umayyad regime, and sought to awaken the populace in the aftermath of Karbala. He also challenged the legitimacy of predestination and clarified the fundamental principles of Imamate. Through prayers and invocations, he addressed key issues and countered deviations, significantly advancing his goals. Utilizing methods like prayer and pilgrimage (path of diffusion) and disseminating religious concepts through his students and trained followers (path of contagion), Imam Sajjad (A.S.) endeavored to revive Shiism even amid the oppressive rule of the most tyrannical Umayyad caliphs, including Yazid and Abdul Malik ibn Marwan. This period marked a crucial phase in the diffusion of Shiism.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Asia
Background and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore COVID-19 pandemic-related concerns among a racially and ethnically representative sample of older adults in the U.S.Research design and methodsParticipants were 501 English-speaking adults 60 years and older recruited online nationally across the U.S. from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) and Prolific Research Platforms during June of 2020. Data comes from a larger cross-sectional survey. We content analyzed open-ended responses about pandemic-related concerns and observed responses to a checklist of items created by the research team to assess for specific physical, social, and financial consequences experienced due to the pandemic.ResultsA majority of the sample (92%) reported at least one pandemic-related concern, with the highest percentage expressing concerns coded as Concern for Others (28%), Physical Health (27%), Socializing (24%), Finance (15%) and Socio-Political-Economic (14%). Participants reported high concern severity (M = 4.03, SD = 1.04) about their concerns mentioned in response to the open-ended concerns question. When prompted with a checklist of items, participants frequently endorsed disruption in social activities as a consequence of the pandemic (83%), disruptions that could impact physical health (45%), and concern over finances as a consequence of the pandemic (41%).Discussion and implicationsOlder adults most frequently mentioned concerns about the well-being and behavior of others, one’s own physical health, and the impacts of the pandemic and social distancing policies on social activities. Findings align with the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and point to the importance of supporting older adults to maintain meaningful social engagement under conditions of a pandemic and social distancing policies.
У статті наголошено, що під впливом цифровізації змінюються тенденції устрою сьогоднішнього світу, розширюються можливості суспільства, доступ до інноваційних речей, збільшуючи вимоги споживачів. Підкреслено, що для задоволення потреб населення та бізнесу сучасний світ технологічного розвитку рухається вперед, розширюється, дозволяючи впроваджувати та широко застосовувати зручні, комфортні сервіси телекомунікаційних компаній, спонукаючи розвиток інструментів cashless economy. Відзначено необхідність урахування негативних наслідків їх широкого застосування, що передбачають можливість незаконних дій, шахрайства, розвитку тінізації економіки. Основна мета дослідження – визначити сучасні методики моделювання cashless economy, сервісів телекомунікаційних компаній і тіньової економіки, ураховуючи взаємозв’язки між цими поняттями. У статті проаналізовано літературні надбання сучасних світових і вітчизняних науковців щодо зосередження інтересів учених, які вивчають фінансову сферу, на дослідженні особливостей безготівкової економіки, ролі телекомунікаційних компаній і пов’язаної з ними тінізацією економіки. Актуальність визначення сучасних методик моделювання досліджуваних процесів полягає в тому, що цифрові технології продовжують удосконалюватися і використання інструментів cashless economy, цифрових сервісів телекомунікаційних компаній надалі зростатиме, усе більше споживачів буде реалізовувати цифрові транзакції. І відповідно, зі зростанням обсягів безготівкових операцій посилюється ризик можливих зловживань, шахрайства, зростання тінізації економіки. Дослідження проведене за чотири етапи, які дозволяють визначити різні вектори наукового пошуку. Побудовано структурно-логічну схему взаємозв’язків між досліджуваними поняттями. Висвітлено новітні ефективні методики моделювання cashless economy. Виділено сучасні дієві методики моделювання сервісів телекомунікаційних компаній. Описано сучасні методичні підходи до моделювання тіньової економіки. Як методичний інструментарій дослідження використано теоретичний аналіз літератури, теоретичні методи дослідження (абстрагування, синтез, групування), емпіричні методи дослідження (опис, спостереження), ресурсну базу інформаційної платформи Scopus, дизайнерську платформу Figma. Результати дослідження дозволять керівному персоналові та урядові запровадити більш чіткі та жорсткі нормативні акти щодо безпеки цифрових, безготівкових сервісів, посилити політику безпеки цифрових операцій, покращити конфіденційність даних та інформації, створити для користувачів безготівкових, цифрових послуг безпечніше середовище.
Education (General), Theory and practice of education
Galyna M. Syvachenko. Shevchenko , Antonina V. Anistratenko
The article considers the second edition of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s novel “The New Commandment” (1947), written for the first time in 1932. The author of the book translated it into French together
with his wife after the end of World War II.
The purpose of the work and the tasks dictated by it are to analyse the “French” novel “The New
Commandment” by Volodymyr Vynnychenko in the paradigm of modernist aesthetics, to reveal the main
philosophical ideas and aesthetic functions of the novel, to identify elements of intertextual memory,
and to understand the influence of the book by Ukrainian dissident Viktor Kravchenko “I Chose Freedom”
(1946). The set of goals determines the need to use hermeneutical (analysis of artistic text), comparative-typological (comparison of philosophical novel various functions), historical-literary (solution of a number
of literary problems in the context of various national literatures) research methods.
Vynnychenko’s work is analysed in the paradigm of the “Transcendent Homelessness” philosophical
concept, introduced into scientific discourse by the Hungarian philosopher and literary theorist D. Lukach
in his Hegelian-Weber essay “The Theory of the Novel” (1916), where he quotes the German romantic,
a representative of the Jena school, Novalis: “Philosophy is homesickness – the desire to be at home
everywhere”. In the study of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s contribution to European modernism in the
interwar era, the author pays attention to the key thesis of the trans-cultural theory, which touches such
disciplines as anthropology, sociology and political science. Particular attention is paid to the genesis
and specificity of the philosophical and figurative system of one of the key “French” texts by Volodymyr
Vynnychenko. The leading aesthetic components and means of forming philosophical and ideologicalpolitical paradigms of the work are also determined. The French aristocracy had a great debate on “The
New Commandment”. In April 1949, the translation was published in one of the Paris publishing houses
(Nouveau Commandemant. Paris: Editions des Presses du Temps Present). The French literary critics of the
time responded favourably to the publication of the Ukrainian author’s book, and the literary and artistic
society “Club de Faubourg” already on 10th May 1949, arranged a massive discussion of “The New Commandment”, which testified to the approving attitude towards the author. At the same time, another
well-known French artist club “Arts-Sciences-Lettres”, awarded Volodymyr Vynnychenko with an honorary
diploma and a silver medal. On 21st July 1949, the prestigious Parisian weekly bulletin “Le Nuvelle Litterere”
responded to this fact where noticed that after Shevchenko and Marko Vovchok, Volodymyr Vynnychenko
is the first Ukrainian writer whose novels have been responded to by French audience. In this regard, it is
noted that the philosophical foundations of Vynnychenko’s novel organically fit into the “spiritual crisis”
European discussions of those times. We have studied philosophical character manifestation peculiarities
in the genre of novel-dialogue, novel-polemic, which are widely represented in the “French” prose of the
Ukrainian artist and are closely connected with the French literary tradition. It is proved that, having spent
almost the last thirty years of his life in France, the Ukrainian writer seems to aim at identifying common
thematic, aesthetic, philosophical and ideological paradigms that go beyond mononational boundaries,
and demonstrates that Ukrainian emigrant artists were participants in pan-European literary modernism,
although for the most part it concerns Volodymyr Vynnychenko himself, as well as Yu. Kosach, I. Kostetskyi,
A. Arkhipenko, A. Ekster, A. Manevich, I. Pune, A. Boguslavskaya, M. Glushchenko.
Particular attention is paid to the genre experiment of Vynnychenko, in particular, the philosophical
and political novel with such poetic features as the presentation and discussion of concordist theory, the
use of such a modernist technique as “a novel within a novel”, the constant inclusion of various discursive
forms of concordism discussion. The critical optics of the study combines the historical and philosophical
specificity of the era of the interwar twenties, on which the novels of Volodymyr Vynnychenko are based,
as well as the national identity of the Ukrainian writer and his biographical individuality.
Mary Awusi, David Addae, Olivia Adwoa Tiwaa Frimpong Kwapong
The question of women's legislative underrepresentation is an enduring problem which continues to garner considerable scholarly attention all over the world. Whereas the burgeoning literature on the subject has largely focused on impediments to gender parity in representation in parliament, the interest of this paper is somewhat different. In an effort to make an original contribution to the discourse, the starting point of this paper is the argument that women can be politically empowered to achieve greater representation in parliament. Consequently, in this paper – which draws on empowerment theory as theoretical lens – we present a snapshot of the views of 22 women parliamentarians from Ghana, with the aim to exploring empowerment strategies for attaining greater gender parity in representation in the legislature. They emphasize the importance of affirmative action policies, funding, inclusive political party structures, education, and societal re-socialisation in addressing women's legislative underrepresentation in Ghana. These findings may have some important implications for the nature and scope of interventions targeted at women for the purpose of promoting an inclusive political environment.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social sciences (General)
Presidential elections in Indonesia are practices of Indonesian democracy that are interesting to be discussed in the community, especially for women. The research objective was to dismantle the political message patterns in women's participatory communication patterns through the use of Facebook. in the Presidential Election of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019. This research uses the Action Assembly Theory. This is a descriptive qualitative research with a constructivist paradigm and a Netnographic method. The results showed that the pattern of women's political messages on the Facebook wall was a woman's actions in the form of support for both Candidate Pairs of Presidential and Vice-President Candidates 01 and 02 or rejection of Candidate Pairs of Presidential and Vice-President Number 01 or 02. Researchers also found that nowadays it is important for women to master digital literacy and the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law).
Keywords:
This essay asks how we might articulate a political theory of algorithms. To do so, I propose a political ontology of the algorithm dispositif that elaborates how algorithms arrange the movement of energies in space and time, and how they do so automatically. This force of arrangement is what I refer to as the dispositional power of algorithms that I identify as a political physics of vital processes. The essay is divided into three sections. The first provides readers of Political Theory with a discussion of three notable works in the field of critical algorithm studies relevant to a political theory of algorithms. The subsequent sections of the essay elaborate an understanding of the political ontology of the algorithm dispositif by focusing (first) on the difference that a virtual ontology introduces to our political reflections and (second) on the cybernetic operation of negative feedback that I identify as foundational to understanding an algorithm’s political physics of vital processes. I conclude that any political theory engagement with technical media can’t simply rest on an epistemic analysis of the normative effects of media but must also pursue an investigation into a medium’s modes of existence in the world.
Iman Ghasemian Sahebi, Alireza Arab, Seyed Pendar Toufighi
The crucial role of bureaucracy in the economic, political, socio-cultural and political structures, and its impact in achieving the goals of organization is so important that in order to achieve the development, change directions consists of purifying and modernization of the administrative system in Iran also seems necessary. An important part of the transportation industry in each country, is the airports. So, dealing with the bureaucracy airports to implement better practices and removing unnecessary processes is the most issues. Hence, it can be stated that the aim of this study is to identify barriers of transformation in the organization administrative and then prioritizing these barriers in Mehrabad airport. For this purpose, the grounded theory and fuzzy SWARA methods was used to identifying the barriers and prioritizing them. Grounded theory results showed that cognitive barriers, structural barriers, participation barriers, economic and income barriers, legal barriers, strategic barriers, and management barriers are the barriers of the transformation in the Mehrabad airport administrative system. The Fuzzy SWARA method used to prioritize these barriers, which according to the results, the structural barriers were the important barriers. Then cognitive and legal barriers were placed in the next rank. At the end, some solutions have been presented for overcoming these barriers in the Mehrabad airport.
This article examines the social realities of literary works and the colonial perceptions of socio-political movement inspired by the ideologies of Islam, communism, and the Just King (Ratu Adil). The main sources for this study are four propaganda literatures published by the Resident of Yogyakarta, Louis Frederik Dingemans (1924-1927). It employs post-colonial literary theory to analyse the colonial authority’s perceptions of Islam, communism, and Ratu Adil, and examines how colonial rulers (as colonizers) positioned themselves as above indigenous society (the colonized) as the guardians of moral, social, and political order.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
The article considers reasons for radical mass forms of social protest in the context of the ‘Malthusian trap’ and structural-demographic theory of Jack Goldstone, which have become popular in the last two decades. The author critically evaluates these two conceptions and comes to the conclusion that the principles they underline are just concomitant factors, i.e. additional risk factors for political systems and regimes, rather than causes of radical mass forms of social protest. The author suggests a method of analysis that consists of studying the circumstances, i.e. the wide historical context, in which mass forms of social protest usually emerge, and provides a large number of illustrative examples. The scientific approach to the identification of social-historical determinants of radical forms of social protest implies that if something is a reason/cause of an event, then this reason/cause must be present whenever there is such an event both alone or within a complex of concomitant factors. The ‘Malthusian trap’ and demographic factors cannot be traced in all manifestations of radical mass forms of social protest in modern and contemporary history. Moreover, the ‘Malthusian trap’ and demographic pressure on the economy and social system do not always lead to mass forms of social protest. The wave of radical forms of social protest in the last decade, i.e. the so-called ‘color revolutions’, ‘Arab spring’, protest actions in France, England and the USA, once again confirms the relevance of the author’s approach and the importance of critical study of the traditional conceptions.
Este ensayo trata de articular la relación entre el federalismo (como sistema institucional),la democracia y la idea de nación. Contrasta los federalismos democráticos y no democráticos,distingue los federalismos nacidos para unir entidades políticas separadas de aquelloscuyo objetivo es mantener unidas dentro de un Estado unidades diferenciadas culturalmente.Distingue los Estados federales mononacionales —Estados nación— de los que se caracterizancomo naciones-Estado y multinacionales. Dedica especial atención a estos últimos,sus consecuencias y condiciones para su éxito.<br />
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political theory
At the international level it is recognized that development and progress of the new and unique international organization – European Union – is one of the appropriate form of the international organization’s integration. Although European Union was establish as international economic organization, it has gradually integrated the various “best practices” ideas from different governmental systems. Encouragement and motives for cooperation of Member states indicate that member states give more competences of government to the international organization’s institutes. Wherewith, it is observed that the economic and political internationalization has led to disappearance of integrity of territory of member states. The above mentioned opinion is not based on research of the European Union as international organization from standpoint of international law, but from standpoint of theory law – could give juridical estimate regarding executive power in European Union and who could define particular source and entity of administrative law of European Union.