Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"

Siyuan Liu, Wenjin Xie, Wenyu Chen et al.

Purpose: This study compares the hierarchical structure of scientific teams across countries and investigates factors associated with the observed cross-national differences. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on 150,817 publications with author contribution statements, we focus on the 15 countries with the largest volume of scientific publications, examine cross-country variations in the proportion of tall teams, and analyze how this proportion correlates with other factors. Findings: Scientific output from East Asia is dominated by tall teams, which persist after controlling for team size, indicating that this pattern cannot be fully accounted for by the prevalence of larger teams in these countries. Cultural factors, measured by Power Distance, as well as the observed funding patterns of major basic science agencies, are associated with the dominance of tall teams in East Asia. Research limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on publications with author contribution statements, which may introduce selection bias; its focus on cultural and funding factors, while leaving other institutional contexts unexamined; and its use of a leadership concentration measure that does not capture other dimensions of hierarchy. Practical implications: Understanding cross-national differences in research team structures and their associated cultural and institutional factors can inform science policy and team management. Originality/value: This study provides a systematic cross-national comparison of team hierarchy and offers a mechanistic understanding of the dominance of tall teams in East Asia, highlighting associations with cultural and funding factors.

Emma G. Guare, P. Ssentongo, Cory M. Hale et al.

Abstract Background The monoclonal antibody nirsevimab was approved in July 2023 for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants, a public health priority. To date, only one single-institution study has reported on nirsevimab uptake, reporting 70.1% among eligible infants (Blauvelt 2025). There is an overall lack of understanding about nirsevimab uptake throughout the US regarding differences in access, demographics, and region. Real-world effectiveness of RSV prevention modalities is also limited.Table 1. Infant characteristics between those who received nirsevimab and propensity-matched controlsFigure 1. Nirsevimab uptake by in the United States via TriNetX The bar plot shows the monthly uptake of nirsevimab across two RSV seasons. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study using TriNetX US Collaborative Network data of infants under 1 year who received nirsevimab between October 2023 and March 2025. We matched infants who received nirsevimab 1:1 with infants who did not based on age at nirsevimab receipt. Infant characteristics, month of nirsevimab administration, and RSV-related outcomes were analyzed.Figure 2. Cumulative incidence of any hospitalization and RSV infection between infants who received nirsevimab and propensity-matched controls. The y-axis represents cumulative incidence, and the x-axis indicates days from nirsevimab dose and age at time of matching for the control infant.Figure 3. Risk of RSV infection, any hospitalization, and critical care admission between infants who received nirsevimab and propensity-matched controls. The y-axis represents the percentage risk of the outcomes. Results A total of 38,958 infants under 1 year received nirsevimab. Compared to controls, more recipients were Asian (5.9%) and from the West (20%, Table 1). Nirsevimab administration peaked in November 2023 and October 2024 across the past two RSV seasons (Fig 1). Recipients had significantly lower rates of RSV infection and any hospitalization over time (Fig 2), along with fewer critical care admissions compared to controls (Fig 3). Conclusion Nirsevimab was associated with improved RSV-related outcomes compared to controls in our dataset and in published efficacy and effectiveness studies (Moline 2025, Lefferts 2025). Thus, it is critical to understand barriers to administration in the real world. In our dataset, there was variation in nirsevimab uptake by race/ethnicity and region, highlighting the need for more granular analysis. Interestingly, a higher proportion of infants received nirsevimab in the West compared to controls. Given that the only real-world study thus far has been conducted in the West and showed high uptake1, barriers there may be less than in other regions. There are important limitations to our data due to the nature of the TriNetX dataset, including the inability to account for maternal RSVpreF vaccination. In future work, we aim to link infant-mother pairs and assess in greater detail the social determinants that affect uptake of both FDA-approved RSV prevention modalities. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Shirin Naseer

The COVID-19 pandemic served as a test for China's soft power, drawing diverse reactions from its friends and foes. This article investigates the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on China's image, delving specifically into sentiments within one of the most China-friendly nations in the world, Pakistan. This study conducts a qualitative content analysis of Pakistan's news media and X sphere and investigates sentiments towards China and Chinese vaccines from 2020 to 2021. Media narratives were found to be distinctly more negative towards Chinese vaccines than China in the aftermath of the pandemic. An assessment of dominant media narratives offers possible explanations for the divergence in sentiments, mainly attributing them to “China's support of Pakistan,” “China's domestic containment,” “China's international role,” and “conspiracy theories and misinformation.” This article provides insights into China's vaccine diplomacy, its soft power dynamics, and public sentiment sway within its most amicable partnership in the international arena.

Rouhollah Eslami, Somayeh Maleki

Governance is the same as governance and means the techniques and strategies that take place on the population in a geographical area. The logic of governance has gone through three periods of metaphysics, mechanics and quantum. Political thought from Machiavelli to Marx belongs to the period of mechanical rule. In this article, governance meaning the logic of government and governance at three levels of principles, institutions and techniques has been considered and the framework of Foucault and religion theory has been used to interpret the texts. The evolution of governance from metaphysical to physical and the emergence of mechanical governance are directly related to governance practices based on modern political logic and wisdom and the emergence of humanities and new technologies. This article examines the establishment, glory, and decline of mechanical rule. The ideas of Machiavelli, Hobbes, and the social contract were formulated and established in the form of mechanical rule, and flourished with the intellectual efforts of Montesquieu, Kant, Hegel, Mill, and others. The next century saw Nozick, Habermas (and postmodern critics) come up with alternative techniques for overcoming bottlenecks. Throughout the article, the principles, institutions and techniques of mechanical governance are analyzed. Throughout the article, the principles, institutions and techniques of mechanical governance are analyzed. The article shows that from Machiavelli to Marx we see the formation of the mechanics of power and the establishment, glory and decline of mechanical rule.

Runhua Zhang, Ruyuan Wan, Jiaqi Li et al.

Feminist HCI has been rapidly developing in East Asian contexts in recent years. The region's unique cultural and political backgrounds have contributed valuable, situated knowledge, revealing topics such as localized digital feminism practices, or women's complex navigation among social expectations. However, the very factors that ground these perspectives also create significant survival challenges for researchers in East Asia. These include a scarcity of dedicated funding, the stigma of being perceived as less valuable than productivity-oriented technologies, and the lack of senior researchers and established, resilient communities. Grounded in these challenges and our prior collective practices, we propose this meet-up with two focused goals: (1) to provide a legitimized channel for Feminist HCI researchers to connect and build community, and (2) to facilitate an action-oriented dialogue on how to legitimize, develop, and sustain Feminist HCI in the East Asian context. The website for this meet-up is: https://feminist-hci.github.io/

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal, Paula Daniela Ganga, Oindrila Roy et al.

We investigate the determinants of voting behavior by focusing on the direct effect of educational attainment, sociodemographic characteristics, partisan identity, and political ideology on the intention to vote, registration, and turnout. We use the cumulative CCES dataset to explore voting behavior for the 2014 and 2018 midterm elections and the 2016 and 2020 general elections. We propose a new Voting Engagement Index (VEI) to assess these factors' cumulative impact on electoral participation. Our analysis shows that education consistently motivates voting behavior, while gender, race, and ethnicity significantly shape engagement levels. Mainly, Black and Middle Eastern Americans exhibit higher voting engagement, whereas Native Americans and females display lower odds of voting engagement. Although Native Americans and women express a clear intention to vote in upcoming elections with increased attainment, the intention is not fully realized in voter registration and voting during midterms and general elections. Income and home ownership also become apparent as strong predictors of voter engagement. This research contributes to understanding the changing aspects of voter motivation and participation, with implications for grassroots-level mobilization, including unheard voting voices in U.S. elections, more inclusive and just voting policies and future electoral studies.

Patrick L. Jones, A. Valiani

This article builds on the literature focusing on institutional transparency by historically and ethnographically investigating normative discourses associated with the development of electronic voting machines (EVMs) in postcolonial India. Specifically, we trace the role of transparency in the context of scientific knowledge production, which unfolds in a postcolonial context. Interpreting our archive, we argue that the Electoral Commission of India (ECI) has engaged in forms of performative transparency with Indian publics in order to shape the field in which electoral technologies in India evolve and how they are ethically assessed. Rather than only solicit wider public participation in the creation of EVMs, by disclosing relevant data or design elements to the Indian public, we observe that the ECI, which is charged with the enterprise of advancing electoral practices and its associated technological media, also engages in acts of transparency and secrecy during various periods of public debate regarding innovation and socio-technical and political-institutional development. We analyse the manners in which the ECI has designed and implemented the use of EVMs, often under a shroud of secrecy, on the one hand, while also striving to publicly announce India’s arrival as a world leader through the use of platform technologies in the context of election management, on the other. Based on archival and ethnographic evidence that we collected, we argue that the ECI has sought to generate stable arrangements for itself in the context of contention around EVMs, arrangements which are generative of socio-technical ensembles which strive to ethically legitimate and improve EVMs and Indian election management. We describe how the ECI uses transparency to secure public confidence in EVMs while also being secretive about the internal design of EVMs as a way to claim that the devices are physically tamperproof. Entangled together as they are, we illustrate how the Commission’s strategic employment of transparency and secrecy, and the countermoves of the anti-EVM movement, the latter of which stems from a perpetual suspicion about the functioning of EVMs, creates a dynamic which is generative of technoscientific discovery. This investigation contributes insights from the arena of electoral contests in postcolonial South Asia to the study of technoscience history and ethics as well as advances the study of Indian elections through an examination of the design, deployment and public representations of EVMs.

Dahlia Simangan

Much has been written about rebuilding conflict-affected societies, but its implementation in urban contexts needs further examination. In urban studies, some scholars have highlighted the relationship between urban dynamics and the conditions for peace and conflict. Meanwhile, critical peace scholars have emphasised the value of everyday practices for peacebuilding. This study situates the conventional peacebuilding components of security, reconciliation, and development within Marawi City's people, places, and practices to advance an integrated framework for analysing urban peacebuilding. The data for analysis draws on focus group discussions around the issues of security (e.g., clearance of unexploded ordnances), reconciliation (particularly the return of displaced persons), and development (i.e., the resumption of livelihoods). Results show that identity, spatiality, and relationality are entangled in post-conflict cities like Marawi, posing complex and unique challenges to peacebuilding efforts. Therefore, sustaining peace in post-conflict cities needs careful consideration of the urban characteristics of the people, places, and practices that influence peacebuilding.

Firda Aprilia, Nanda Ravenska, Septiana Dwi Putrianti et al.

PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) as a company engaged in the field of public transportation services certainly has a duty to be able to provide the best service to all service users. One form of digital transformation innovation that is being carried out is by innovating KAI's face recognition boarding gate as an effort to improve the quality of service at the Station. For this reason, this study aims to see and analyze the extent of incremental innovation and service quality from the implementation of the KAI face recognition boarding gate innovation at Bandung Station. The research method used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach, with the type of case study research. From the research results it can be seen that the incremental innovation carried out by PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) has met the indicators of sustainable management method innovation, continuous process innovation, and sustainable technological innovation. From the research results, the services provided by the face recognition boarding gate officers at the Bandung Station have fulfilled the service dimensions which include the dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. There are also things that need to be done by the company, among others, maximizing the face recognition registration process through the KAI application by using the liveness detection stage and socializing usage through social media to attract audiences and increase the number of users.

Sajjad Sattari

IntroductionThe author defines capitalism as “a natural consequence of human activity and success in the fundamental accumulation of capital, within any society, with any political economy structure and with any methods, forms, or means”. Although various forms of capitalism exist within each society, not all forms have equal opportunities to flourish; rather, a specific form of capitalism evolves and comes to dominate in each society. The present article aimed to shed light on the nature of this phenomenon by answering the following question: Why and how is only a particular form of capitalism considered rational in each society, and as a result, positioned for furthur growth and evolution?Materials and MethodsThe present study attempted to develop a specific theoretical approach under the concept of “Paradigm of Power” (Sattari 2011; 2023), offering a new supra-organismic explanation of its relationship with capitalism.Results and DiscussionThe author has four interconnected arguments:First Argument; If the state is defined as “a paradigm of power”, it can be claimed that in every society, there is an established paradigm of power and three social class including “paradigmatic class, anti-paradigmatic class and non-paradigmatic class”. Each of these classes creates its own capitalism in every society in the form of paradigmatic capitalism, anti-paradigmatic capitalism, and non-paradigmatic capitalism. However, these three forms of capitalism do not have an equal opportunity to flourish and develop in any society. Only paradigmatic capitalism constantly grows and becomes the dominant form of capitalism in all societies. The root of this phenomenon lies in the concern with preserving and reproducing “the paradigmatic order”. Every paradigm of power seeks to maintain and reproduce the paradigmatic order—or its structure of accumulation, hegemony, identity, and legitimacy—within society and to resolve this concern, it has a “mechanism of structural attraction and structural repulsion”. Under the influence of this automatic mechanism, every paradigm of power (such as paradigm of power of the Islamic Republic in Iranian society) merely attracts and developes its “affiliated and paradigmatic elites”.Hence, in every society, only those capitalist forces have the feasibility of long-term accumulation and growth, which are considered as “paradigmatic class” and have a strong correspondence and consistency with the paradigmatic order. Accordingly, every paradigm of power recognizes only compatible capitalism as “rational capitalism” and so on, by utilizing the legal, political economy and social tools, it systematically restricts, undermines, and drives incompatible capitalist forces toward decay. As a result, the established paradigm of power in each society gradually constructs an “compulsory pattern of survival” and “linear memory of accumulation and growth” in the collective consciousness of all three types of paradigmatic, non-paradigmatic and anti-paradigmatic capitalism and in this way, it often persuades and compels these capitalist forces to enter the path of conservatism and exigent compatibility with paradigmatic order to ensure their survival and continued growth.Second Argument; The conservatism and exigent compatibility of all three types of capitalism with the paradigmatic order should be regarded as the “instinctive, existential and biological solution of capitalism” because this solution serves as the main instrument of all these types of capitalism (even paradigmatic capitalism) to resolve their equation of survival and growth in society. As a result, all capitalist forces, despite their essential differences, are perpetually trapped in the “iron cage of the paradigmatic order” and they do not have the possibility of exiting the paradigmatic order or long-term opposition to it. Thus, while the process of capitalism formation varies across societies, its evolution follows a uniform pattern in all societies: alignment and compatibility of capitalism with paradigmatic order. This phenomenon can be termed as the “naturalized law of fundamental accumulation of capital” in every society.Third Argument; Under the influence of this naturalized law, a “forced similarity of action” emerges among paradigmatic capitalism, anti-paradigmatic capitalism, and non-paradigmatic capitalism in every society. In their competition and struggle for greater accumulation, all three forms of capitalism strive to integrate themselves into the super-organism of the state or the established paradigm of power in society. This creates a distinctive phenomenon that can be termed “the spontaneous self-alienation of capitalism”. Thus, contrary to Marxian interpretation that emphasizes the self-alienation of the proletariat in the production process; the author emphasizes the self-alienation of capitalism in the process of accumulation and identifies five main types of alienation of capitalism in every society.This inevitable process causes the “transmutation and annexation” of capitalism in the state or the paradigm of power and results in a condition that can be termed as “dual natural ownership”. This refers to the common ownership of the capitalist and the state or the paradigm of power over the accumulated capital in every society. Consequently, the fundamental accumulation of capital in all societies by all capitalist forces, whether paradigmatic, anti-paradigmatic, and non-paradigmatic capitalism is subject to the tripod logic of “indispensable adaptation”, “transmutation-annexation” and “dual natural ownership”. This tripod logic leads to the “emergence of processed capitalism” in all societies.Fourth Argument; The established paradigm of power in every society has an instinctive, existential, and biological tendency towards this processed capitalism and is compatible with its paradigmatic order scince without the so-called type of capitalism, it is not possible for the paradigm of power to maintain and reproduce its structure of accumulation, hegemony, identity, and legitimacy in the society, and it becomes contradictory within itself. Based on this, the established paradigm of power in every society is compelled to recognize only capitalism compatible with its paradigmatic order as rational, thus fostering its growth and evolution.This processed capitalism is the primary instrument of the established paradigm of power in any society to regulate its relations with social forces. By creating and maintaining processed capitalism, each paradigm of power directly or indirectly controls the social organization of work, income, and consumption within society, and in this way, strives to keep the individuals within its paradigmatic order. Due to its critical role, processed capitalism holds diamond-like significance for the established paradigm of power in every society and for this reason, processed capitalism can be termed as “adamantine capitalism”. The diamond-like nature of processed capitalism stems from its dual characteristics: its indispensable value in maintaining and reproducing the paradigmatic order and its hard nature and nearly immutable structure, which remains resistant to change—even by the paradigm of power itself.ConclusionOn the basis of these four arguments, it can be claimed that the development of a particular form of capitalism in any society is neither accidental nor arbitrary. Its roots cannot be attributed solely to transformations in the mode of production (as in Karl Marx’s interpretation), transformations in religious ethics (as suggested by Max Weber), or transformations in politics and governance procedures (as posited by contemporary interpretations of political capitalism). Fundamentally, capitalism in every society functions as a living organism engaged in constant interaction and coexistence with another super-organism—that is, the state or the established paradigm of power. These two living social beings, in their pursuit of continuous self-fulfillment of survival and development, operate based on their triple instinctive, existential, and biological requirements. Consequently, the nature of relations between the state (or paradigm of power) and capitalism in every society takes on a trans-economic, trans-political, and trans-moral character.

Dongyun Han, Abdullah-Al-Raihan Nayeem, Jason Windett et al.

Politics is the set of activities related to strategic decision-making in groups. Political scientists study the strategic interactions between states, institutions, politicians, and citizens; they seek to understand the causes and consequences of those decisions and interactions. While some decisions might alleviate social problems, others might lead to disasters such as war and conflict. Data visualization approaches have the potential to assist political scientists in their studies by providing visual contexts. However, political researchers' perspectives on data visualization are unclear. This paper examines political scientists' perspectives on visualization and how they apply data visualization in their research. We discovered a growing trend in the use of graphs in political science journals. However, we also found a knowledge gap between the political science and visualization domains, such as effective visualization techniques for tasks and the use of color studied by visualization researchers. To reduce this gap, we survey visualization techniques applicable to the political scientists' research and report the visual analytics systems implemented for and evaluated by political scientists. At the end of this paper, we present an outline of future opportunities, including research topics and methodologies, for multidisciplinary research in political science and data analytics. Through this paper, we expect visualization researchers to get a better grasp of the political science domain, as well as broaden the possibility of future visualization approaches from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Björn Lellmann, Philipp Marek, Markus Triska

We describe the methods and technologies underlying the application Grants4Companies. The application uses a logic-based expert system to display a list of business grants suitable for the logged-in business. To evaluate suitability of the grants, formal representations of their conditions are evaluated against properties of the business, taken from the registers of the Austrian public administration. The logical language for the representations of the grant conditions is based on S-expressions. We further describe a Proof of Concept implementation of reasoning over the formalised grant conditions. The proof of concept is implemented in Common Lisp and interfaces with a reasoning engine implemented in Scryer Prolog. The application has recently gone live and is provided as part of the Business Service Portal by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Finance.

Christina P. Walker, Daniel S. Schiff, Kaylyn Jackson Schiff

This article presents the Political Deepfakes Incidents Database (PDID), a collection of politically-salient deepfakes, encompassing synthetically-created videos, images, and less-sophisticated `cheapfakes.' The project is driven by the rise of generative AI in politics, ongoing policy efforts to address harms, and the need to connect AI incidents and political communication research. The database contains political deepfake content, metadata, and researcher-coded descriptors drawn from political science, public policy, communication, and misinformation studies. It aims to help reveal the prevalence, trends, and impact of political deepfakes, such as those featuring major political figures or events. The PDID can benefit policymakers, researchers, journalists, fact-checkers, and the public by providing insights into deepfake usage, aiding in regulation, enabling in-depth analyses, supporting fact-checking and trust-building efforts, and raising awareness of political deepfakes. It is suitable for research and application on media effects, political discourse, AI ethics, technology governance, media literacy, and countermeasures.

A. Nussipova, Esenzhol Aliyarov, Raushangul Kabilova et al.

The growing share of information technologies in the daily lives of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan during the pandemic leads to the fact that various institutions use an increasingly wide range of information elements and mechanisms. The expectations of society are not only to improve the functioning of electronic administration, but also to ensure that all stored data is properly protected from unauthorized access, so that ensuring the security of information processing becomes one of the most important tasks of the State and the public. The purpose of the study is to consider aspects of the functioning of information security in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the pandemic and to identify the factors of reliable information security by state policy in order to distinguish hoaxes from real malicious actions. The methodological approach of the research is institutional, structural–functional, and systemic. Improper management of information security can lead to leakage, loss, or falsification of stored data, paralyzing completely relevant activities. Kazakhstan has made notable advancements in establishing a comprehensive legal framework for cybersecurity, positioning itself ahead of certain Central Asian neighbors. Government agencies develop, install, implement, operate, monitor, and analyze an information security management system, ensuring confidentiality, accessibility, and integrity of information. Information security requires the establishment of comprehensive procedures for all ongoing processes, taking into account the use of personal data. Information is an integral part of society, acting as a strategic resource for creating national security. Kazakhstan has been particularly active in forging collaborations and alliances to bolster their cybersecurity postures. The practical significance lies in the improvement of state measures aimed at protecting information, as well as preventing material, physical, moral, or other damage to the state and society as a result of information activities.

Yu-Jen TING, Hsini HUANG, Tze-Luen LIN et al.

Taiwan’s long-term development in digital government has set a strong foundation for its transformation to one that is empowered by artificial intelligence (AI). This article introduces five applications of AI that the Taiwan government uses for different tasks and how government agencies implement them and overcome challenges. A demand-oriented AI enables civil servants to upgrade skills, and improve government’s functions, services and value added. This article provides practical insights on how human–AI collaboration can enhance government capabilities and create a positive feedback loop to the bureaucratic system.

Miloslav Machon

Since the 1970's the debate about the rising importance of transnational relations has existed in international relations. Apart from states, related research also focuses on other actors, including epistemic communities. The article uses the concept of epistemic communities and finds whether the activity of epistemic communities determines the process of the international management of outer space in the case of the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA. The activity of epistemic communities exists in the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA, but it has not been reflected in the related scholarly literature. Epistemic communities from the non-governmental organizations IAF, COSPAR and IISL contributed to setting the space debris problem on the agenda of UNCOPUOS. Also, under the influence of epistemic communities from the governmental organization IADC, UNCOPUOS adopted guidelines preventing the creation of further amounts of space debris.

Humayra Shoshi, Indranil SenGupta

Most of the existing methods for pricing Asian options are less efficient in the limit of small maturities and small volatilities. In this paper, we use the large deviations theory for the analysis of short-maturity Asian options. We present a local volatility model for the underlying market that incorporates a jump term in addition to the drift and diffusion terms. We estimate the asymptotics for the out-of-the-money, in-the-money, and at-the-money short-maturity Asian call and put options. Under appropriate assumptions, we show that the asymptotics for out-of-the-money Asian call and put options are governed by rare events. For the at-the-money Asian options, the result is more involved and in that case, we find the upper and lower bounds of the asymptotics of the Asian option price.

Panapa Chintaradeja

The paper is aimed to explore the concept of governance as the term came to be used since the 1980s and the 1990s and the way to employ the concept of governance which has been adapted from Rhodes (1996 and 2017) by concerning only five separated uses of ‘governance’ and how to implement them in terms of Thai public service. It includes:  1) as the minimal state 2) as corporate governance 3) as the new public management 4) as good governance 5) as self-organizing network. However, in terms of Thailand, old-fashioned Thai public administration system, no matter how much the world has changed, the central government still plays the vital role to control and runs public service inevitably. References Baret, S., Hida, E., Hatfield, S., Sandford, N., & Vazirani, J. (2013). Developing an effective governance operating model A guide for financial services boards and management teams. Deloitte Development LLC. Benyaapikul, P. (2021). 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Abolfazl Delavari

Problem: The continuation and increasing intensification of the Contentious politics in contemporary Iran, which is an endless revolutions chain, coups, movements, uprisings, and political rebellions, have shown questions about the grounds and roots of this type of politics. In existing studies, the roots of political conflicts in Iran have been attributed either to the state or social cleavages. As far as the role of the state is concerned, it is usually focused on its structural aspects. This article omits the discussion about the structure of the state and focuses only on the functioning of the stateQuestion: The question of the article is: What is the relationship between the continuation and intensification of Contentious politics in contemporary Iran with the practical priorities and orientations of the state in different periods of the contemporary Iranian history?Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the article is that the continuation and intensification of the Contentious politics has been caused by the imbalances and crises caused by the practical priorities and orientations of the state in different periods of contemporary Iranian history. Method: In this article, the method of secondary analysis of historical data is used. Based on the data available in the historical sources, first, the process of the state's performance and priorities in different periods of contemporary history have been identified. Second, the process of accumulation of conflicts and conflicts arising from these performance and priorities has been shown. Third, the relationship between the two mentioned trends is shown. Finally, by using the "ideal type" method, an attempt has been made to design and present a model of the state, which seems to be able to reverse the process of conflict politics in Iran and lead to reconciliation politics.Findings: The findings of the research indicate that over the last two centuries, five different models of state (in terms of orientation and performance) have been effective, which are: self-rebuilding state, nation-building state, developmental state, redistributor state and expansionist state. Of course, this does not mean that the ruling states have only one of these functions at any time; Rather, there has often been some kind of overlap in two or three functions, but at each point, one orientation and function has been the priority and focus of the state's attention. "Self-rebuilding state" appeared in a defective and discrete form during the Qajar era, but in a serious and effective way in the first decade of Reza shah’s rule (1921-40). The "nation-building state" also emerged weakly in the years after the constitutional movement, but seriously and effectively in the last decade of the Reza shah’s rule (1931-41). "Developmental state" emerged faintly in the second decade of Reza shah’s rule (1931-41), and seriously and effectively in the last fifteen years of Mohammad Reza shah’s rule (1962-78), and in the years after The Islamic revolution also took place in some periods such as the presidency of Rafsanjani (1989-96). The "redistributive state" appeared faintly in the last fifteen years of Mohammad Reza shah’s rule (1962-78) and more seriously and effectively in the first decade after the Islamic revolution (1979-88). Finally, the "expansionist state" appeared first in the last years of Mohammad Reza King’s rule (1973-78) and then more seriously and widely in the years after the revolution, especially in the last two decades (2001-2022).Analysis and Discussion: The analysis of the findings of the article showed that: in each of these five models of state, although they had some progress in realizing their main goals and priorities, but in addition to the historical delay in the desired orientation, there were failures in the same orientation. Selecting of the orientations have resulted of disproportionate strategies and policies by each of these states has also created new problems, conflicts and criticisms. In other words, the five patterns of the state have created a vicious cycle of crises, conflicts, instabilities and political violence and a chain of interruptions and breaks in the process of political, social and economic developments and It has resulted in the accumulation of crises in today’s Iran.Conclusion: The results of the article showed that the way out of the current state of Iran is the establishment of a state Patterns that can be called a "conciliatory state". Such a state must first of all emerge from within a comprehensive social contract. Then, based on democratic and efficient institutional arrangements and a coherent legal system, the main priority and goal should be to solve the conflicts affecting the country. This state should accept pluralism and competitive mechanisms in different political, economic, social and cultural fields. This state instead of authoritarian interventions in different fields, should be the guardian of territorial integrity and people's security, and only where the competitive mechanisms face problems with inadequacies and conflict of interest, it should intervene in the framework of democratic laws and mechanisms to compensate for, settle differences and conflicts Resolution, and establish and reproduce social balance and political stability.